• The hippocampus contains pyramidal neurons in three areas: CA1, CA2, and CA3. (wikipedia.org)
  • A second project examines the role of the CA2 subregion of the hippocampus, an area first identified in 1934 but which has received little attention over the past 80 years. (columbia.edu)
  • Cells within the CA2 region of the hippocampus have distinct characteristics. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Adult-born granule cells (abGCs) project to the CA2 region of the hippocampus, but no previous studies have assigned a behavioral function to this circuit. (researchgate.net)
  • The CA2 subregion of the hippocampus is involved in social memory function, but most literature on this subje. (researchgate.net)
  • The CA2 region of the hippocampus integrates numerous inputs and sends a major out. (researchgate.net)
  • 2021. SorCS is highly expressed in the CA2 region of the hippocampus and is enriched in the postsynaptic region. . (cornell.edu)
  • The subfields CA1, CA2, and CA3 use the initials of cornu Ammonis , an earlier name of the hippocampus . (cloudfront.net)
  • The IOD of PSD95 in hippocampus ( B ) CA1 area, ( C ) CA2 area, ( D ) CA3 area and ( E ) CA4 area of 6-month-old APP/PS1_DT mice. (aging-us.com)
  • The IOD of PSD95 in hippocampus ( G ) CA1 area, ( H ) CA2 area, ( I ) CA3 area and ( J ) CA4 area of 10-month-old APP/PS1_DT mice. (aging-us.com)
  • The strength of individual synapses is modulated to compensate for changes in other synapses, on the same neuron, that would otherwise alter overall cellular activity. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2010). Strong CA2 pyramidal neuron synapses define a powerful disynaptic cortico-hippocampal loop. (columbia.edu)
  • This part of the muscle fiber attached interacts with the motor neuron is a synapse between the "end synaptic bulbs" present in the motor neuron and the "endplate of the engine" located in the muscle fiber. (scopeheal.com)
  • However, the neuromuscular junction is a specific synapse between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber. (scopeheal.com)
  • Thus, the neuromuscular junction is a connection or synapse between the somatic motor neuron and the muscle fiber, where the transformation of a chemical impulse to an electrical stimulation causes the contraction of the muscle fiber. (scopeheal.com)
  • Within a single CA2 neuron, there were different types of mitochondria based on the organelle's location, with distal dendrites harboring molecularly and structurally distinct mitochondria compared with more proximal dendrites or neighboring neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Frequency-Dependent Synaptic Dynamics Differentially Tune CA1 and CA2 Pyramidal Neuron Responses to Cortical Input. (rush.edu)
  • The Avpr1b is prominent in hippocampal CA2 pyramidal cells and in the anterior pituitary corticotrophs. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2014). Dendritic Na(+) spikes enable cortical input to drive action potential output from hippocampal CA2 pyramidal neurons. (columbia.edu)
  • The postsynaptic compartment of excitatory synapses is characterized by an electron-dense region, referred to as the postsynaptic density (PSD), attributable to the high density of neurotransmitter receptors and associated molecules at these sites. (frontiersin.org)
  • 3-8 Hz) are cholinergically driven patterns that depend on coupling of interneurons and pyramidal cell axons via gap junctions, as well as glutaminergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. (cloudfront.net)
  • As it happens in a neuronal synapse, the arrival of an action potential to the axonic terminal gives rise to the opening of Ca2 channels. (scopeheal.com)
  • Now, with a five-year, $2-million National Institutes of Health grant, Shannon Farris, assistant professor at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, is mapping out the diverse bioenergetic and molecular characteristics of CA2 neuronal circuits to learn more about how social memories are formed, stored, and forgotten. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Over the next five years, Farris and her team will combine a variety of new techniques and technologies - including expansion and scanning block face electron microscopy to develop 3D neuronal reconstructions, and real-time metabolic analysis - to describe the bioenergetic and molecular properties of CA2 neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Notably, the synaptic Ca2 signaling system looks altered, with diminished expression of Camk2d, Cacnb4, along with the activated transcription component Mef2c that may be recognized to advertise neuronal survival, and elevated expression of Camk4. (gabapathway.com)
  • The third synapse of the circuit is established between Schaffer collaterals (the axons of the CA3 pyramidal neurons) and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons, which project back to the subiculum and the EC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Dendrites of CA2 and CA1 Pyramidal Neurons Differentially Regulate Information Flow in the Cortico-Hippocampal Circuit. (rush.edu)
  • Evidence for Alzheimer's disease-linked synapse loss and compensation in mouse and human hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (rush.edu)
  • Piccolino is required for ribbon architecture at cochlear inner hair cell synapses and for hearing. (mpg.de)
  • The process by which neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, are released into the synaptic cleft is also known as the synapse. (scopeheal.com)
  • Luckily, the janitors always keep watch and are ready to mop the space surrounding the synapses of any and all neurotransmitters that leak out. (le-cortex.com)
  • Studies of __________ and __________ neurons offered the first compelling evidence for electrical synapses. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • But when her lab took a closer look at the bioenergetics of individual neurons in CA2 in mice, they made an unexpected discovery. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • She hypothesizes that these unusual mitochondrial characteristics may be influencing this brain region's plasticity - or ability to rapidly modify synapses, neurochemical portals that mediate communication between neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Immunocytochemical analysis of hippocampal neurons between 3 and 20 d in vitro shows no change in the proportion of synapses expressing NMDA receptors (∼60%) but a dramatic increase (∼50%) in the proportion of them that also express AMPA receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • One such astrocyte can communicate with more than 2 million synapses, tidying up the mess the neurons make after each information exchange. (le-cortex.com)
  • Neurons trade punctuality for speed, and some information gets lost, regardless of how ingenious and tight the synapses are. (le-cortex.com)
  • They actively support synapses between neurons by centering them and enveloping their astral appendages around them. (le-cortex.com)
  • Recent studies revealed a key role for PSD- 95, a scaffolding molecule enriched at glutamatergic synapses, in modulation of clustering of several neurotransmitter receptors, adhesion molecules, ion channels, cytoskeletal elements and signaling molecules at postsynaptic sites. (frontiersin.org)
  • Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are highly specialized synapses that form between the MN axon terminal and myofibers [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If a new axon, together with a new synapse is born (when we gain experience or new insight), first support they get is from astrocytes, guiding them to ther destination. (le-cortex.com)
  • It is now well-established that the hippocampal CA2 region plays an important role in social recognition memory in adult mice. (researchgate.net)
  • The CA2 is also important for the earliest social memories, including those that mice have for their mothers and littermates, which manifest themselves as a social preference for familiarity over novelty. (researchgate.net)
  • Consequently, Ca2 homeostasis and DArgic signaling may possibly be affected within the striatum of Thy1 aSyn mice. (gabapathway.com)
  • Electrical synapses were revealed in the vertebrate CNS of __________ fish soon after. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Indeed, the Trichoplax pre-synaptic CaV2 channel, which in vertebrate and invertebrate synapses interacts with pre-synaptic scaffolding proteins Mint1 and RIM, lacks the necessary motifs for these interactions. (utoronto.ca)
  • synapses use neurotransmitter to carry information from cell to cell. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Synapses that contain each respective neurotransmitter differ in their composition and structure. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recruitment of N-Type Ca(2+) channels during LTP enhances low release efficacy of hippocampal CA1 perforant path synapses. (columbia.edu)
  • We recorded spontaneous synchronized epileptiform bursts from hippocampal slices from guinea pig using an array of 16 extracellular electrodes placed over the stratum pyramidale of CA2 and CA3. (nih.gov)
  • On the bases of the distribution of __________ expression alone, it seems likely that electrical synapses occur in every major region of the __________, although compelling functional and morphological data have been collected for only a few years. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • We are now examining the CA2 neural circuitry in more detail to determine how this region participates in memory encoding. (columbia.edu)
  • As data from individuals with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders suggest the presence of alterations in the CA2 region, we are using mouse models of neuropsychiatric disease to explore the possible role of altered CA2 function in the social endophenotypes of these disorders. (columbia.edu)
  • 2014). The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory. (columbia.edu)
  • Impairments in these crucial synapses lead to the loss of the region-specific functions. (springer.com)
  • This brain region, coined CA2, uniquely encodes social memories in mammals. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • These results indicate that CA2 is a unique region which must possess unusual cellular and/or synaptic connectivity properties which result in a decreased threshold for initiation of epileptiform activity. (nih.gov)
  • CA2 is a small region located between CA1 and CA3. (cloudfront.net)
  • Synapses and neuromuscular junctions are physiologically similar processes. (scopeheal.com)
  • This process is thought to be regulated by molecules that regulate synapse number, morphology and strength. (frontiersin.org)
  • RIM-Binding Protein 2 organizes Ca2+channel topography and regulates release probability and vesicle replenishment at a fast central synapse. (mpg.de)
  • They are found in gray matter and exhibit short and highly branched appendages that envelop synapses and travel paralell to axons, providing structural support. (le-cortex.com)
  • may not be the only channel-forming proteins in the electrical synapses of the mammalian brain. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • In this review we will highlight mechanisms that control targeting of PSD-95 at the synapse, and discuss how this molecule influences the retention and clustering of diverse synaptic proteins to regulate synaptic structure and strength. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore we will show the co-localization of Ca V 1.3, RIM and RBP in ribbon synapses of IHCs (immunohistochemistry) and study the functional consequences of such complex formation by patch clamp recordings. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Electrical synapses are important where __________ activity among a group of cells are a major function. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Instead, we have found that interactions between CaV2 channels and Mint1/RIM are conserved down to the Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones and corals), representing an apparent key adaptation for CaV2 channel localization and function in the evolving synapse. (utoronto.ca)
  • At the synapse, the membrane of the __________ element is slightly thickened, and there is often an accumulation of some electron dense material near the thickened membrane. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Trichoplax adhaerens is an early-diverging seawater animal that lacks muscle, synapses and a nervous system, and yet is capable of motile behaviors including feeding, phototaxis and chemotaxis. (utoronto.ca)
  • Here we show that abGC input to the CA2 is necessary for the retrieval of remote social memories. (researchgate.net)
  • Single-cell recordings provided the first strong evidence for mammalian electrical synapses in the __________ nucleus of cranial nerve __________, the __________ nucleus, and the __________ __________ nucleus. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • and provided anatomical evidence in support of the "silent synapse" hypothesis. (jneurosci.org)
  • Electrical synapses are found in __________ and __________ muscle. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • We found that spontaneous bursts always originate at a discrete focus at or near CA2. (nih.gov)
  • We have developed a mouse like that enables us to selectively inactivate CA2, which we find produces a very specific deficit in the encoding of social memory, the ability of an animal to recognize and remember a conspecific. (columbia.edu)