Human coronavirusInfection2020Combined with feline enteric coronavirusFECVNovel coronavirusProfessor Alan RadfordTransmissible gastroenteritis virusInfectionsGastroenteritisDistemper VirusVaccinesSwineAdenovirusDiseaseBovine coronavirusFCoVMERS-CoVSpikeLarge family of virusesGlycoproteinSARS-COVProteinSAVSNETVaccinationHumansVirusesRabiesVirus2022PathogenSymptomsDiseasesDiarrhoeaNobivacVeterinaryStrainLaboratoriesBatsAntibodyELISAPandemic
Human coronavirus3
- Other important members of the betacoronavirus group include mouse hepatitus virus (MHV) which is used in many experimental models of coronavirus biology, as well as human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43, bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and equine coronavirus (ECV), which are associated with respiratory (HCoV) or enteric (BCoV, ECV) infections in their target species. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- Together with canine coronavirus (CCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV 229E), FCoV is classified into the genus Alphacoronavirus[1]. (datexis.com)
- A canine respiratory coronavirus and a canine enteric coronavirus do exist and may cause illness in pets, but they are not related to the current human coronavirus infections. (richtondispatch.com)
Infection19
- Pearson says there is a respiratory infection and an enteric, or intestinal, infection associated with canine coronavirus . (12news.com)
- It is thought the sudden wave of cases could be caused by a type of coronavirus, with Canine Enteric Coronavirus (CEC) being one of the top candidates for the infection. (shieldsgazette.com)
- Fortunately, heartworm infection is almost 100% preventable in dogs. (barksvetcare.com)
- The World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) has prepared an advisory document offering guidance and a series of Frequently Asked Questions to help its members when talking with pet owners concerned about the risk of infection with the new coronavirus (2019 n-CoV), following the outbreak in China. (australiandoglover.com)
- Nobivac ® Canine 1-Cv (feline enteric coronavirus) vaccine is a killed virus vaccine recommended for the vaccination of healthy dogs as an aid in the prevention of disease caused by canine coronavirus infection. (petsupplies4less.com)
- While Nobivac DA2PPv is a modified live virus vaccine, which protects against canine distemper adenovirus type 2 hepatitis parainfluenza and parvovirus, the Nobivac Cv (feline enteric coronavirus) is a killed virus vaccine, which protects against disease caused by canine coronavirus infection. (kvsupply.com)
- However, experts opined that such instances were not common - and never reported so far in dogs - and advised against abandoning pets due to fear of infection. (dtnext.in)
- New studies in dogs and especially cats, in which coronavirus infection is common, will help us to provide information concerning the effects of COVID-19 in these animals and the contamination patterns and course of the disease. (istanbul.edu.tr)
- Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats of humans diagnosed with COVID19 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (istanbul.edu.tr)
- Infection with coronavirus is determined by the interaction between the receptor binding domain of its spike (S) protein and corresponding receptors on target cells. (datexis.com)
- Now that coronavirus is much more common in society, it has been reported that there is a possibility of infection in animals who are in close contact with humans infected with COVID-19. (magnifyfund.com)
- The presence of coronavirus antibodies can be used to screen cats for the presence of coronavirus infection and as an adjunct in diagnosing clinical coronavirus infection. (pages.dev)
- Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV) tends to affect kittens more than it does adults, where it produces a relatively mild intestinal infection. (petfriendlyhouse.com)
- Something that we have to note is that not all cats that catch a Feline Enteric Coronavirus infection will develop FIP. (petfriendlyhouse.com)
- Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal systemic infection in cats, caused by a feline coronavirus (FCoV). (vin.com)
- Infection by FCoV normally causes mild and often inapparent enteritis, in which case the virus is referred to as feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). (vin.com)
- What are the risks of infection in susceptible dogs and cats? (veteriankey.com)
- 49 Other areas important to companion animal veterinarians include the application of clinical epidemiology as it relates to infection and disease prevalence, multiple-animal households, population-based biosecurity measures in humane facilities, the potential for interspecies spread of infections between dogs and cats, and pet-associated disease in humans (zoonosis). (veteriankey.com)
- The goal of the present investigation is to examine the effects of missense mutations in the MERS-CoV S protein on protein stability and binding affinity with DPP4 to provide insight that is useful in developing vaccines to prevent coronavirus infection. (frontiersin.org)
20203
- As of March 25 2020, tests have been done on 17 dogs and 8 cats living in families affected by COVID-19 , and only two dogs have tested positive for the virus. (magnifyfund.com)
- The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread rapidly from China to most other countries around the world in early 2020 killing millions of people. (bvsalud.org)
- Methods: Using secondary data on the daily confirmed COVID-19 cases per million for Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) member states from March 5, 2020, to July 15, 2021, we model and forecast the spread of coronavirus in the region. (bvsalud.org)
Combined with feline enteric coronavirus1
- Canine distemper adenovirus type 2 parainfluenza and parvovirus vaccine modified live virus vaccine combined with feline enteric coronavirus (killed virus vaccine). (kvsupply.com)
FECV2
- Two pathotypes of FCoV have been well demonstrated, i.e., feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus (FIPV). (datexis.com)
- Approximately 1 - 3% (1) or 5 - 12% (2, 3) of cats infected with feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) develop feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). (laboklin.com)
Novel coronavirus3
- A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. (istanbul.edu.tr)
- BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus called as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (cdc.gov)
- Description: Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real Time RT-PCR Kit is used for the qualitative detection of a novel coronavirus, which was identified in 2019 at Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in upper respiratory tract specimens (nasopharyngeal extracts, deep cough sputum, etc.) and lower respiratory tract specimens (alveoli irrigation fluid, etc.) by real time PCR systems. (trancheproject.org)
Professor Alan Radford1
- Professor Alan Radford, an expert in veterinary health informatics at the University of Liverpool, has been investigating the abnormally high rate of sickness and diarrhoea occurring in dogs. (shieldsgazette.com)
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus1
- Additional representatives of the family reviewed in this article are the human (HCV) and bovine (BCV) coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), haemagglutinating encephalitis virus (HEV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). (pdfroom.com)
Infections10
- The research pointed to Canine Enteric Coronavirus (CEC) as a possible candidate for the infections. (mylondon.news)
- Coronaviruses cause infections in man, other mammals and birds. (pdfroom.com)
- The former causes mild enteric infections, and the latter causes a fatal immune-mediated disease known as FIP. (datexis.com)
- Bovine coronavirus infections have been known for many years to cause disease in cattle," he said. (richtondispatch.com)
- 12 Since the mid-20th century, FMT's success against C. diff infections in humans has led to an expansion of this approach into small-animal veterinary medicine, especially as a treatment for chronic diarrhea in cats and dogs . (animalbiome.vet)
- In today's article, we're looking at how Feline Enteric Coronavirus infections happen, what symptoms they cause, how they can be diagnosed, and whether there are any options in terms of therapies available right now. (petfriendlyhouse.com)
- Can Feline Enteric Coronavirus Infections be Treated? (petfriendlyhouse.com)
- Maintaining good hygiene and keeping your cats somewhat separated is one of the ways you can prevent Feline Enteric Coronavirus infections. (petfriendlyhouse.com)
- Like other coronaviruses, MERS-CoV can not only cause respiratory infections but also infects enteric and neurological systems. (frontiersin.org)
- Although human to human transmission of MERS-CoV has been inefficient compared to other β-CoVs, there have been reports of co-infections of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia and of a MERS-CoV related coronavirus in hedgehogs as well (Pomorska-Mól et al. (frontiersin.org)
Gastroenteritis3
- Canine enteric coronavirus belongs to the alphacoronaviruses , along with feline coronavirus (FeCoV, the causative agent of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)) and transmissable gastroenteritis of pigs (TGEV). (liverpool.ac.uk)
- With gastroenteritis, most cases are mild, but some dogs may need hospitalisation with a drip. (nivettoday.com)
- It is a coronavirus of the species Alphacoronavirus 1 which includes canine coronavirus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. (pages.dev)
Distemper Virus1
- Zoetis Belgium received a positive opinion from European Union's Committee for Medical Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) for its Versican Plus Pi vaccine for the treatment of dogs against canine parainfluenza virus and for Versican Plus DHPPi, vaccine to prevent canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus and canine parainfluenza virus. (brakkeconsulting.com)
Vaccines6
- No, there is no COVID-19 vaccine for pets, but there are pet-specific coronavirus vaccines unrelated to COVID-19. (12news.com)
- Dr. Karen Pearson, a veterinarian based in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, told VERIFY "the coronavirus vaccines and the viruses themselves are very different. (12news.com)
- The risk is so low that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is not considering applications for COVID-19 vaccines for cats and dogs at this time, Bill Price, the vice president of Corporate Communications at Zoetis told VERIFY. (12news.com)
- The advisory also cautions veterinarians against using vaccines against canine enteric coronavirus available in some global markets in the hope that they may offer some cross-protection against 2019-nCoV. (australiandoglover.com)
- According to Finton Missier, pet consultant, Thoothukudi, there are vaccines for the prevention of canine coronavirus in dogs. (dtnext.in)
- Vaccines, such as those for distemper, canine parvovirus, canine parainfluenza, and rabies, trigger an immune response within your dog's body to keep them at bay. (horse.com)
Swine1
- Reporting of swine enteric coronavirus diseases (SECD), which include PEDv and PDCoV, begins immediately effective June 5, 2014. (brakkeconsulting.com)
Adenovirus1
- Compressing five years of work into four months, Sarah Gilbert, modified the adenovirus to make the "spike" protein that this coronavirus uses to invade human cells. (ncsm.gov.in)
Disease13
- Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) is a completely distinct member of this group and believed to form part of the Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD, or 'kennel cough') complex. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- As the SARS-CoV-2 virus - the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 disease - continues to actively spread throughout the United States, the good news is that fears of companion pets becoming infected and transmitting the virus back to humans have lessened. (hemopet.org)
- Cats, dogs and a few other mammals can become infected with COVID-19, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (12news.com)
- The coronavirus vaccine used to be a routinely given vaccine, but we have not seen this respiratory disease in dogs very often so many practices have stopped giving it," she said. (12news.com)
- Canine distemper is a contagious and serious disease caused by a virus that attacks the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous systems of puppies and dogs. (barksvetcare.com)
- Lyme disease is a nasty illness that can cause serious, recurring health problems for both you and your dog. (barksvetcare.com)
- It is important to note that Lyme disease vaccination is not available for people and not indicated for all dogs. (barksvetcare.com)
- Such viral disease in dogs are in enteric form, meaning that they occur in the intestine, and show symptoms like vomiting and bloody diarrhoea. (dtnext.in)
- The coronavirus 2019 (or COVID-19) disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is now on the lips of all news readers around the world. (magnifyfund.com)
- For the most current information on COVID-19, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html. (richtondispatch.com)
- The Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) has now reported a possible outbreak of gastrointestinal disease in dogs which could be "caused by a range of infectious and non-infectious agents including parvovirus and canine enteric coronavirus. (nivettoday.com)
- Feline enteric coronavirus that infects the intestines and feline infectious peritonitis virus that causes the disease feline infectious peritonitis. (pages.dev)
- Canine gluten sensitivity - is this coeliac disease in dogs? (laboklin.com)
Bovine coronavirus2
- While there is a vaccine for use in cattle with bovine coronavirus, the components are not related to the virus currently affecting humans. (richtondispatch.com)
- Bovine coronavirus is not transmissible to people. (richtondispatch.com)
FCoV1
- One of the most common is the FCoV (Feline Enteric Coronavirus). (getfindster.com)
MERS-CoV2
- Betacoronaviruses contain a diverse range of viruses, including the recently-emerged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV2 (the causeof COVID-19), as well as the original SARS-CoV that emerged in 2002, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from 2012 (MERS-CoV). (liverpool.ac.uk)
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe pneumonia-like symptoms and is still pose a significant threat to global public health. (frontiersin.org)
Spike1
- Coronaviruses have spike proteins on their surfaces that reminded the research discovery teams of monarchical crowns. (hemopet.org)
Large family of viruses3
- Whilst this large family of viruses includes some important human pathogens, it is important to emphasise that CECoV is not closely related to human coronaviruses like SARS-CoV2, the cause of COVID-19. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses. (12news.com)
- Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness which range from the common cold to more severe diseases. (shieldsgazette.com)
Glycoprotein1
- 1987). M glycoprotein As is the case with the N protein, the M glycoprotein of the various coronaviruses also exhibits different Mr values in polyacrylamide gels (see review by Siddell et al. (pdfroom.com)
SARS-COV4
- If government agencies, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture, determine there is a need for such a vaccine in animals, we are prepared to act quickly and further develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for cats and dogs, and other species as needed," said Price. (12news.com)
- Despite its name, CEC is not linked to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, and does not pose a risk to dog owners, or those that may come into contact with infected pooches. (shieldsgazette.com)
- Canine, feline, and equine specimens were screened with the new IDEXX SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) RealPCR Test. (idexx.com)
- Designated "severe acute respiratory syndrome" gets in the SARS-CoV genome for rapid deployment to the (SARS), the etiologic agent was later identified as a National Laboratory Response Network for Bioterrorism hitherto unrecognized coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (5,6). (cdc.gov)
Protein4
- Printed in Great Britain Key words: coronaviruses/genome expression/protein structure REVIEW ARTICLE Coronaviruses: Structure and Genome Expression By W. SPAAN, 1. (pdfroom.com)
- While all coronaviruses contains these proteins, a subset (HEV, HCV-OC43 and BCV) is now recognized to possess an additional glycopolypeptide (gp65), which is unrelated to S or M. N protein The number of amino acids in the N protein has been determined by cloning and sequencing for MHV strains A59 (Armstrong et al. (pdfroom.com)
- In dogs and cats, increased urinary protein excretion is pathological and highly correlated with reduced survival of the respective animal. (laboklin.com)
- These findings provide further information on how mutations in coronavirus S proteins effect protein function. (frontiersin.org)
SAVSNET1
- The Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) put forward the theory that the dogs might have contracted the Canine Enteric Coronavirus. (wikipedia.org)
Vaccination2
- There is a vaccination for the form of canine coronavirus and this is available from the veterinarian. (dograces.co.uk)
- Some people are saying it is not worth vaccination of the dogs because it is not protective against all forms of the virus. (dograces.co.uk)
Humans10
- It therefore does not carry any risk to humans - or the dogs families - that come into contact with infected dogs. (mylondon.news)
- CEC has been around far longer than Covid-19, which is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans, and historically has only produced a relatively mild illness in dogs, despite affecting several thousands per year across the globe. (shieldsgazette.com)
- To date, there are 7 known coronaviruses that can affect and infect humans. (getfindster.com)
- Beyond those 7 Coronaviruses that can affect humans, there are other Coronaviruses that animals can contract - keep reading and we'll get there in a bit! (getfindster.com)
- 3. Can pets transmit coronavirus to humans? (getfindster.com)
- There are a few strains of coronavirus on cats that you can also find on dogs, bats and other animals, but those strains cannot be transmitted to humans. (getfindster.com)
- The Covo-19 virus that is affecting humans is not the same as the current outbreak of the enteric Canine Coronavirus. (dograces.co.uk)
- The Covo-19 virus cannot be caught by dogs and vice-versa the Canine Coronavirus cannot be caught by humans . (dograces.co.uk)
- While a minority of pets can possibly catch the virus, there is no reason to believe, at present, that dogs and cats can infect humans. (magnifyfund.com)
- Enteric colonization of oxalate degrading bacteria (ODB) is correlated with the absence of hyperoxaluria and/or CaOx formation in humans and rats. (vin.com)
Viruses3
- Coronavirus is not the name of a virus, but of a group of different viruses, which includes COVID-19 ( CO rona VI rus D isease 20 19 ). (getfindster.com)
- 9. Estola T. Coronaviruses, a New Group of Animal RNA Viruses. (istanbul.edu.tr)
- Certainly, the large family of coronaviruses includes around 40 different viruses and some can actually infect cats and dogs. (magnifyfund.com)
Rabies1
- Missier added that dogs should be vaccinated to prevent viral diseases such as parvovirus, distemper, coronavirus and rabies. (dtnext.in)
Virus12
- Canine enteric coronavirus (CECoV) is an RNA virus belonging to the coronavirus family. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- But CEC is a much older virus than Covid-19, and tends to only affect dogs mildly. (mylondon.news)
- Highly contagious and deadly, Canine Parvovirus is one virus you do not want to deal with. (barksvetcare.com)
- Unfortunately, the vast majority of dog owners are unaware of how many different ways their dog can come in contact with this deadly virus. (barksvetcare.com)
- It also calls on veterinarians to urge owners not to panic because it is highly unlikely that they could contract 2019 n-CoV from their dog or cat , or that their companion animal could transmit the virus to people or other animals. (australiandoglover.com)
- GRV Chief Veterinarian Steven Karamatic has stated that Coronavirus is a type of virus that can affect all animals. (dograces.co.uk)
- But, Canine Coronavirus is specific to dogs, there are two types of virus related to dogs. (dograces.co.uk)
- The most obvious signs that a dog has got this virus are vomiting and diarrhoea along with a lack of energy and enthusiasm. (dograces.co.uk)
- However, it might be worth considering because it will stop the virus in some forms of the canine coronavirus. (dograces.co.uk)
- It is particularly fascinating because the coronavirus is an RNA virus, so it uses a different type of genetic material. (ncsm.gov.in)
- Feline coronavirus is a positive-stranded RNA virus that infects cats worldwide. (pages.dev)
- Is the dog shedding subclinically low levels of virus? (veteriankey.com)
20222
- By January 2022 over 150 dogs had suffered vomiting and diarrhoea after they visited beaches in North Yorkshire. (wikipedia.org)
- 2022). These incidents highlight the possibility of the enhanced transmission or lethality of coronaviruses and create the conditions for a future pandemic (Pomorska-Mól et al. (frontiersin.org)
Pathogen1
- Clostridium difficile is an important spore-forming human pathogen associated with serious enteric diseases worldwide ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Symptoms8
- Dog owners whose pets are showing diarrhoea and vomiting symptoms can be assured that the problem will probably go away on its own. (mylondon.news)
- Owners have been advised to limit contact with other dogs if their pet starts showing symptoms of sickness and diarrhoea. (shieldsgazette.com)
- However, if symptoms worsen, the condition persists, or dogs show signs of distress, owners are advised to seek advice from a vet. (shieldsgazette.com)
- These symptoms are usually visible in puppies, not in older dogs. (getfindster.com)
- If your dog displays any of these symptoms, contact your vet immediately. (barksvetcare.com)
- As such symptoms are obvious that cannot be missed, pet owners can get immediate veterinary attention to administer drips to such dogs. (dtnext.in)
- Symptoms improved in 83% of the cats and 80% of the dogs. (animalbiome.vet)
- Speaking to BBC Radio 4's PM programme ), BVA President Justine Shotton said: "At this time, we can't speculate on what might be causing the symptoms, and there is currently no evidence to suggest a direct link between the illness and the dogs visiting beaches. (nivettoday.com)
Diseases4
- Though these are contagious diseases among dogs, they could be treated if the animals are brought to veterinarian at the right time, Missier added. (dtnext.in)
- However, if the dogs are vaccinated against these viral diseases, they would not get infected, he added. (dtnext.in)
- Although nucleic acid-based PCR assays are increasingly available through commercial diagnostic laboratories for the detection of common infectious diseases of dogs and cats (see Table 1-3 and Web Appendix 5 ), other diagnostic techniques still play important roles in diagnosis because of availability, reliability, and cost. (veteriankey.com)
- C . difficile is also associated with enteric diseases in animals, including horses, dogs, and pigs ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Diarrhoea3
- Diarrhoea and vomiting in kennels are not uncommon but in Queensland and Western Australia, they have had the canine coronavirus so they are experiencing more of the diarrhoea and vomiting than normal. (dograces.co.uk)
- The British Veterinary Association (BVA) advises that with prompt treatment almost all dogs make a full recovery from this uncommonly violent gastric bug, while the RSCPA reassured dog owners that sickness and diarrhoea in dogs is "common" in winter. (nivettoday.com)
- Our advice to concerned owners is to contact their local vet for prompt treatment if their dog shows any signs of illness, such as vomiting and diarrhoea. (nivettoday.com)
Nobivac1
- The combination vaccine set of Nobivac DA2PPV +CV Dog Vaccine 25X1ml vials is a mixture of Nobivac DA2PPv and Nobivac Cv. (kvsupply.com)
Veterinary4
- Specificity studies showed no cross-reactivity with the new PCR test against common veterinary coronaviruses affecting companion animals. (idexx.com)
- Likewise, currently available RealPCR tests for these veterinary coronaviruses were demonstrated to not detect synthetic COVID-19 nucleic acid. (idexx.com)
- The countrys veterinary watchdog Rosselkhoznadzor said it had been testing a vaccine called Carnivak-Cov on dogs cats mink foxes and other animals since October. (pages.dev)
- Supported or enteric-covered ibuprofen can be a safe pain relieving for home veterinary utilized as a part of puppies, however it needs to be managed with caution to felines. (typesofcat.com)
Strain2
- Hemopet wants to remind companion pet caregivers about key information regarding this strain of coronavirus and their companion pets. (hemopet.org)
- Just as it happens with cats, dogs can also get a strain of Coronavirus via infected feces or by having contact with other infected dogs. (getfindster.com)
Laboratories3
- Coronavirus If Laboratories manufactures the if you have the coronavirus will you die 100 reagents distributed by Genprice. (nfkb-p65.net)
- Coronavirus Goose Laboratories manufactures the goose coronavirus reagents distributed by Genprice. (nexeonmedsystems.com)
- Enteric Pcr Laboratories manufactures the enteric pcr panel test reagents distributed by Genprice. (serpins.com)
Bats1
- Some coronaviruses cause cold-like illnesses in people, while others cause illness in certain types of animals, such as cattle, camels, and bats. (12news.com)
Antibody1
- The age at which maternal antibody for canine parvovirus no longer interferes with the development of the active immunity varies according to the bitch's titer and quantity of colostral antibodies absorbed by the puppy. (kvsupply.com)
ELISA2
- Conversely, the CPV-antigen ELISA is very good for detecting CPV-associated enteritis, but not sensitive enough to detect CPV in dogs that are subclinically infected. (veteriankey.com)
- Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Actin, gamma enteric smooth muscle(ACTG2) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. (serpins.com)
Pandemic1
- Background: Coronavirus pandemic, a serious global public health threat, affects the Southern African countries more than any other country on the continent. (bvsalud.org)