• The influence of long-term exposure to cadmium (Cd) on essential minerals was investigated using a Caco-2 TC7 cells and a multi-analytical tool: microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Environmental exposure to cadmium causes renal dysfunction and bone damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • New research in mice suggests that people who already have a copy of the APOE4 gene and are thus at risk of Alzheimer's may experience cognitive decline as a result of exposure to cadmium - a neurotoxic heavy metal. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The authors conclude that exposure to cadmium "impaired neuronal differentiation of adult-born neurons" in the hippocampus of male mice with the APOE4 gene. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Exposure to cadmium through our daily lives could have a detrimental effect on our cognition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The amount of dietary exposure to cadmium was calculated by means of a questionnaire. (healthjockey.com)
  • There have been increasing concerns over health effects of low level exposure to cadmium, especially those on bones and kidneys. (cdc.gov)
  • Additional knowledge on racial difference in cadmium exposure may facilitate further research on the avoidable sources of exposure to cadmium, thereby contributing to the efforts to prevent adverse health effects induced by cadmium. (cdc.gov)
  • Cadmium (Cd), a nonessential trace element, is rapidly accumulated by most living organisms and subsequently exerts its toxicity at different molecular levels. (unina.it)
  • Toxicity threshold limits of cadmium for leafy vegetables raised on mollisol amended with varying levels of farmyard manure. (innspub.net)
  • Cadmium toxicity effects on growth, mineral and chlorophyll contents, and activityes of stress related enzymes in young maize plants ( Zea mays L.). Plant and Soil 200, 241-250. (innspub.net)
  • 1991. Effect of compost, lime and P on cadmium toxicity in rice. (innspub.net)
  • Cadmium Toxicity: What Is the Biological Fate of Cadmium in the Body? (cdc.gov)
  • Cadmium was of highly potential ecological risk to the ecological environment and prominently contribute to potential toxicity response. (magiran.com)
  • Acid Volatile Sulfide Predicts the Acute Toxicity of Cadmium and Nickel in Sediments. (epa.gov)
  • Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a cellular target for cadmium toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Benavides MP, Gallego SM, Tomaro ML (2005) Cadmium toxicity in plants. (springer.com)
  • Cadmium Toxicity to Three Species of Estuarine Invertebrates. (epa.gov)
  • UCd is a biomarker for lifetime cadmium exposure among people with lower, nonoccupational exposures because, in the absence of episodes of high-level exposure, cadmium-binding sites, primarily in the kidney and liver, are not saturated, and UCd increases in proportion to the amount of cadmium stored in the body ( Dillon and Ho 1991 ). (nih.gov)
  • The maximum amount of cadmium that the mice ingested was the equivalent to the amount that humans in the United States have in their blood, including people who have never smoked. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Most of us consume a variety of foods and may not actually pay attention to the amount of cadmium or zinc in our diets. (healthjockey.com)
  • Vegetables and rice were the main sources of dietary cadmium intake. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because of a high accumulation in agricultural crops, the main sources of dietary cadmium are bread and other cereals, potatoes, root crops and vegetables. (healthjockey.com)
  • To explore the mode of efficient planting structure adjustment in cadmium-contaminated areas, a strictly-controlled cadmium pollution fallow field(soil total cadmium content of 1.98 mg·kg -1 )located in Hunan Province was selected to examine the cadmium absorption and accumulation trends of different cadmium accumulations in maize and soybean monocultures(sole maize and sole soybean) and maize and soybean intercropping. (aes.org.cn)
  • The total cadmium body burden at birth is non-detectable (CDC 2005). (cdc.gov)
  • Urine and blood samples of the participants were analyzed for internal exposure to total cadmium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By sensitivity analysis, tobacco consumption, tobacco cadmium level, cadmium in vegetables and cadmium in rice accounted for 27.5%, 24.9%, 20.2% and 14.6% of the total cadmium exposure, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has been suggested that there is no increased health risk among adult residents in Shanghai, China because of recent total cadmium exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This chapter compares the physiological and molecular mechanisms of Fe, Zn, Cd, and Pb uptake, mobilization, and accumulation in rice and discusses the progress and strategies for not only increasing Fe/Zn but also decreasing Cd/Zn accumulation in rice. (intechopen.com)
  • 1978. Cadmium-enriched sewage sludge application to acid and calcareous soils - effect on yield and cadmium uptake by lettuce and chard. (innspub.net)
  • Cadmium uptake potential of Brasssica napus cocropped with Brassica parachinensis and Zea mays . (innspub.net)
  • The presence of elevated zinc or chromium in the diet decreases cadmium uptake. (cdc.gov)
  • The uptake patterns of cadmium and copper by Aphis fabae from its food plant, Vicia faba , grown under control and elevated metal treatments, were comp. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • We updated and reevaluated the evidence regarding the relationships of blood cadmium (BCd) and urine cadmium (UCd) with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension (HTN) in nonoccupationally exposed populations. (nih.gov)
  • More than 10 years earlier, Nakagawa and Nishijo (1996) conducted a review of cadmium exposure and HTN and found that, although general population studies had reported positive associations of blood cadmium (BCd) and urinary cadmium (UCd) with BP, inverse associations had been reported in studies of residents or workers with known environmental or occupational exposures. (nih.gov)
  • The mean values of urinary and blood cadmium among the study population were 0.5 μg/L and 1.9 μg/L, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Positive correlations were observed between environmental cadmium exposure and blood cadmium (R? (biomedcentral.com)
  • 0.01), tobacco cadmium intake and blood cadmium excluding non-smokers (R? (biomedcentral.com)
  • To explore how age-adjusted geometric means of blood cadmium in adults varied by race/Hispanic origin, sex, and smoking status among U.S. adults and the extent to which the difference in blood cadmium by race/Hispanic origin and sex may be explained by intensity of smoking, a known major source of cadmium exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • With direct age adjustment, geometric means of blood cadmium and number of cigarettes smoked per day were estimated for subgroups defined by race/Hispanic origin, smoking status, and sex using interval regression, which allows mean estimation in the presence of left- and right-censoring. (cdc.gov)
  • Among never and former smoking men and women, blood cadmium tended to be higher for non-Hispanic Asian adults than adults of other race/Hispanic origin. (cdc.gov)
  • Among current smokers, who generally had higher blood cadmium than never and former smokers, non-Hispanic white, black, and Asian adults had similarly elevated blood cadmium compared to Hispanic adults. (cdc.gov)
  • The observed pattern provided evidence for smoking as a major source of cadmium exposure, yet factors other than smoking also appeared to contribute to higher blood cadmium of non-Hispanic Asian adults. (cdc.gov)
  • We explored sex-specific differences in blood cadmium between race/Hispanic origin groups by smoking status and examined the extent to which the difference may be explained by smoking intensity. (cdc.gov)
  • We used data on race/Hispanic origin, sex, age at screening, blood cadmium, and self-reported smoking status and intensity from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. (cdc.gov)
  • were targeted for blood cadmium measurements. (cdc.gov)
  • The rate of excretion is low, probably because cadmium remains tightly bound to metallothionein, MTN, which is almost completely reabsorbed in the renal tubules. (cdc.gov)
  • However, when renal damage from cadmium exposure occurs, the excretion rate increases sharply, and urinary cadmium levels no longer reflect body burden. (cdc.gov)
  • 1993. Lung deposition, lung clearance and renal accumulation of inhaled cadmium chloride and cadmium sulphide in rats. (cdc.gov)
  • The disease is caused by the accumulation of cystine in renal tubule cells. (medscape.com)
  • Primary metabolic acidoses that occur as a result of a marked increase in endogenous acid production (eg, lactic or keto acids) or progressive accumulation of endogenous acids when excretion is impaired by renal insufficiency are characterized by decreased plasma bicarbonate concentration and increased anion gap without hyperchloremia. (medscape.com)
  • the half life of cadmium in the liver is between 4 and 19 years (ATSDR 1999). (cdc.gov)
  • The half-life of cadmium is 10 to 30 years in humans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2010, the 73rd JECFA reevaluated cadmium intake levels based on findings from a number of recent epidemiological studies and established a provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 25 μg/kg body weight based on the long half-life of cadmium [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Physiological examination of cadmium contamination on corn and sunflower seedlings. (innspub.net)
  • Emissions of cadmium and copper from a metal refinery caused widespread contamination of soil and vegetation. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Cadmium contamination in food is regarded as the main environmental source of non-occupational exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cadmium contamination is a major environmental health problem, and is potentially harmful to the broader population through the food chain [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To prevent health risk from cadmium contamination, a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for cadmium of 7 μg/kg body weight was established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2004 [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cadmium contamination is severe and prevalent in some areas of China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, it was necessary to evaluate dietary cadmium exposure and its health risk for future policymaking on cadmium contamination prevention. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Smoking is associated with increased cadmium levels because cigarettes contain cadmium taken up by the tobacco plant [ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2008 ]. (nih.gov)
  • Previous researches have shown that there are connections and discrepancies for metal absorption, translocation, and accumulation in rice. (intechopen.com)
  • The accumulation of heavy metals in spiders collected from brownfield sites is also being studied using atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry to determine if levels of heavy metals can provide information on the potential transfer of metals in the food chain. (susqu.edu)
  • However, besides Fe and Zn, rice also can accumulate heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), which are harmful to people, especially for kids' health. (intechopen.com)
  • Cadmium induced a non-coding RNA microRNA535 mediates Cd accumulation in rice. (bvsalud.org)
  • In brown rice , the total Cd accumulation of OE535 and mir535 was about 78% greater and 35% lower than WT. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, this accumulation was more marked in cells exposed long-term to cadmium compared with controls, and that this exposure resulted in a significant accumulation of copper and zinc but not of the other elements measured. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Exposed to 30 micromol/l of the element, manganese showed the highest inhibition and copper the lowest on cadmium intracellular accumulation but Zn, Cu, and Mn behave differently in terms of their mutual competition with Cd. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Ecotoxicology of copper and cadmium in a contaminated grassland ecosystem. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • The effects of elevated host-plant cadmium and copper on the performance of the aphid Aphis fabae (Homoptera: Aphididae). (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Two metals are particularly important in this context: cadmium and copper. (europa.eu)
  • Cadmium occurs naturally in the earth, and "it is extracted during the production of copper , lead, and zinc. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Cuypers A, Karen S, Jos R, Kelly O, Els K, Tony R, Nele H, Nathalie V, Suzy VS, Frank VB et al (2011) The cellular redox state as a modulator in cadmium and copper responses in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. (springer.com)
  • A survey on the occurrence of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and chromium in water distributed by 55 Finnish waterworks indicated that most of the elevated metal concentrations in tap water originated from the materials used for water pipes and armatures. (who.int)
  • No statistically significant differences were found between the different types of waterworks as to the occurrence of lead, cadmium and chromium. (who.int)
  • Results showed that Caco-2 TC7 cells incubated long-term with cadmium concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 micromol Cd/l for 5 weeks exhibited a significant increase in cadmium accumulation. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • At the end of the experiment, mean Cd concentrations in gills and liver, the organs most prone to metal accumulation, were 209.4 and 371.7 ng/g ww, respectively. (unina.it)
  • The greatest cadmium concentrations are found in the kidneys and the liver. (cdc.gov)
  • Cadmium concentrations in earthworms increase with increasing Cd levels in a non-proportional way. (europa.eu)
  • Identifying key regulators related to cadmium (Cd) tolerance and accumulation is the main factor for genetic engineering to improve plants for bioremediation and ensure crop food safety . (bvsalud.org)
  • Clemens S (2006) Toxic metal accumulation, responses to exposure and mechanisms of tolerance in plants. (springer.com)
  • The expression of metal-binding proteins or peptides in microorganisms and plants in order to enhance heavy metal accumulation and/or tolerance has great potential. (lu.se)
  • It can transport iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd), and regulates metal accumulation under Fe starvation. (tcdb.org)
  • Translation elongation factor 1A2 (TEF1A2) is a tumor marker and an inhibitor of cadmium -induced apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Bilateral increased apoptosis and bilateral accumulation of cadmium in infertile men with left varicocele. (cdc.gov)
  • In the liver, there were blood congestion in sinusoids, vacuolation of hepatocytes, hemosiderin accumulation, apoptosis and nuclear pyknosis. (scialert.net)
  • Chemical Composition of Root and Stem Saps in Relation to Cadmium Resistance and Accumulation in Brassica parachinensis1 1 Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40571141) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 021007) and the Key Teachers Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (No. 2000-143-39). (edu.hk)
  • Sap mixtures of the xylem, phloem, and vacuoles from low and high Cd accumulator varieties of Brassica parachinensis L. H. Bailey were analyzed under Cd stress to understand the biochemical mechanisms of Cd accumulation in plants. (edu.hk)
  • Ahmad P, Nabi G, Ashraf M (2011) Cadmium-induced oxidative damage in mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (springer.com)
  • Bączek-Kwinta R, Bartoszek A, Kusznierewicz B, Antonkiewicz J (2011) Physiological response of plants and cadmium accumulation in heads of two cultivars of white cabbage. (springer.com)
  • Once in the lungs, from 10% to 50% of an inhaled dose is absorbed, depending on particle size, solubility of the specific cadmium compound inhaled, and duration of exposure (Jarup 2002). (cdc.gov)
  • Due to slow excretion, cadmium accumulates in the body over a lifetime and its biologic half life may be up to 38 years. (cdc.gov)
  • Cadmium inhibits the electron transfer chain and induces reactive oxygen species. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the low cadmium accumulation maize and soybean intercropping system is an effective method for the safe development of maize grains in cadmium-contaminated soil along with rational land use. (aes.org.cn)
  • Cadmium (Cd) pollution in soil has become a major environmental issue worldwide. (edu.au)
  • Soil secondary minerals are the key factor that affects the transfer of Cd, thereby influencing the migration and fate of Cd in soil-cabbage systems, with DCB-Fe significantly decreasing the Cd accumulation in cabbages. (gyig.ac.cn)
  • Cadmium accumulation in edible flowering cabbages in the Pearl River Delta, China: Critical soil factors and enrichment models[J]. Environmental Pollution,2018,233:880-888. (gyig.ac.cn)
  • Cadmium is an impurity in phosphate fertilisers and there is always some additional cadmium in soil where these are used. (europa.eu)
  • Cadmium is concentrated from the soil into earthworms organisms (BAF values are all higher than 1). (europa.eu)
  • However, cadmium can be a source of soil and water pollution after extraction and discharge. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The nutrient accumulation pattern and cycling in natural secondary forests in North China. (techscience.com)
  • The results indicated that the straw cadmium content of maize showed a gradually decreasing trend with increase in growth time. (aes.org.cn)
  • The cadmium content was the highest in maize straw in the seedling stage, while it was the highest in soybean straw in the seed-filling period. (aes.org.cn)
  • The cadmium content of the filling stage was higher than that of the mature stage in maize seeds. (aes.org.cn)
  • In the mature stage, the grain cadmium content of low cadmium maize decreased, whereas that of high cadmium accumulation maize increased in the intercropping system. (aes.org.cn)
  • The average grain cadmium contents of high and low cadmium maize in the intercropping system were 0.139 mg·kg -1 and 0.003 mg·kg -1 , which were -14.88% and 88.46% lower, respectively, than those of the monocultures. (aes.org.cn)
  • The intercropped maize straw bio-accumulation coefficients increased by 0.15%~46.22% more than those of the single maize cultivation. (aes.org.cn)
  • The grain bioaccumulation coefficients of low cadmium accumulation maize decreased by 84.62%~92.31% more than those of the single maize cultivation. (aes.org.cn)
  • However, the underlying molecular mechanism of low grain-Cd accumulation (GCA) in maize is still largely unknown. (edu.au)
  • Our study identifies a mechanistic basis for low Cd accumulation in maize grains and provides candidate genes for genetic improvement of crops. (edu.au)
  • Because excretion is slow, cadmium accumulation in the body can be significant. (cdc.gov)
  • Tracer experiments revealed a preferencial accumulation of the toxin in the liver of mice and an excretion through feces. (go.jp)
  • Other heavy metals such as mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium have no known benefits, and their accumulation over time can cause serious Illness and even premature death. (directcurrentmusic.com)
  • Waste containing heavy metals such as cadmium, zinc, arsenic must be packed separately. (lu.se)
  • Nakagawa and Nishijo (1996) interpreted these differences as an effect of low versus high exposures to cadmium, identified exposure misclassification as a limitation of studies conducted before the 1970s when cadmium measurements were semiquantitative, and also noted failure to account for the influence of smoking as a concern. (nih.gov)
  • Chugh LK, Sawhney SK (1996) Effect of cadmium on germination, amylases and rate of respiration of germinating pea seeds. (springer.com)
  • As a cumulative toxin, cadmium body burden increases with age. (cdc.gov)
  • Cadmium is a cumulative toxin. (cdc.gov)
  • Cadmium accumulation and antioxidant responses in Sparus aurata exposed to waterborne cadmium. (unina.it)
  • As cadmium is a carcinogen, we need to monitor this accumulation carefully. (europa.eu)
  • Combining the analysis of transcriptome and metabolome characterized several genes as key genes involved in the determination of Cd accumulation. (edu.au)
  • urinary cadmium concentration more closely reflects total body burden. (cdc.gov)
  • Smokers have approximately twice the cadmium body burden of nonsmokers ( ATSDR 2008 ). (nih.gov)
  • The kidneys and liver together contain about 50% of the body's accumulation of cadmium (HSDB 2006). (cdc.gov)
  • A high proportion of cadmium in cigarette smoke is absorbed because the cadmium particles found in that type of smoke are very small (ATSDR 1999). (cdc.gov)
  • Most orally ingested cadmium passes through the gastrointestinal tract unchanged as normal individuals absorb only about 6% of ingested cadmium, but up to 9% may be absorbed in those with iron deficiency (ATSDR 1999). (cdc.gov)
  • only about 0.5% of cadmium is absorbed by the skin (ATSDR 1999). (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure of chickpea seeds ( Cicer arietinum L.) to cadmium stress for 6 days resulted in growth reduction and oxidative stress installation as exemplified by a strong accumulation of H 2 O 2 and a disruption of enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems. (springer.com)
  • There is a number of data available on the possible accumulation of cadmium in aquatic organisms. (europa.eu)
  • In recent years, it has been reported that cadmium levels in some food in Shanghai have exceeded the National Maximum Level as follows: 27.2% in aquatic products, 2.7% in animal innards and 8.2% in grains [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of cadmium (Cd) on Semi-lethal concentration (LC 50 ), histological characteristics and liver DNA damage of juvenile largemouth bass. (researchsquare.com)
  • An animal experiment with rats was carried out to determine the effects of simultaneous administration of Cd and Zn on the accumulation of Cd in organs during long-term exposure. (go.jp)
  • Cadmium is one of the trace metals widely used in different types of industries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Correlation analysis was conducted between the internal cadmium exposure and environmental cadmium exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Correlation between the hepatotoxicity and the hepato-accumulation of the cyclic peptide was discussed. (go.jp)
  • Considering the elements mentioned above, cadmium and its compounds are not considered as bioaccumulative. (europa.eu)
  • As per the results, high proportion of dietary cadmium seemed to be associated with 21% increased breast cancer risk. (healthjockey.com)
  • To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of cadmium (Cd) on two species of a congeneric pair: the halophyte Juncus gerardii and glycophyte (non-halophyte) Juncus inflexus cultivated in vitro and in vivo. (cas.cz)
  • In particular, the negative effects of Cd accumulation in tissues were probably counteracted by the induction of MT. (unina.it)
  • 1999. Syers J.K. The effects of anion sorption on sorption and leaching of cadmium. (innspub.net)
  • 1994. Tiller K.G. Ionic-strength and pH effects on the adsorption of cadmium and the surface charge of soils. (innspub.net)
  • For example, Järup and Akesson (2009) recently reviewed the literature on cadmium and health effects and identified single-study-reported associations between cadmium and cardiovascular effects other than HTN. (nih.gov)
  • The effects of cadmium and ascorbic acid on the red-tailed tinfoil barb ( Puntius altus ) were compared using light microscopic study for the period 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. (scialert.net)
  • Though vegetables and other healthy alternatives may avert the negative effects of cadmium in the diet, further studies are required to affirm it. (healthjockey.com)
  • It is possible that APOE4 may cause leakage on the blood-brain barrier and lead to a higher degree of cadmium accumulation in the APOE4 brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Accumulation within the body can lead to a decline in the mental, cognitive, and physical health of the individual. (directcurrentmusic.com)
  • Cadmium, lead and tin in the marine environment / prepared by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution. (who.int)
  • Assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium through biological monitoring / edited by Marie Vahter. (who.int)
  • Review of potentially harmful substances : cadmium, lead and tin / IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution. (who.int)
  • Exposure monitoring of lead and cadmium : an international pilot study within the WHO/UNEP Human Exposure Assessment Location (HEAL Program , technical report / edited by Marie Vahter, Stuart Slorach. (who.int)
  • Lung cancer mortality in UK nickel- cadmium battery workers, 1947-2000. (cdc.gov)
  • The food frequency questionnaire was combined with food, tobacco and water cadmium exposure to estimate the daily environmental cadmium exposure in both point and probabilistic estimations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dietary and tobacco cadmium exposure approached 25.8% and 7.9% of the PTDI, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tobacco cadmium exposure, which accounted for approximately 25% of the total dietary cadmium exposure, was another important source of non-occupational cadmium exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, conclude the researchers, the results suggest that an interaction between APOE4 and cadmium exposure "leads to accelerated cognitive impairment and that impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis may be one of the underlying mechanisms. (medicalnewstoday.com)