• Here we use experimental elastic and expansivity data to derive the germanium diffusion coefficient in aluminium in the framework of the so-called cBΩ model, between 673 and 883 K. This model is a powerful way to study point defect parameters in metals as it connects them to bulk properties, which are more easily accessible. (staffs.ac.uk)
  • however, computing apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in areas of low T2 signal can be problematic. (ajnr.org)
  • We present a framework based on the properties of expected values for computing apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values from regions with signal intensities close to that of the background noise (ie, T2-dark hematomas). (ajnr.org)
  • CeO 2 has a high oxygen diffusion coefficient, due to its fluorite structure. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Paula Neuderth, University of Giessen, Germany, and colleagues have used ultrathin CeO 2 layers with a thickness of 2-10 nm to determine the oxygen diffusion coefficient at relatively low temperatures between 50 °C and 200 °C. To this end, they used atomic layer deposition to coat InGaN/GaN nanowires in the desired ultrathin CeO 2 layers (pictured). (chemistryviews.org)
  • By observing the time-dependent decline of the photoluminescence at the InGaN/CeO 2 interface, the team could calculate the oxygen diffusion coefficient for CeO 2 . (chemistryviews.org)
  • In this latter situation, the self-diffusion coefficient of water reduces according to the geometry and surface properties of the pore and to the concentration of suspended biomolecules or nanoparticles in the pore, as extensively demonstrated in a previous study. (springer.com)
  • Using molecular dynamics and previous results from the literature, we demonstrate the correlation between the self-diffusion coefficient of water in silica nanopores and the concentration of proteins or nanoparticles contained therein. (springer.com)
  • Using literature values for RBC self-diffusion, we computed lower limits of diffusion for hematomas with intracellular blood products to be 0.3 × 10 − 3 mm 2 /s. (ajnr.org)
  • The understanding of dopant diffusion and its temperature dependance is technologically important in metals. (staffs.ac.uk)
  • Little, however, has been reported about the quantitative effects of strained SiGe surfaces on dopant diffusion although the strain and composition may perturb the equilibrium point defect concentrations in the surface region. (njit.edu)
  • Information about chemical diffusion and diffusion coefficients is of importance for the design of ion-conducting layers in batteries, catalysts, and solid oxide fuel cells. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Our analysis revealed that the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients captured by these methods show a remarkable alignment. (lu.se)
  • Under a suitable choice of model parameter values, the bulk reaction-diffusion system can induce patterning on the surface independent of whether the surface reaction-diffusion system produces or not, patterning. (arxiv.org)
  • On the other hand, the surface reaction-diffusion system can not generate patterns everywhere in the bulk in the absence of patterning from the bulk reaction-diffusion system. (arxiv.org)
  • The mean-field approximation of the discrete process gives rise to 22 different classes of partial differential equation, which can include Allee kinetics and nonlinear diffusion. (nature.com)
  • The high dislocation density facilitated the dissolution kinetics of γ ′ precipitates by segregation and diffusion of chromium and cobalt along the dislocations via pipe diffusion, resulting in the formation of soft recrystallized grains. (springer.com)
  • Early studies in this field involved evaluation of the kinetics of drug transfer through bulk organic phases. (cdc.gov)
  • This product has a thickness tolerance of 6.3 mm +/- 1 mm and interested parties should procure a small sample first for their intended application prior to placing an order for bulk volume. (fuelcellstore.com)
  • Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. (wikipedia.org)
  • The concept relies on the different diffusion behavior that water molecules exhibit in bulk and nanoconfined conditions, e.g., in nanopores. (springer.com)
  • More than 95% of the water molecules in contact with the biomolecular surface are found to be no more than two-fold motionally retarded as compared to bulk water. (lu.se)
  • In the present work, we examine to what extent complicated, being dependent on both the dynamics and the the dynamics of the hydration layer differs from that of bulk spatial proximity of water molecules to protein protons with water. (lu.se)
  • Due to the nature of the coupling between bulk and surface dynamics, we are able to decouple the stability analysis of the bulk and surface dynamics. (arxiv.org)
  • Our most revealing numerical result is that, Robin-type boundary conditions seem to introduce a boundary layer coupling the bulk and surface dynamics. (arxiv.org)
  • The collective dynamics is wave vector dependent, akin to the de Gennes narrowing typically observed in bulk fluids. (lu.se)
  • Investigation of the dynamics of colloids in bulk can be hindered by issues such as multiple scattering and sample opacity. (lu.se)
  • Abstract Kinetic structures of electron diffusion regions (EDRs) under finite guide fields in magnetotail reconnection are reported. (osti.gov)
  • The Fisher-Kolmogorov model is a partial differential equation (PDE) description of the evolution of population density, where the temporal change in population density is attributed to a combination of linear diffusion and logistic growth 24 , 27 . (nature.com)
  • In this article we formulate new models for coupled systems of bulk-surface reaction-diffusion equations on stationary volumes. (arxiv.org)
  • The bulk reaction-diffusion equations are coupled to the surface reaction-diffusion equations through linear Robin-type boundary conditions. (arxiv.org)
  • Specifically, by combining chemical species balances and constitutive equations consistent with a mechanical version of the second law of thermodynamics, we derive general equations governing bulk diffusion coupled with surface reactions and discuss how to recover some of the models that have been proposed in the literature. (oist.jp)
  • optoelectronics (drift-diffusion equations, chemical reactions, coupling to quantum mechanics). (wias-berlin.de)
  • It features a Content Writer, Auto Content Writer, Image Generator (DALL-E and Stable Diffusion), WooCommerce Product Writer, Audio Converter, hundreds of ready to use prompts and forms and AI Training capabilities. (wordpress.org)
  • Image Generators: Create unique images using DALL-E and Stable Diffusion. (wordpress.org)
  • The interplay between bulk diffusion and surface reactions underlies many complex behaviors, such as spatiotemporal oscillations, in chemical and biological systems. (oist.jp)
  • There are two ways to introduce the notion of diffusion: either a phenomenological approach starting with Fick's laws of diffusion and their mathematical consequences, or a physical and atomistic one, by considering the random walk of the diffusing particles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diffusion processes were investigated using Fick's second law. (researchgate.net)
  • State Fick's law, which is a commonly used constitutive (closure) model, for the diffusion flux in the one-dimensional case and its extension to three-dimensional diffusion. (informit.com)
  • C. Wang and A. Mandelis, "Deconvolution and Measurement of Bulk and Surface Optical Absorptions in Ti:Al2O3 Crystals using Photopyroelectric Interferometry", Rev. Sci. (utoronto.ca)
  • Diffusion Bonded Crystals are a crystalline solid used in photo optic applications. (americanelements.com)
  • This paper reviews recent progresses in coercivity improvement of hot-deformed anisotropic Nd-Fe-B magnets by the low temperature grain boundary diffusion process using RE 70 Cu 30 (RE = Pr, Nd) eutectic alloys. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This is an appropriate system as germanium does not form intermetallic compounds in aluminium and therefore it simplifies the investigation of its diffusion behavior. (staffs.ac.uk)
  • The central idea of diffusion, however, is common to all of these: a substance or collection undergoing diffusion spreads out from a point or location at which there is a higher concentration of that substance or collection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Constant concentration source in one dimension-the diffusion length. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diffusion" is the gradual movement/dispersion of concentration within a body, due to a concentration gradient, with no net movement of matter. (wikipedia.org)
  • It gets transported from the source point to another location by the action of two common mechanisms of mass transport-namely, diffusion (a result of concentration difference between two points) and convection (caused by, for example, by wind velocity). (informit.com)
  • However, as the research of Dr. John Emmett and others has shown, a blue sapphire with a concentration of titanium higher than the combined concentration of magnesium that is inherent in the stone and the beryllium that is introduced may remain blue after beryllium diffusion,' said Christopher Smith, director of identification services at the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory in New York City. (ganoksin.com)
  • Bulk motion, or bulk flow, is the characteristic of advection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bulk flow" is the movement/flow of an entire body due to a pressure gradient (for example, water coming out of a tap). (wikipedia.org)
  • First, there is a "bulk flow" process. (wikipedia.org)
  • The air moves down the pressure gradient through the airways of the lungs and into the alveoli until the pressure of the air and that in the alveoli are equal, that is, the movement of air by bulk flow stops once there is no longer a pressure gradient. (wikipedia.org)
  • Third, there is another "bulk flow" process. (wikipedia.org)
  • This creates a pressure gradient between the heart and the capillaries, and blood moves through blood vessels by bulk flow down the pressure gradient. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, in stark contrast to the bulk, the structure factor and de Gennes narrowing in confinement are anisotropic. (lu.se)
  • The analysis indicates that water-protein NOEs are dominated by long-range dipolar couplings to bulk water, unless the monitored protein proton is near a partly or fully buried hydration site where the water molecule has a long residence time. (lu.se)
  • APT revealed segregation of solutes to dislocations during deformation at 850 °C. Near-atomic scale characterization of solute segregation to dislocations by APT allows us to provide new insights into the diffusion of solutes such as chromium and cobalt along dislocations via pipe diffusion, which leads to local chemical inhomogeneities, facilitating dissolution of γ ′ precipitates and the subsequent recrystallization in the vicinity of oxidized MC carbides, promoting crack propagation. (springer.com)
  • The collective diffusion of dense fluids in spatial confinement is studied by combining high-energy (21 keV) x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and small-angle x-ray scattering from colloid-filled microfluidic channels. (lu.se)
  • The silicon surface can be the dominant point defect recombination/ generation site for the silicon bulk in many annealing conditions. (njit.edu)
  • The presence of SiGe at the surface has been reported to suppress oxidation enhanced boron diffusion in the underlying bulk silicon. (njit.edu)
  • The boron diffusion in the epitaxially grown silicon was subsequently examined after annealing in nitrogen at temperatures between 750 - 825°C, and the boron diffusivity below the Si 1-x Ge x , surface layers was found to be between 2 - 3 times slower than that in the all-silicon samples. (njit.edu)
  • This work demonstrates that a Si 1-x Ge x surface can have a non-local effect on boron diffusion in silicon below it during nitrogen annealing. (njit.edu)
  • Because the color change can go all the way through the stone, the treatment is more difficult to identify than traditional diffusion, which is an easily-detected surface treatment. (ganoksin.com)
  • The second objective is to validate the surface resistivity results with bulk diffusion testing. (trb.org)
  • However, little is known about bulk and surface properties of these materials aiming the long-term preservation of the surface integrity of these restorations. (bvsalud.org)
  • 4 (1984) suggested that micro-fissures and micro-cracks are generated during finishing/polishing procedures, which would accelerate water diffusion and surface deterioration, the use of resin sealant being an attempt to fill these defects, as it would preserve the integrity of the surface and improve the longevity of the restoration 5-7 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Whilst impaction and interception are factors that are more dominant for micro-sized particles, nanosized particle depositions are more driven by diffusion (in particular at low air speed, such as in the alveoli) and surface charge. (lu.se)
  • We find the structural relaxation in confinement to be slower compared to the bulk. (lu.se)
  • Theoretical and experimental data has shown that doping YIG with cerium (substituting for yttrium) can significantly increase magnetostriction due to increased spin-orbit couplingin bulk, single crystal materials. (mrs.org)
  • These experimental observations are essential in order to develop a microscopic theoretical description of collective diffusion of dense fluids in confined geometries. (lu.se)
  • Our purpose was to show the pitfalls of measuring diffusion within hematomas with intracellular blood products and to present a framework based on the properties of expected values for computing ADC values from regions with signal intensities close to that of the background noise (ie, T2-dark hematomas). (ajnr.org)
  • The thing that makes nanoparticles so interesting for applications is that materials in nanosize have properties (optical, chemical, magnetic, biological, electrical, and mechanical) that are completely different from the properties of the same material in bulk. (lu.se)
  • Beryllium diffusion typically brightens the color of ruby or sapphire, making a stone more yellow, orange, or red, depending on the original color. (ganoksin.com)
  • When beryllium diffusion was first introduced to the market in 2001, uncertainty about disclosure created a controversy that led to a sharp drop in prices for the diffused stones. (ganoksin.com)
  • We then state and prove the necessary conditions for diffusion-driven instability for the coupled system. (arxiv.org)
  • Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential. (wikipedia.org)
  • When talking about the extent of diffusion, two length scales are used in two different scenarios: Brownian motion of an impulsive point source (for example, one single spray of perfume)-the square root of the mean squared displacement from this point. (wikipedia.org)
  • Load-linear displacement data are mathematically converted to pressure-volumetric displacement data, from which bulk modulus is calculated. (pnnl.gov)
  • The test apparatus and method are validated using the known bulk modulus of water. (pnnl.gov)
  • The first-order effect of the bulk solvent method can separately observe the hydration layer, because fast on the protein is often described by solvent-averaged potentials, water exchange between hydration sites and bulk solvent makes as in the dielectric screening of Coulomb interactions. (lu.se)
  • It may also influence the speed of water diffusion into the material bulk and its potential degradation. (bvsalud.org)
  • This enables the simulation of various co-operative or competitive mechanisms, where there is either a positive or negative benefit associated with being part of the bulk population, respectively. (nature.com)
  • Implications of bulk motion for diffusion-weighted imaging experiments: Effects, mechanisms, and solutions. (mpg.de)
  • As a model system we consider germanium diffusion in aluminium. (staffs.ac.uk)
  • The model distinguishes between individuals that are part of, or are isolated from, the bulk population by imposing different rates of birth, death and movement. (nature.com)
  • Diffusion is a stochastic process due to the inherent randomness of the diffusing entity and can be used to model many real-life stochastic scenarios. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diffusion studies: from model membranes to transdermal devices (co-supervisor. (lu.se)
  • This low-cost method is suitable for rapid rototyping of bulk and thin film materials, minimizing the need for multistep lithographic processing. (aiche.org)
  • A distinguishing feature of diffusion is that it depends on particle random walk, and results in mixing or mass transport without requiring directed bulk motion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Long-range exciton transport in such systems is facilitated by a combination of delocalized excitation wavefunctions (excitons) and exciton diffusion. (nature.com)
  • Such differential models are formulated using the species conservation laws coupled with some constitutive models for transport of mass by diffusion. (informit.com)
  • Using Pr 70 Cu 30 alloy, the coercivity was enhanced from 1.60 T to 2.56 T. The hot-deformed samples are expanded along only c-axis direction after the diffusion process by the formation of thick Nd-rich grain boundary phase parallel to the c-planes of platelet shaped Nd 2 Fe 14 B grains. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This article describes a method to directly measure the bulk modulus of rubber using a piston-cylinder type apparatus. (pnnl.gov)
  • Furthermore, the methods reported so far are mainly applicable for bulk material. (chemistryviews.org)
  • There is no restriction of diffusion for in vivo hematomas with intracellular blood products. (ajnr.org)
  • We show that T2-dark hematomas (with intracellular blood products) have diffusion rates comparable with that of the brain (despite the low signal on the diffusion-weighted images). (ajnr.org)
  • Obtaining accurate diffusion measurements in regions in which the T2 signal is low can be problematic because an individual pixel value may be dominated by the thermal and electronic noise of the imaging system. (ajnr.org)
  • For the first time we show that the strong Allee effect and nonlinear diffusion can result in shock-fronted travelling waves. (nature.com)
  • In this work, boron diffusion marker layers were epitaxially grown in silicon by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition followed by an undoped capping layer of either silicon, 45 nm of Si 0.75 Ge 0.25 , or 5 nm of Si 0.55 Ge 0.45 . (njit.edu)
  • Bulk moderation state change. (who.int)
  • Finally, the bulk modulus for two similar rubbers is evaluated. (pnnl.gov)