• We investigated whether CNVs constitute a common mechanism of genetic change during adaptation in experimental Caenorhabditis elegans populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have previously established that the spontaneous, genome-wide rate of gene duplication in C. elegans is two orders of magnitude higher than the point mutation rate [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNAi in organisms such as C. elegans and Drosophila melanogaster provides a quick and inexpensive means of investigating gene function. (wikipedia.org)
  • In C. elegans research, the availability of tools such as the Ahringer RNAi Library give laboratories a way of testing many genes in a variety of experimental backgrounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans gene him-8 , high Incidence of Males, encoding HIM-8 like family member. (nih.gov)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying behavior is inhibited by neurotransmitter signaling through the neural G-protein Gα o and serves as a model for analyzing Gα o signaling. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Moresco, JJ & Koelle, MR 2004, ' Activation of EGL-47, a Gα o -coupled receptor, inhibits function of hermaphrodite-specific motor neurons to regulate Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying behavior ', Journal of Neuroscience , vol. 24, no. 39, pp. 8522-8530. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Scalograms that relate to the organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) exhibit a multitude of periodic organization of specific DNA sequences. (springeropen.com)
  • Here we have taken advantage of the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode model system to investigate genetic modifiers of biogenic amine toxicity. (stanford.edu)
  • In Caenorhabditis elegans, defects in sensory cilium formation result in a small-body phenotype, suggesting the role of sensory cilia in body size determination. (stanford.edu)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans cdna for a menkeswilson disease. (web.app)
  • Functional characterisation of the compact genome of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans remains incomplete despite its sequencing twenty years ago. (earlham.ac.uk)
  • This leads to translation of an alternative and functional open reading frame of the ATF4 gene ( atf-5 in C. elegans ) [ 20 , 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Extreme allelic heterogeneity at a Caenorhabditis elegans beta-tubulin locus explains natural resistance to benzimidazoles. (gephebase.org)
  • All detection of parasitic helminth resistance to BZ is focused on the genotyping of three variant sites in the orthologs of the β-tubulin gene found to confer resistance in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. (gephebase.org)
  • In agreement with known mechanisms of BZ resistance in parasites, we found that a majority of the variation in ABZ resistance among wild C. elegans strains is caused by variation in the β-tubulin gene ben-1. (gephebase.org)
  • We identified 25 distinct ben-1 alleles that are segregating at low frequencies within the C. elegans population, including many novel molecular variants. (gephebase.org)
  • Here, by using genome editing and depletion of tubulin isotypes following RNAi, we demonstrate that four tubulin isotypes (hereafter referred to as α1, α2, β1 and β2) cooperatively confer distinct MT properties in Caenorhabditis elegans early embryos. (elsevierpure.com)
  • take advantage of the genetic simplicity of Caenorhabditis elegans in which only one gene encodes each subunit. (jneurosci.org)
  • Mutations that alter egg-laying frequency have identified genes encoding a number of signaling proteins that act with Gα o , but the receptors that activate Gα o remain mostly uncharacterized. (elsevierpure.com)
  • To further analyze Gα o signaling, we cloned the egl-47 gene, which was identified by two dominant mutations that severely inhibit egg laying, egl-47 encodes two orphan G-protein-coupled receptor isoforms, which share all seven transmembrane domains but have different extracellular N termini. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The frequency of mutations per line was maximized by using M 1 plants with low but sufficient seed fertility. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Application of TILLING to search for mutants in 14 genes identified 21 to 46 mutations per gene, which correspond to a total of 450 mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Missense mutations were found for all genes while truncations were selected for all except one. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, the size of saturated populations containing insertion mutants randomly generated for most genes of an organism is extremely high because each line carries only a rather small number of mutations [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, an allelic series of induced mutations with different effects on gene function can be easily isolated by screening a few thousands mutagenized plants [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although most of our variety comes from reshuffling of genes from our parents, new mutations are the ultimate source from which new variation is drawn. (uncommondescent.com)
  • Increased frequencies and amplitudes of excitatory synaptic potentials have been observed in mouse models bearing human mutations in genes such as NLGN3, SHANK3, TSC1 and TSC2. (sfari.org)
  • USH2A gene mutations in rabbits lead to progressive retinal degeneration and hearing loss. (harvard.edu)
  • In 5 of 6 gene mutations that have been shown to cause EDMD, the affected protein is present in the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex. (medscape.com)
  • EDMD1 is caused by mutations in the EMD gene on the X chromosome that codes for the nuclear envelope protein emerin. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations occur throughout the gene and almost always result in complete absence of emerin from muscle or mislocalization of emerin. (medscape.com)
  • EDMD2/EDMD3 is due to mutations (autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive, respectively) in the LMNA gene that codes for lamins A and C. Mutations in LMNA occur throughout the gene and can cause several different phenotypes (see Causes ). (medscape.com)
  • New mutations have been found in the synaptic nuclear envelope protein 1 ( SYNE1 ) gene and in the synaptic nuclear envelope protein 2 ( SYNE2 ) gene in a few families, also termed Nesprin-1 and Nesprin-2, respectively. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations in all of these genes have been shown to result in defects in the nucleoskeleton and related structures that could cause the above pathologic abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • No good data exist concerning the frequency of EMD1 or EMD2, but more than 70 different mutations have been reported in the EMD gene and more than 100 in LMNA. (medscape.com)
  • It seems few genes are involved in confering regeneration capabilities to an organism, same goes for negligible senescense, as organisms with either of these have closely related species that do not posses such traits. (fightaging.org)
  • The Tn 10 transposon is often used in genetics to transfer and select-for genes of interest from one organism into the chromosome of another. (wikimili.com)
  • Genes in an organism or in related species generally show the same pattern of codon usage. (nematode.net)
  • Genes encoding proteins that affect neurotransmitter release, receptor function and inactivation have been implicated in autism. (sfari.org)
  • Additionally, SPX domain proteins were shown to be involved in nitrate-phosphate signaling crosstalk in rice where nitrate-dependent interaction with NRT1.1B caused ubiquitination and degradation of OsSPX4 and consequently translocation of OsPHR2 and OsNLP3 into nucleus to induce PSI genes and nitrate inducible genes, respectively [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Emerin is a ubiquitous inner nuclear membraneprotein, presentin nearly all cell types, although its highest expression is in skeletal and cardiacmuscle.Emerin binds to many nuclear proteins, including several gene-regulatory proteins (eg, barrier-to-autointegration factor, germ cell-less, Btf), nesprins (proteins that act as molecular scaffolds), F-actin, and lamins. (medscape.com)
  • The rates of spontaneous gene duplication and deletion are extraordinarily high and speak to the enormous potential of these structural variants for generating new adaptive variability [ 5 - 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we seek to determine if gene copy-number changes are a common class of genetic change during adaptation and what role, if any, natural selection plays in the maintenance and frequency increase of copy-number variants (CNVs henceforth) in experimental populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Variants of the UBE3A gene are associated with reduced activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. (sfari.org)
  • Do reported variants in genes that regulate autophagy, or cellular self-ingestion, play a role in synapse elimination? (sfari.org)
  • Additionally, we find purifying selection at all five β-tubulin genes, despite predicted loss-of-function variants in ben-1, indicating that BZ resistance in natural niches is a stronger selective pressure than loss of one β-tubulin gene. (gephebase.org)
  • Evidence is mixed as to what happens between CaV2 subunits upon exit from ER and trafficking to the plasma membrane, a question that has been complicated because the subunits are encoded by four genes with multiple variants. (jneurosci.org)
  • Wild type, mutant and heterozygote for variants of such genes differ in the catalytic activity at the step in the enzyme network specified by the gene in question. (typeset.io)
  • Two of the five genes encoded by the central portion of Tn 10 , tetA and tetR , confer resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline . (wikimili.com)
  • Arabidopsis thaliana is the main model species for plant molecular genetics studies and world-wide efforts are devoted to identify the function of all its genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A major challenge in plant biology is the identification of biological functions for all genes from the main model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We analyzed SPX gene family evolution in legumes and in a number of key species from algae to angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, we found that the WGD/segmentally or dispersed duplication types were the most frequent contributors to the SPX expansion, and that there is a positive correlation between the amount of WGD contribution to the SPX expansion in individual species and its number of EXS genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes that regulate activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, including ARC, have been implicated in autism. (sfari.org)
  • MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules that can complementarily bind to the mRNA 3'-UTR region to regulate the gene expression by transcriptional repression or induction of mRNA degradation. (gene-quantification.com)
  • Increasing evidence suggests a new mechanism by which miRNAs may regulate target gene expression by binding in promoter and amino acid coding regions. (gene-quantification.com)
  • We could also reveal that except SPX class genes, other classes lost the collinearity relationships among Arabidopsis and legume genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PDF sports gene: are unavailable list individuals, iPod as package system managing buoys, complete Moving class genes, journal people and forever chains. (ligaya-technologies.com)
  • lyrata (Lyre-leaved rock-cress) hypothetical protein (at5g25770) , arath-C7A10.830 Arabidopsis thaliana DNA chromosome 4,gene C7A10.830 No. 2 AT4G36530 , arath-F1N18.12 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) f1n18.12 AT1G29840 protein , arath-F1P2.110 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress). (inrae.fr)
  • Thus, our work demonstrates that APA links genetic variation to variation in gene expression, protein expression, and disease risk, and reveals uncharted modes of genetic regulation. (elifesciences.org)
  • A simple transposon is organized by terminal repeat domains (TRDs) embracing a gene encoding a catalytic protein, transposase, required for its relocation in the genome through a "cut-and-paste" mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Minimal model for signal-induced Ca2+ oscillations and for their frequency encoding through protein phosphorylation. (arasysperfector.com)
  • They bind to structural components (emerin, nesprin), chromatin components (histone), signal transduction molecules (protein kinase C), and several gene regulatory molecules. (medscape.com)
  • CRISPR-associated (cas) genes encode cellular machinery that cuts exogenous DNA into small fragments and inserts them into a CRISPR repeat locus. (wikipedia.org)
  • abstract = "Microtubules (MTs) are polymers composed of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers that are generally encoded by genes at multiple loci. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This diagram shows in true scale the gene on the genome, the mRNAs and the cDNA clones. (nih.gov)
  • The frequencies of CNVs in these populations were analyzed by oligonucleotide array comparative genome hybridization, quantitative PCR, PCR, DNA sequencing across breakpoints, and single-worm PCR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene and genome duplications are the primary source of new genes and have played a pivotal role in the evolution of genomic and organismal complexity [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another technology made possible by prokaryotic genome manipulation is the use of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to target specific genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The type of biological networks that studies gene coexpression, known as Gene Coexpression Networks, consist of an undirected graph depicting genes and their coexpression relationships. (mdpi.com)
  • Although tonotopy had been demonstrated previously in mice, the current work extends the findings to three mammals with low-frequency hearing similar to that of humans. (jneurosci.org)
  • The best known genes of microbes, mice and men are those that specify enzymes. (typeset.io)
  • Resistance was due to a mutation in the nsy-1 gene, orthologous to the mammalian ASK-1 MAPKKK. (stanford.edu)
  • The sub- or neo-functionalization of the duplicated genes in the legumes makes it difficult to find the functional orthologous genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Deletion of the egl-47 gene caused no detectable egg-laying defects, suggesting that EGL-47 functions redundantly, or it inhibits egg laying under specific circumstances as yet unidentified. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The first suggests that disruption of the inner nuclear membrane and the nuclear lamina causes disorganization of nuclear chromatin and gene expression, while the second proposes that the mechanical strength of the cell nucleus is disrupted when the nuclear lamina is weakened leading to structural and signaling defects in mechanically stressed tissue such as muscle and heart. (medscape.com)
  • DNA transposons have emerged as indispensible tools for manipulating vertebrate genomes with applications ranging from insertional mutagenesis and transgenesis to gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To date, most gene therapy trials have utilized viral vectors for permanent gene transfer due to their high transduction rate and their ability to integrate therapeutic genes into host genomes for stable expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenetic information inferred from the study of homologous genes helps us to understand the evolution of genes and gene families, including the identification of ancestral. (earlham.ac.uk)
  • In addition, intra- and intercodon variations may determine the extent of dissimilarity for divergent but structurally and functionally conserved genes and influence the outcome of phylogenetic analyses. (nematode.net)
  • AceView: gene:him-8, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView. (nih.gov)
  • All mRNAs, mitochondrial genes and 10 kb upstream flanking regions of all known genes of human, mouse and rat were analyzed by using a newly developed algorithm named 'miRWalk' as well as with eight already established programs for putative miRNA binding sites. (gene-quantification.com)
  • The vast majority of genes in eukaryotes are located within chromosomal structures in the nucleus of the cell. (nature.com)
  • Several lines of evidence suggest that these changes were adaptive: (i) copy-number changes reached high frequency or were fixed in a short time, (ii) many independent populations harbored CNVs spanning the same genes, and (iii) larger average size of CNVs in adapting populations relative to spontaneous CNVs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that gene copy-number changes are a common class of adaptive genetic change. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We summarise the evidence for the adaptive importance of cytoplasmic genes before detailing coadaptation between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and amongst cytoplasmic components. (nature.com)
  • The latter is expected if larger CNVs are more likely to encompass genes under selection for a change in gene dosage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identify several alleles, gene categories, and genomic features that likely affect copy number, including aneuploidy for chromosome XII. (bvsalud.org)
  • lyrata (Lyre-leaved rock-cress) Triacylglycerol lipase 2 gene At5g1418 MUA22.18 MUA22.19 MYZUS PERSICAE-INDUCED LIPASE 1 , arath-Q8LPF5 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. (inrae.fr)
  • However, the mutational spectrum of insertional mutagenesis with effect on gene function is mostly limited to gene knock-out disruptions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Evidence for increased excitatory drive is based largely on the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous and action-potential-evoked excitatory synaptic potentials. (sfari.org)
  • Convergent gene loss in aquatic plants predicts new components of plant immun. (earlham.ac.uk)
  • Genes whose severe loss-of-function is lethal or highly pleiotropic cannot be functionally dissected with such mutants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a complementary resource, chemically induced mutants have been shown to provide an efficient alternative because each individual line can bear single point missense and nonsense substitutions in hundreds of genes [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Long-read sequencing reveals the splicing profile of the calcium channel gene. (earlham.ac.uk)
  • Genes encoding voltage-gated calcium, sodium and potassium channels that likely contribute to E/I balance have been implicated in autism. (sfari.org)
  • Tn 10 has a composite structure and it is composed of a pair of insertion sequence elements (IS 10 ) flanking five genes. (wikimili.com)
  • In contrast, natural selection for increased gene expression may represent an important mechanism by which duplicate gene copies are maintained in populations [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene knockdown is an experimental technique by which the expression of one or more of an organism's genes is reduced. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a transient knockdown, the binding of this oligonucleotide to the active gene or its transcripts causes decreased expression through a variety of processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genes whose expression levels rise and fall similarly in a large set of samples, may be considered coexpressed. (mdpi.com)
  • NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus, GSE138197. (elifesciences.org)
  • Individual oscillating cells are synchronized with their neighbors, forming a coherent wave pattern of gene expression. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Most of the current knowledge on gene expression and regulation during plant embryo. (earlham.ac.uk)
  • Ohno [ 1 ] theorized that newly duplicated genes were freed from the constraints of natural selection, implicating a dominant role of genetic drift in their early evolutionary dynamics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Binding can occur either through the blocking of transcription (in the case of gene-binding), the degradation of the mRNA transcript (e.g. by small interfering RNA (siRNA)) or RNase-H dependent antisense, or through the blocking of either mRNA translation, pre-mRNA splicing sites, or nuclease cleavage sites used for maturation of other functional RNAs, including miRNA (e.g. by morpholino oligos or other RNase-H independent antisense). (wikipedia.org)
  • The reduction can occur either through genetic modification or by treatment with a reagent such as a short DNA or RNA oligonucleotide that has a sequence complementary to either gene or an mRNA transcript. (wikipedia.org)
  • In low P supply, low availability of PP-InsPs-SPX results in the release of PHR1 to translocate to nucleus and to activate Pi starvation induced (PSI) genes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pathogenicity islands ( PAIs ), as termed in 1990, are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer. (wikimili.com)
  • Gene copy-number variation (CNVs), which provides the raw material for the evolution of novel genes, is widespread in natural populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multiple duplications and deletions rose to intermediate or high frequencies in independent populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to the high rates of origin of spontaneous duplications and deletions, copy-number changes containing the same genes arose readily in independent populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Duplications that reached high frequencies in these adapting populations were significantly larger in span. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I think, we've seen several hints that the cellular machinery of life is far more powerful and versatile than most believed, it certainly doesn't seem like something that would just decay, Multi-celled organisms seem quite capable of faithfully preserving their genes(even after going through aging several times, third gen clones) and seems to have vast innate regeneration potential. (fightaging.org)
  • Menkes disease is an xlinked lethal multi system disorder caused by disturbances of copper distribution in different tissues due to mutation of p atpase7 gene. (web.app)
  • Sporadic cases with a mutation in the EMD gene are uncommon but are becoming increasingly more recognized in LMNA. (medscape.com)
  • The EMBOSS tool 'cusp' ( http://biochem.dental.upenn.edu/EMBOSS-HELP/cusp.html ) was used to calculate the amino acids and codon usage frequencies. (nematode.net)
  • Nevertheless, this method requires a good choice of the analysis window's size that must balance the frequency and temporal resolutions. (springeropen.com)
  • Combinatorial signalling and/or temporal or frequency-encoded signalling could be used to assess the injury location and extent of damage. (nature.com)
  • In the case of the auditory system, that mapping is called tonotopy, in which neurons tuned to specific frequencies map across structures, extending even to the cochlea, the primary sensory organ for hearing. (jneurosci.org)
  • By genetic suppressor screening of the small-body phenotype of a cilium defective mutant, we identified a chb-3 gene. (stanford.edu)
  • Alteration of ratio and concentration of isotypes distinctively modulates both growth rate and switching frequency, and affects the amplitude of mitotic spindle oscillation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A putative function has been assigned, using the gene ontology approach, to the set of genes harboring at least one SSR. (researchgate.net)
  • There is ample evidence for the preservation of multiple gene copies due to selection for increased gene dosage in diverse organisms [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we propose a new mapping technique inspired from the Chaos Game theory to which we associate the name of 'frequency chaos game signals' (FCGS). (springeropen.com)
  • Responses recorded at sites 400 μm apart from one another on the cochlear apex showed evidence for tonotopy, with both locations responding similarly to 200 Hz signals, but with smaller responses to 600 Hz signals at the more apical site, demonstrating tuning to lower frequency signals at the apex. (jneurosci.org)
  • Gene coexpression analysis refers to the en masse discovery of coexpressed genes from a large variety of transcriptomic experiments. (mdpi.com)
  • Education Level Desired: High School frequency was. (ligaya-technologies.com)
  • But although the tonotopy pattern is well mapped out at the base of the cochlea, where high-frequency stimuli evoke the biggest responses, there is little evidence for what researchers have long assumed would be low-frequency tuning at the cochlear apex. (jneurosci.org)