AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Transcription, GeneticDNA-Binding ProteinsTranscription FactorsPromoter Regions, GeneticGene Expression RegulationMolecular Sequence DataMEF2 Transcription FactorsBase SequenceCalciumProtein BindingTranscriptional ActivationCell LineBinding SitesRNA, MessengerAmino Acid SequenceSp1 Transcription FactorNuclear ProteinsTrans-ActivatorsRepressor ProteinsCells, CulturedSignal TransductionDNAMutationCell NucleusTranscription Factor AP-1TransfectionGenes, ReporterChromatin ImmunoprecipitationHeLa CellsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalTranscription Initiation SiteGene Expression ProfilingHomeodomain ProteinsCalcium SignalingEgtazic AcidBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsChromatinGene Expression Regulation, FungalGene Expression Regulation, BacterialReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionRNA Polymerase IIMyogenic Regulatory FactorsCell DifferentiationOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidHistonesProtein Structure, TertiaryPlasmidsBasic-Leucine Zipper Transcription FactorsGene ExpressionForkhead Transcription FactorsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsPhosphorylationEnhancer Elements, GeneticSTAT3 Transcription FactorModels, BiologicalSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCloning, MolecularKineticsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsLuciferasesCell Line, TumorNF-kappa BNFATC Transcription FactorsDNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesCalcimycinModels, GeneticTranscription Factor AP-2Transcription Factors, TFIIBlotting, WesternElectrophoretic Mobility Shift AssayBacterial ProteinsKruppel-Like Transcription FactorsTranscription Factor TFIIDGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicSTAT1 Transcription FactorDown-RegulationTATA BoxGATA4 Transcription FactorYY1 Transcription FactorSp3 Transcription FactorTumor Cells, CulturedAcetylationEscherichia coliSequence Homology, Amino AcidNeuronsChelating AgentsCalcium-Binding ProteinsDNA FootprintingSequence AlignmentMice, KnockoutConserved SequenceZinc FingersCyclic AMP Response Element-Binding ProteinCalcium ChannelsTranscription Factor TFIIBActivating Transcription Factor 2Activating Transcription Factor 3Drosophila ProteinsTranscription Initiation, Genetic
Myocyte enhancer factorCalmodulin-dependent protein kinaseTranscriptionalHumansNeuronalProteinSignaling pathwayIntracellularProteinsMiceRegulateCardiacMyogenic RegulatMammalianExpressionMitochondrialGeneticNuclearMiRNAsRegulatesDefectsHighly conservedMolecularMicroRNAsSkeletalCellTargetMutationPhosphataseExperimentalRegionsMotifsFunctionVariantsLevelsDiseaseResponse
Myocyte enhancer factor2
  • We show that myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors suppressed excitatory synapse number in a neuronal activity- and calcineurin-dependent manner as hippocampal neurons formed synapses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Within this conserved region is a consensus site for myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) proteins that we show is bound efficiently by MEF2 and is required for transgene expression in all three muscle lineages in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase3
  • Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase involved in the regulation of Ca(2+) homeostatis and excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) in heart by targeting ion channels, transporters and accessory proteins involved in Ca(2+) influx into the myocyte, Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), SR Ca(2+) uptake and Na(+) and K(+) channel transport. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) is a major kinase that is activated by elevated intracellular calcium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) is a major kinase that is activated by elevated intracellular calcium and is highly abundant in the brain [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcriptional10
  • These findings define an activity-dependent transcriptional program that may control synapse number during development. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We demonstrate that the GTPase Rem2 is regulated at the transcriptional level by calcium influx through L-VGCCs and inhibits dendritic arborization in cultured rat cortical neurons and in the Xenopus laevis tadpole visual system. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, negative mediators of experience-dependent dendritic outgrowth that are activity regulated at the transcriptional level are less well understood. (jneurosci.org)
  • Gray JM, Kim TK , West AE , Nord AS , Markenscoff-Papadimitriou E , Lomvardas S. Genomic Views of Transcriptional Enhancers: Essential Determinants of Cellular Identity and Activity-Dependent Responses in the CNS. (neurotree.org)
  • The underlying mechanisms are not fully known, but they may involve increased blood brain barrier (BBB) protection and regulation of transcriptional activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HRC is a direct transcriptional target of MEF2 during cardiac, skeletal, and arterial smooth muscle development in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study, we identified a transcriptional enhancer from the HRC gene that is sufficient to direct the expression of lacZ in the expression pattern of endogenous HRC in transgenic mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Thus, these studies identify the HRC enhancer as the first MEF2-dependent, CArG-independent transcriptional target in smooth muscle and represent the first analysis of the transcriptional regulation of an SR gene in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to 3′- or less often to 5′-untranslated regions of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which in consequence leads to inhibited translation and/or induces degradation of targeted mRNA [ 1 ]. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • The 3'-UTR analysis yields 106 motifs likely to be involved in post-transcriptional regulation. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Humans1
  • These findings constitute the first reported phenotype associated with SNPs in the EF-G2mt gene and implicate the human EF-G2mt gene as a pharmacogenetic candidate gene for statin toxicity in humans. (prolekarniky.cz)
Neuronal4
  • In response to increased neuronal activity, calcium influx into neurons induced the activation of the calcium/calmodulin-regulated phosphatase calcineurin, which dephosphorylated and activated MEF2. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Emerging themes in neuronal activity-dependent gene expression. (neurotree.org)
  • Genome-wide identification of calcium-response factor (CaRF) binding sites predicts a role in regulation of neuronal signaling pathways. (neurotree.org)
  • Widespread transcription at neuronal activity-regulated enhancers. (neurotree.org)
Protein10
  • Fiore R, Khudayberdiev S, Christensen M, Siegel G, Flavell SW , Kim TK , Greenberg ME , Schratt G. Mef2-mediated transcription of the miR379-410 cluster regulates activity-dependent dendritogenesis by fine-tuning Pumilio2 protein levels. (neurotree.org)
  • ATP-dependent Clp protease (ClpP), a mitochondrial matrix protease, plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial protein turnover and bioenergetics activity. (springer.com)
  • In the nucleus, phosphorylates the MEF2 repressor HDAC4, promoting its nuclear export and binding to 14-3-3 protein, and expression of MEF2 and genes involved in the hypertrophic program. (icr.ac.uk)
  • The HRC gene encodes the histidine-rich calcium-binding protein, which is found in the lumen of the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of cardiac and skeletal muscle and within calciosomes of arterial smooth muscle. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Calcineurin (CN) is a Ca 2+ /calmodulin dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase first identified in brain and also known as protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B). (pancreapedia.org)
  • In most single gene autisms (Rett, Fragile-X, Pitt Hopkins etc) the underlying problem is that a faulty gene does not do its job of producing the expected protein. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • For example, in Timothy Syndrome the mutation in the gene produces too much of the protein, in this case the L-type calcium channel Cav1.2. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • The Y-box protein MSY3/Csda represses myogenin transcription in skeletal muscle by binding a highly conserved cis-acting DNA element located just upstream of the myogenin minimal promoter (myogHCE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • MSY3 (MSY4, YB-2, CSDA, dbpA, ZONAB) is a member of the cold shock domain (CSD) family of proteins also known as Y-box proteins, which are evolutionarily conserved proteins that function as transcription factors and regulators of RNA metabolism and protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pathway maps illustrate protein interactions and regulation to provide a comprehensive picture of signaling and disease processes. (bio-rad.com)
Signaling pathway1
  • Specifically, we have uncovered a novel, activity-dependent signaling pathway that restricts dendritic arborization. (jneurosci.org)
Intracellular1
  • A download Hanging Sam: A Military Biography of General Samuel T. Williams: From Pancho Villa to of residues are experienced regulated for the high 3-phosphate by which SP1 assemblies present to connected formation phagosome by UCP1 in transmembrane C1q-mediated fusion momenta, and preferentially by the intracellular genes as Once. (evakoch.com)
Proteins3
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a family of rare heritable skeletal disorders associated with dominant mutations in the collagen type I encoding genes and recessive defects in proteins involved in collagen type I synthesis and processing and in osteoblast differentiation and activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Appropriate regulation of autophagy is crucial for clearing toxic proteins from cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • The download Hanging Sam: A Military Biography of General of Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Proteins( IGFBPs) phase 50 response pathway good research with reviewed N cell and C formation enzymes binding for conjugating Insulin like Growth Factors I and II( IGF I and IGF II). (evakoch.com)
Mice4
  • Finally, inhibiting this pathway exacerbated the inflammatory response to stroke as CaMKK β or CaMK IV KO mice had increased levels of the pro-inflammatory serum cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) after stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The L type calcium channel agonist (±)Bay K 8644 has been reported to cause characteristic motor abnormalities in adult mice. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • The self-biting provoked by (±)Bay K 8644 can be inhibited by pretreating the mice with dihydropyridine L type calcium channel antagonists such as nifedipine, nimodipine, or nitrendipine. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • Apparent Absence of BMAL1-Dependent Skeletal Muscle-Kidney Cross Talk in Mice. (ufl.edu)
Regulate3
  • HDAC5 and Its Target Gene, Npas4, Function in the Nucleus Accumbens to Regulate Cocaine-Conditioned Behaviors. (neurotree.org)
  • Targets also transcription factors and signaling molecules to regulate heart function. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Our results suggest that previous estimates of the number of human miRNA genes were low, and that miRNAs regulate at least 20% of human genes. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Cardiac3
  • In this review, we focus on the role of cardiomyocyte-derived and cardiac fibroblast-derived microRNAs that are involved in the regulation of genes associated with cardiomyocyte and fibroblast function and in atherosclerosis-related cardiac ischemia. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • Epigenetic mechanisms and transcription factor networks essential for differentiation of cardiac myocytes have been uncovered. (nature.com)
  • This study uncovers distinct layers of epigenetic regulation not only during prenatal development and postnatal maturation but also in diseased human cardiac myocytes. (nature.com)
Myogenic Regulat1
Mammalian2
  • Calcineurin (Cn) is a Ca 2+ /calmodulin (CaM)-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase first identified in extracts of mammalian brain (68, 94). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The overall results provide a systematic view of gene regulation in the human, which will be refined as additional mammalian genomes become available. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Expression10
  • Here, employing an inducible B cell expression system, we have determined that M2 activates the NFAT pathway in a Src kinase-dependent manner - leading to induction of the plasma cell-associated transcription factor, Interferon Regulatory Factor-4 (IRF4). (prelekara.sk)
  • In contrast, pathological gene expression in terminal heart failure is accompanied by changes in active histone marks without major alterations in CpG methylation and repressive chromatin marks. (nature.com)
  • Many of these transitions involve changes of gene expression. (nature.com)
  • In contrast to previous findings in heart tissue, expression of the pathological gene program in heart failure was not accompanied by changes in the CM DNA methylome but by active histone marks. (nature.com)
  • Bio-Rad collaborated with Biogazelle, leaders in real-time PCR research, to design and experimentally validate PCR primers for gene expression assays across the human and mouse transcriptomes. (bio-rad.com)
  • The selected pathways were used to design panels of real-time PCR primers tailored for the top-ranked genes for differential gene expression analysis. (bio-rad.com)
  • Each gene target within a pathway was assigned a score based on the frequency of differential expression and its research significance. (bio-rad.com)
  • Reference genes are used in relative gene expression analysis to normalize for variation in the amount of input messenger RNA (mRNA) among samples. (bio-rad.com)
  • To ensure accurate quantitation, it is important to include one or more reference genes exhibiting constant expression levels under the experimental conditions. (bio-rad.com)
  • Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing of expression in human cell lines, we demonstrate that the EF-G2mt gene is required for cell growth on galactose medium, signifying an essential role for this gene in aerobic respiration. (prolekarniky.cz)
Mitochondrial6
  • mitochondrial transcription resc. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Mitochondrial translation, essential for synthesis of the electron transport chain complexes in the mitochondria, is governed by nuclear encoded genes. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Based on yeast genetic studies, we identify the mitochondrial translation factor MEF2 as a mediator of atorvastatin toxicity. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The human ortholog of MEF2 is the Elongation Factor Gene (EF-G) 2, which has previously been shown to play a specific role in mitochondrial ribosome recycling. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Several components of the electron transport chain are encoded in the mitochondrial genome, the translation of which is governed largely by nuclear encoded genes. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Recently a mutation in a novel gene, believed to be a member of the class of mitochondrial peptide release factors, was identified in patients exhibiting symptoms of Leigh syndrome [4] . (prolekarniky.cz)
Genetic1
  • Using genetic mouse models, we found that mutations of two different molecular clock genes, Clock and Bmal1, dramatically disrupt skeletal muscle structure and function. (ufl.edu)
Nuclear1
MiRNAs1
  • Nearly one-half are associated with microRNAs (miRNAs), leading to the discovery of many new miRNA genes and their likely target genes. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Regulates1
  • We have previously shown that MSY3/Csda binds a highly conserved cis-acting element located upstream of the myogenin promoter (myogHCE) and regulates the postnatal down-regulation of myogenin [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Defects1
Highly conserved1
  • Genes having at least one occurrence of the highly conserved motif M38 TGACCTTG in the regions spanning 4 kb centered on their transcription starting sites [-2kb, +2kb]. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Molecular1
  • New Molecular Insights into the Excitation-Transcription Coupling. (neurotree.org)
MicroRNAs1
Skeletal1
  • May participate in the modulation of skeletal muscle function in response to exercise, by regulating SR Ca(2+) transport through phosphorylation of PLN/PLB and triadin, a ryanodine receptor-coupling factor. (icr.ac.uk)
Cell2
Target1
  • Given the significance of myogenin regulation in adult muscle, the Akt/MSY3/myogenin regulatory circuit is a potential therapeutic target to counteract muscle degenerative disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutation2
  • In this syndrome Nav1.8 is over expressed as a downstream consequence of a mutation in the TCF4 gene. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • 10. A double null mutation in the gene that produces Poly-Ig-Receptor (PIgR), would cause which of the following to occur? (mockdocs.org)
Phosphatase1
  • They are classified according to their dependence on certain divalent metal ions for phosphatase activity and Cn is uniquely dependent upon Ca 2+ . (pancreapedia.org)
Experimental1
  • Control assays and synthetic DNA templates were designed to facilitate the assessment of the key experimental factors impacting your real-time PCR results. (bio-rad.com)
Regions1
  • These DNA primer pairs were designed by prioritizing the gene regions most commonly found in transcript variants. (bio-rad.com)
Motifs1
  • The promoter analysis yields 174 candidate motifs, including most previously known transcription-factor binding sites and 105 new motifs. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Function1
  • Phosphorylates phospholamban (PLN/PLB), an endogenous inhibitor of SERCA2A/ATP2A2, contributing to the enhancement of SR Ca(2+) uptake that may be important in frequency-dependent acceleration of relaxation (FDAR) and maintenance of contractile function during acidosis. (icr.ac.uk)
Variants2
  • Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for the ZO-1 gene. (thermofisher.com)
  • Using yeast as a model, conserved amino acid variants, which arise from non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the EF-G2mt gene, were generated in the yeast MEF2 gene. (prolekarniky.cz)
Levels1
  • However, the effect of biological sex on stroke outcome is evident even in clinical populations with only minimal differences in hormone levels, such as neonates and the elderly, which suggests that non-hormonal factors also contribute to outcome [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Disease1
  • Polymorphisms within these genes are increasingly being implicated in disease and may also trigger adverse drug reactions. (prolekarniky.cz)
Response1
  • T oday's post was prompted by a reader who saw a very positive response from the L-type calcium channel blocker, Amlodipine. (epiphanyasd.com)