Cannabinoids or signaling through cannabinoid receptors. Medical search. Frequent questions

This initial discovery has allowed the synthesis of structurally modified molecules that have been used to study structure-activity relationships and reveal tight structural and steric selectivity in the biological actions of cannabinoids. (degruyter.com)

The cannabis plant contains hundred of compounds, some of which are cannabinoids. (dsm.com)
CBD (cannabidiol) is the second most prevalent cannabinoid - after tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - and is usually extracted from hemp, a strain of the Cannabis sativa plant that contains a high percentage of CBD. (dsm.com)
2003). Here cannabinoids are defined as ingredients of the cannabis plant or other compounds that bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, and Table 1 summarizes their pharmacological properties. (420magazine.com)
New study shows cannabis terpenes boost signaling at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. (projectcbd.org)
Cannabinoids comprise of (a) the active compounds of the Cannabis sativa plant, (b) endogenous as well as (c) synthetic cannabinoids. (oncotarget.com)
Four hundred and nine people with a specified condition of insomnia completed 1056 medical cannabis administration sessions using the Releaf App TM educational software during which they recorded real-time ratings of self-perceived insomnia severity levels prior to and following consumption, experienced side effects, and product characteristics, including combustion method, cannabis subtypes, and/or major cannabinoid contents of cannabis consumed. (mdpi.com)
Humans and animals alike naturally synthesize endocannabinoids, chemical compounds that activate the same receptors as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of marijuana ( Cannabis sativa ). (medscape.com)
Over 80 chemicals, known as cannabinoids, have been found in the Cannabis sativa plant. (medlineplus.gov)
A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for CANNABINOIDS such as those derived from CANNABIS. (bvsalud.org)

As such, they further our understanding of the pathways through which estrogens act to temper cannabinoid sensitivity in regulating energy homeostasis in females. (elsevierpure.com)
Both CB 1 and CB 2 receptors, which share a low level (44%) of sequence homology [6], are G protein-coupled receptors that mainly signal via G i /G o proteins, even though they may also activate G s , G q/11 , and G protein-independent signaling pathways [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
While several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the mechanisms by which FFAs and ECs may cause insulin resistance, there are still many potential signalling pathways which may be involved that have not yet been examined. (nottingham.ac.uk)

The functionality of CB1 and GPR40 receptors was demonstrated using selective agonists and antagonists. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Neither agonists nor antagonists of CB1 or GPR40 receptors were found to modulate insulin signalling as determined by phosphorylation of downstream targets Akt and GSK3alpha/beta. (nottingham.ac.uk)

There are two known subtypes of cannabinoid receptors, termed CB1 and CB2. (wikipedia.org)
Two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors have been identified. (jneurosci.org)
The present study demonstrated that endocannabinoid signaling is altered in canine CEs, and that CE subtypes showed distinct profiles of 2-AG, PEA and OEA plasma levels, suggesting that these circulating bioactive lipids might have the potential to become candidate biomarkers for canine CEs. (frontiersin.org)

A neurotransmitter for a possible endocannabinoid system in the brain and peripheral nervous system, anandamide (from 'ananda', Sanskrit for 'bliss'), was first characterized in 1992, followed by discovery of other fatty acid neurotransmitters that behave as endogenous cannabinoids having a low-to-high range of efficacy for stimulating CB1 receptors in the brain and CB2 receptors in the periphery. (wikipedia.org)
Recent research strongly supports the hypothesis that the N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) receptor GPR18 is the molecular identity of the abnormal cannabidiol receptor and additionally suggests that NAGly, the endogenous lipid metabolite of anandamide (also known as arachidonoylethanolamide or AEA), initiates directed microglial migration in the CNS through activation of GPR18. (wikipedia.org)
Bisogno T, Hanus L, De Petrocellis L et al (2001) Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide. (springer.com)
The eCB system is comprised of eCBs, anandamide, and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, their cannabinoid-1 and cannabinoid-2 receptors (CB 1 and CB 2 , respectively), and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and degradation. (degruyter.com)
Following the cloning of CB1 and CB2 receptors, two endocannabinoid ligands were identified and characterized: arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) (Devane et al. (420magazine.com)
We demonstrate the presence in the human fetal testis of two key endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) and to a lower level anandamide (AEA), as well as a range of enzymes and receptors for the ECS. (biomedcentral.com)
Both of these receptors also respond to naturally synthesized cannabinoids, namely anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonyl-glycerol (2-AG), so-called endocannabinoids. (biomedcentral.com)
In rodents THC, which has a lower efficacy than other cannabinoids, did not show a consistent effect on memory, although synthetic cannabinoids and anandamide did. (projectcbd.org)

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous lipid ligands that bind to cannabinoid receptors that also mediate the effects of marijuana. (degruyter.com)
The existence of specific receptors for plant-derived molecules in mammalian cells initiated a search for specific endogenous ligands. (degruyter.com)

Enzymes involved in biosynthesis/inactivation of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid signaling in general (involving targets other than CB1/2-type receptors) occur throughout the animal kingdom. (wikipedia.org)
Endocannabinoids released from the depolarized post-synaptic neuron bind to CB1 receptors in the pre-synaptic neuron and cause a reduction in GABA release due to limited presynaptic calcium ions entry. (wikipedia.org)
Endocannabinoids contribute to insulin resistance through activation of peripheral CB 1 receptors (CB 1 Rs) and also promote beta cell failure. (nature.com)
Endocannabinoids are elevated in patients with atherosclerosis, and activation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB 1 R) generally leads to an enhancement of plaque formation and atherosclerosis. (aspetjournals.org)
The components of the ECS, including endocannabinoids, their cognate enzymes and cannabinoid receptors, are localized in the eye, and evidence indicates that ECS modulation plays a role in ocular disease states. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to the endocannabinoids and their receptors, this endocannabinoid system (thereafter called ECS) comprises synthesis and degradation enzymes and transporters [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Check out the boiling point chart of various cannabinoids and terpenes attached below. (projectcbd.org)
This discovery has opened the way to identification of the molecular action of various cannabinoids and the cannabinoid receptors. (oncotarget.com)

These studies demonstrate that the CB2R plays a critical role in the regulation of GVHD and suggest that effective therapeutic targeting is dependent upon agonist signaling characteristics and receptor selectivity in conjunction with the composition of pathogenic immune effector cells. (cannabisclinicians.org)
In striatal neurons in primary culture, both the CB1 receptor agonist [3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-11-hydroxy-Δ 8 tetrahydrocannabinol] (HU210) and the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation when applied separately. (jneurosci.org)
Background: Based on the current understanding of the role of neuropeptide signalling in migraine, we explored the therapeutic potential of a specific cannabinoid agonist. (lu.se)

The existence of additional cannabinoid receptors has long been suspected, due to the actions of compounds such as abnormal cannabidiol that produce cannabinoid-like effects on blood pressure and inflammation, yet do not activate either CB1 or CB2. (wikipedia.org)
By assessing the impact of phyto-cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), synthetic cannabinoid (ACEA) and endocannabinoid (AEA) on autophagosome formation, we explored whether these actions were responsible for cyclic SOCS3 protein levels. (lancs.ac.uk)
Within this group, epilepsy is refractory in up to 40 % of patients, who have shown para el control de síntomas refractarios en a decrease in the frequency of seizures with the concomitant use of cannabidiol and conventional antiepileptics, with mild síndromes convulsivos side effects such as diarrhea and drowsiness. (bvsalud.org)
Como parte de las terapias alternativas para el control de síntomas refractarios en enfermedades avanzadas destaca el uso de cannabidiol. (bvsalud.org)
40 % de los pacientes, quienes han demostrado disminución en la frecuencia de convulsiones con el uso concomitante de cannabidiol y antiepilépticos convencionales, con efectos secundarios leves, como diarrea y somnolencia. (bvsalud.org)
de determinar el uso del cannabidiol para el control de síntomas neurológicos refractarios en pacientes con síndromes convulsivos y enfermedades neurodegenerativas, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed, Scopus y Embase. (bvsalud.org)
Los efectos del cannabidiol lo convierten en una alternativa, of the title and research adicional a la terapéutica convencional, para el control de síntomas en trastornos neurológicos, disminuyendo de forma objectives, exhaustive sostenida el número total de episodios con un perfil de seguridad aceptable. (bvsalud.org)
Existe limitada información respecto al uso de search of information in cannabidiol en enfermedades neurodegenerativas, por lo que no se ha evidenciado su efectividad. (bvsalud.org)

THC and CBD act on specific cannabinoid receptors called CB1 and CB2. (biomedcentral.com)

Although open-label observations report a positive effect of cannabinoids on non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, these effects remain to be investigated in a controlled trial for a broader use in NMS in PD patients. (springer.com)
This can switch the effect of cannabinoids . (projectcbd.org)

The estrogenic diminution of cannabinoid-induced hyperphagia correlated with a rapid (within 15 min) attenuation of cannabinoid-mediated decreases in glutamatergic synaptic input onto arcuate neurons, which was completely blocked by inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and attenuated by inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA). (elsevierpure.com)
Within the striatum, CB1 receptors have been shown to be localized on the same neurons as G i -coupled dopamine D2 receptors. (jneurosci.org)
Pertussis toxin treatment of striatal neurons prevented the inhibition of cAMP accumulation by D2 receptors but unmasked a cannabinoid receptor-mediated stimulatory effect on cAMP accumulation. (jneurosci.org)
CB1 receptors have been identified on both subpopulations of medium spiny neurons ( Mailleux and Vanderhaeghen, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
2006 ). The majority of CB1 receptors is localized on striatal glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons and projection neurons. (springer.com)
1990), expressed primarily by neurons, and CB2 receptors (Munro et al. (420magazine.com)

These data reveal that estrogens negatively modulate cannabinoid-induced changes in energy balance via G q -coupled membrane ER-and ERα-mediated mechanisms involving activation of PKC and PKA. (elsevierpure.com)
Growing evidence suggests that a major physiological function of the cannabinoid signaling system is to modulate neuroinflammation. (420magazine.com)

CB1 receptors are ubiquitously located, with their highest presence found in the central nervous system (basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum and cortex) where they mediate cannabinoid psychoactive effects [ 7 - 8 ]. (oncotarget.com)

Home 1 / Graft vs. Host Disease 2 / Signaling Through the Type 2 Cannabinoid Receptor Regulates the Severity. (cannabisclinicians.org)
Normally, activation of the CB 1 receptor regulates renal vascular hemodynamics and stimulates the transport of ions and proteins in different nephron compartments. (degruyter.com)

Aside from these two receptors, evidence exists supporting the presence of yet uncloned cannabinoid receptors, a hypothesis predominantly based on pharmacological activity of cannabinoid compounds in CB1 and CB2 receptor-deficient mice or following the administration of 'selective' CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists (Jarai et al. (420magazine.com)

Subtype selective cannabinoids have been developed which theoretically may have advantages for treatment of certain diseases such as obesity. (wikipedia.org)
In the current study, we examined the role of the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) which is expressed on nearly all immune cells and demonstrated that absence of the CB2R on donor CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, or administration of a selective CB2R pharmacological antagonist, exacerbated acute GVHD lethality. (cannabisclinicians.org)
we therefore tested for cannabinoid receptors in seven representative species, using tritiated ligand binding assays with [3H]CP55,940 displaced by the CB1-selective antagonist SR141716A. (researchgate.net)
In contrast, selective activation of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB 2 R) appears to exert protective effects against atherosclerosis. (aspetjournals.org)

This review discusses the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoid compounds at molecular, cellular and whole animal levels, first by examining the evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids obtained using in vivo animal models of clinical neuroinflammatory conditions, specifically rodent models of multiple sclerosis, and second by describing the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system components in immune cells. (420magazine.com)
1995). There are notable studies showing the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoid-like compounds, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) metabolites and the endogenous compound palmitoylethanolamide. (420magazine.com)
Since these compounds do not act through known cannabinoid receptors (Dajani et al. (420magazine.com)
Cannabinoids are the active compounds of this marijuana plant. (oncotarget.com)
Cannabinoid is a family of complex chemicals (terpenophenolic compounds) that exert most of their actions by binding to and activating specific Gαi protein-coupled receptors named as cannabinoid receptor, CB1 (Central receptor) and CB2 (Peripheral receptor) respectively [ 4 - 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)

These discoveries led to determination in 1993 of a second brain cannabinoid receptor named cannabinoid receptor type 2 or CB2. (wikipedia.org)

and synthetic cannabinoids (such as HU-210). (wikipedia.org)
Molecular Pharmacology of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Delineating CB1 Receptor-Mediated Cell Signaling. (musc.edu)
Therefore, we decided to design a proof-of-concept study to assess the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone for the treatment of NMS. (springer.com)
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the synthetic endocannabinoid (eCB) analogue, arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide (ACEA), on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release in the dura and trigeminal ganglion (TG), as cannabinoids are known to activate G i/o -coupled cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1), resulting in neuronal inhibition. (lu.se)

Since psoriasis is a chronic hyperproliferative, inflammatory skin disease, it is conceivable that the therapeutic modulation of CB signaling, which can inhibit both proliferation and inflammation, could win a place in future psoriasis management. (uni-luebeck.de)
Cannabinoids act at the CB1 receptor to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
whereas dopamine D2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase via G i -proteins ( Sibley and Monsma, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
Previously, CB1 receptors have been shown to inhibit D1 receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation ( Bidaut-Russell and Howlett, 1991 ). (jneurosci.org)
specifically, evidence showing that cannabinoids inhibit neuroinflammation and that immune cells express the entire machinery that constitutes a functional cannabinoid signaling system. (420magazine.com)

Other molecular biology studies have suggested that the orphan receptor GPR55 should in fact be characterised as a cannabinoid receptor, on the basis of sequence homology at the binding site. (wikipedia.org)

Cannabinoid receptors, located throughout the body, are part of the endocannabinoid system of vertebrates- a class of cell membrane receptors in the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
As is typical of G protein-coupled receptors, the cannabinoid receptors contain seven transmembrane spanning domains. (wikipedia.org)
The protein sequences of CB1 and CB2 receptors are about 44% similar. (wikipedia.org)
The DNA sequence that encodes a G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor in the human brain was identified and cloned in 1990. (wikipedia.org)
Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptors are thought to be one of the most widely expressed Gαi protein-coupled receptors in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment of the pertussis toxin-treated cells with cholera toxin before CB1 receptor activation amplified the stimulatory pathway, suggesting that this response was mediated through a G s -type G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
Cannabinoids exert many of their effects through activation of G i -protein-coupled receptors. (jneurosci.org)
2015 ) Cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein Crip1a modulates CB1 receptor signaling in mouse hippocampus. (neurotree.org)
Emerging data associates impaired autophagy, increased activity in the endocannabinoid system and upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 protein expression during intestinal inflammatory states. (lancs.ac.uk)
Functionally, all three cannabinoids reduced SOCS3 protein expression, which was reversed by blocking both early and late autophagy. (lancs.ac.uk)
In conclusion, the regulatory protein, SOCS3, is itself regulated by autophagy and cannabinoids play a role in this process, which could be important when considering therapeutic applications for the cannabinoids in inflammatory conditions. (lancs.ac.uk)
Two cannabinoid G protein-coupled receptors have been cloned thus far, CB1 receptors (Matsuda et al. (420magazine.com)
The analysis of CGRP release data was combined with immunohistochemistry in order to study the cellular localization of CB1, cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), CGRP and receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), a subunit of the functional CGRP receptor, in the TG. (lu.se)
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of receptors which have a broad involvement in cellular responses affecting many important body functions both in health and disease. (bmglabtech.com)
KEY POINTS: CPT1C, a neuron-specific interactor protein involved in AMPA receptor synthesis and trafficking, was found to be highly expressed in the hippocampus, amygdala and various motor regions. (bvsalud.org)

Because the therapeutic potential of globally acting CB 1 receptor antagonists in these conditions is limited due to their neuropsychiatric adverse effects, the recent development of peripherally restricted CB 1 receptor antagonists may represent a novel pharmacological approach in treating renal diseases. (degruyter.com)
Rather, antagonists of GPR40 appear to activate gene expression networks involved in cell proliferation - in particular an elevation in the ERBB2 signalling pathway. (nottingham.ac.uk)

The receptor class may play a role in modulating the release of signaling molecules such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS and CYTOKINES. (bvsalud.org)

One mechanism through which they function is endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition, a very common form of retrograde signaling, in which the depolarization of a single neuron induces a reduction in GABA-mediated neurotransmission. (wikipedia.org)
However, PPT abolished the cannabinoid-induced inhibition of glutamatergic neurotransmission in cells from animals treated 24 h prior. (elsevierpure.com)
coupled cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1), resulting in neuronal inhibition. (lu.se)
Gs, Gi or Gq) to elicit a cellular response which can be mediated through the activation of a number of different signaling cascades which include intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization and the formation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase: Although these technologies have been successful in many cases they have had their limitation. (bmglabtech.com)

Stimulation of cAMP accumulation was not observed after pertussis toxin treatment of CHO cells expressing the human CB2 receptor, suggesting that this novel signaling pathway is unique to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, CBD was able to bypass both the CB1 receptor and the canonical pathway to induce autophagy, albeit to a lesser extent. (lancs.ac.uk)
Furthermore, when metabolic gene expression networks were analysed using pathway based analysis, it was apparent that expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, insulin signalling and glucose transport were markedly reduced in cultured cells. (nottingham.ac.uk)

In various mouse and rat models of obesity and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, eCBs generated in various renal cells activate CB 1 receptors and contribute to the development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis. (degruyter.com)

Our discovery of cannabinoid receptors in some nematodes, onychophorans, and crustaceans does not contradict the Ecdysozoa hypothesis, but gives it no support. (researchgate.net)

To date, more than 60 plant-derived cannabinoid molecules have been identified in marijuana [ 2 ], among which only Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is responsible for its psychoactive properties [ 3 ]. (degruyter.com)

Based on findings in neurological diseases ( 20-23 ) and pharmacological interactions ( 24-27 ), it appears that a malfunction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)2 receptors may have a major role in the pathogenesis of bruxism. (spandidos-publications.com)
The pharmacological importance of cannabinoids has been in study for several years. (oncotarget.com)

CGRP release was induced by either 60 mM K + (for depolarization-induced stimulation) or 100 nM capsaicin (for transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) -induced stimulation) and measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (lu.se)
Initial experiments were designed to look at the optimal time of stimulation for both receptors. (bmglabtech.com)

Cannabinoids bind reversibly and stereo-selectively to the cannabinoid receptors. (wikipedia.org)

The presence of cannabinoid receptors in invertebrates has been controversial, due to conflicting evidence. (researchgate.net)

These effects can be chronically ameliorated by CB 1 receptor blockers. (degruyter.com)
Additionally, studies that applied cannabinoids chronically over time saw a tolerance to the memory-impairment - that is, humans and other animal tend to acclimate to CB1 activation over time. (projectcbd.org)

Both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors also couple to adenylate cyclase via G-proteins. (jneurosci.org)
On activation, GPCRs signal through different G-proteins (e.g. (bmglabtech.com)
ERK phosphorylation is demonstrated at receptors which signal via Gi and Gq G-proteins. (bmglabtech.com)

Using a novel CB2R-EGFP reporter mouse, we observed significant loss of CB2R expression on T cells, but not macrophages, during acute GVHD, indicative of differential alterations in receptor expression under inflammatory conditions. (cannabisclinicians.org)

Hence this type of assay has the ability to measure cellular changes activated by Gs, Gi and Gq coupled receptors giving potential to use a single assay format for screening. (bmglabtech.com)

This study should be the basis for further evaluations of long-term efficacy and safety of the use of cannabinoids in PD patients. (springer.com)

There are a number of pre-clinical in-vitro and in-vivo studies that suggest cannabinoids - including CBD and THC - have anti-cancer activity in a wide variety of cancer types, including a role in cancer cell death and blocking cancer cell growth. (dsm.com)

In this review article, we will focus on a broad range of cannabinoids, their receptor dependent and receptor independent functional roles against various cancer types with respect to growth, metastasis, energy metabolism, immune environment, stemness and future perspectives in exploring new possible therapeutic opportunities. (oncotarget.com)

Taken together, our results suggest that cannabinoids and their receptors constitute a novel, clinically relevant control element of human K6 and K16 expression. (uni-luebeck.de)
Though cannabinoids are clinically used for anti-palliative effects, recent studies open a promising possibility as anti-cancer agents. (oncotarget.com)

These receptors play a role in antinociception, or the relief of pain. (wikipedia.org)
This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of cannabinoid receptors in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia and explores their use as therapeutic targets in the treatment of ischemic heart disease. (aspetjournals.org)
CB 2 R signaling appears to protect the heart from ischemic injury while the role of CB 1 R in ischemic injury is less clear. (aspetjournals.org)
This narrative review serves to summarize current research on the role of cannabinoid signaling in cardiovascular function with the goal of identifying critical knowledge gaps and future studies to address those gaps in a way that facilitates the development of new treatments and better cardiovascular health. (aspetjournals.org)
This narrative review on the role of cannabinoid signaling in cardiovascular disease contributes to a better understanding of this topic by integrating current knowledge and identifying critical gaps. (aspetjournals.org)
The main aim of this thesis was to characterize the role of the cannabinoid receptors and free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40) in cell signalling in human and rat skeletal muscle tissue and primary cultured myotubes. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Their main role is in cell-signaling, and, because they are hydrophobic, their main actions are limited to paracrine (cell-to-cell) or autocrine (same cell), rather than systemic, effects. (medscape.com)

Phosphorylation of the analyte results in an increase in the luminescence signal. (bmglabtech.com)

Figure 4: Effects of macrophage depletion on glycemic control and proinflammatory signaling in islets of ZDF rats. (nature.com)
While there are no studies to date that have confirmed CBD eases the side effects of cancer or cancer therapy, the molecule is understood to have some potential in modulating the most common and debilitating symptoms 15 Although largely based on THC, there are also already some cannabinoid-based drugs on the market prescribed to help relieve symptoms caused by chemotherapy. (dsm.com)
Therefore, it is critically important that we gain a greater understanding of the effects and risks of cannabinoid use on cardiovascular diseases as well as the potential for cannabinoid-directed drugs to be used as therapeutics for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. (aspetjournals.org)
Cannabinoid drugs have well-known acute effects on cardiovascular function including tachycardia and orthostatic hypotension. (aspetjournals.org)
In contrast, activation of the renal CB 2 receptors reduces the deleterious effects of these chronic diseases. (degruyter.com)
Yet, it is only in the last several decades that our understanding of these effects had grown following some landmark discoveries in the field of cannabinoid research. (degruyter.com)
The ocular effects of cannabinoids have been studied extensively in animals and humans over the last few decades. (frontiersin.org)
It was not until the 1990's, however, that the effects of cannabinoids in the eye were formally ascribed to actions on the ocular ECS (reviewed in Yazulla, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)
The ocular hypotensive effects of cannabinoids, specifically, have generated considerable interest over the last few decades largely due to their potential use in the treatment of glaucoma. (frontiersin.org)
Our aim is to identify immune functions modulated by cannabinoids that could account for their anti-inflammatory effects in these animal models. (420magazine.com)
In order to understand the anti-inflammatory potential of cannabinoids in clinical neuroinflammation, it is necessary to examine their anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. (420magazine.com)

The CB2 receptor is expressed mainly in the immune system, in hematopoietic cells, and in parts of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
CB2 receptors are expressed on T cells of the immune system, on macrophages and B cells, in hematopoietic cells, and in the brain and CNS (2019). (wikipedia.org)

Both AEA and 2-AG are generated "on demand" from membrane phospholipid precursors in response to elevated intracellular calcium or metabotropic receptor activation [ 20 ]. (degruyter.com)

We chose to focus on MS because it is characterized by relapsing-remitting and chronic inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), and cannabinoids have been shown to affect its pathogenesis. (420magazine.com)

While CB1-mediated signaling also significantly inhibited human epidermal keratinocyte proliferation in situ, as shown by K6/Ki-67-double immunofluorescence, the inhibitory effect of ACEA on K6 expression in situ was independent of its anti-proliferative effect. (uni-luebeck.de)
2015 ) Septal Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Expression Determines Suppression of Cocaine-Induced Behavior. (neurotree.org)
Gene expression profiling of human skeletal muscle and cultured myotubes and myoblasts indicated that the cannabinoid receptor CB1 and GPR40 were expressed at low levels and these results were confirmed using Taqman QRTPCR. (nottingham.ac.uk)
CB2 receptor expression was only detected in rat tissue and as a result was not further studied in cell culture systems. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Th ese include genes coding for GABA and endocannabinoid receptors, which are usually downregulated during epileptogenesis, opening up the possibility of interfering with their expression by gene therapy approaches to block the development of recurrent seizures. (lu.se)
Our group's current research aims to develop and apply an on-demand, controllable gene expression technology, based on guide RNAs and a catalytically inactive Cas9, targeting the expression of GABA and CB1 receptors for the control of epileptogenesis. (lu.se)

No changes in metabolic or insulin signalling genes were observed. (nottingham.ac.uk)

The existence of cannabinoid receptors in the brain was discovered from in vitro studies in the 1980s, with the receptor designated as the cannabinoid receptor type 1 or CB1. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the brain-type CB 1 receptor, a second cannabinoid receptor was identified in lymphoid tissue and was named CB 2 [ 6 ]. (degruyter.com)

Cannabinoid receptors (CB) are expressed throughout human skin epithelium. (uni-luebeck.de)
Our findings show that all three cannabinoids induce autophagy in a dose-dependent manner in fully differentiated CaCo2 cells, a model of mature intestinal epithelium. (lancs.ac.uk)

The cannabinoid receptor-stimulated accumulation of cAMP was blocked in a concentration-dependent manner by SR141716A, suggesting that the response was regulated through the CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)

Anatomy9

Organisms7

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs47

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Health Care1

Actions of cannabinoids1

Cannabis9

Pathways3

Agonists2

Subtypes3

Anandamide8

Ligands2

Endocannabinoids6

Various cannabinoids2

Agonist3

Cannabidiol8

Specific cannabinoid1

Effect of cannabinoids2

Neurons6

Modulate2

Basal ganglia1

Regulates2

Predominantly1

Selective4

Compounds5

19931

Synthetic4

Inhibit5

Molecular1

Protein15

Antagonists2

Neurotransmitters1

Inhibition4

Pathway3

Activate1

Hypothesis1

Tetrahydrocannabinol1

Pharmacological2

Stimulation2

Bind1

Evidence1

Chronically2

Proteins3

Inflammatory conditions1

Cellular1

Efficacy1

Vivo1

Functional1

Clinically2

Role7

Phosphorylation1

Effects11

Immune system2

Intracellular1

Inflammation1

Expression6

Genes1

Type2

Epithelium2

Dependent1