RB51BrucellosisSuisBacteriaVaccine strainBiovarCanisPathogenicCattleInfectionGenusOvisBacterialGram-negativeCoccobacilliVirulent strainsVaccinalGenomeSmooth and roughCharacterizationAbortionVaccinesPigsListeriaRecombinantImmunizationVirulenceCharacterisationMilkMutantVaccinationRough strainBALBImmune responseMiceInnateAntibody responseInfections caused
RB5122
- The National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), identified the B. abortus isolate from the calf as the RB51 vaccine strain. (cdc.gov)
- RB51 is a live, attenuated strain that was licensed conditionally by the Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, on February 23, 1996, for vaccination of cattle in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- This report describes occupational exposure to animals infected with the RB51 strain and emphasizes the need for surveillance of unintentional exposure of humans to RB51 to assess outcomes of such exposures. (cdc.gov)
- The vaccine had caused active B. abortus infection because the 14-month-old heifer delivering the calf was not known to be pregnant when she was vaccinated with RB51 at approximately 8 months of age, which was within the specified age range for vaccination. (cdc.gov)
- Evidence that intrauterine infection was caused by the RB51 vaccine strain, and not by field strains of B. abortus or by S19, included immunohistochemical staining specific for RB51 (negative for S19), RB51-specific titer of greater than 1:10,000 on experimental dot-blot assay measuring antibody to RB51, and RB51-specific DNA sequences identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (cdc.gov)
- Detection of Brucella abortus Vaccine Strain RB51 in Water Buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) Milk. (bvsalud.org)
- The isolation of B. abortus RB51 vaccine strain from a milk sample in a water buffalo farm in southern Italy emphasizes the risk to public health of consuming contaminated milk or milk products following illegal vaccination . (bvsalud.org)
- In endemic areas the use of RB51 strain is a common practice, nevertheless the information about their efficiency is also scarce. (medwelljournals.com)
- The New York State Department of Health and Pennsylvania Department of Health are investigating Brucella RB51 exposures that may be connected to consuming raw (unpasteurized) milk from Miller's Biodiversity Farm in Quarryville, Pennsylvania. (cdc.gov)
- This investigation is associated with the third known case of brucellosis from Brucella RB51 due to raw milk acquired in the U.S., since August 2017. (cdc.gov)
- Milk samples from the dairy tested positive for Brucella strain RB51. (cdc.gov)
- Brucella strain RB51 is a live-attenuated cattle vaccine strain, which can be shed in milk and can cause infections in humans. (cdc.gov)
- Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 infection and exposures associated with raw milk consumption - Wise County, Texas, 2017. (cdc.gov)
- To develop an effective bivalent vaccine for swine against these two diseases, a leucine auxotroph of the USDA approved vaccine B. abortus strain RB51 was constructed along with leuB gene complementing plasmid pNS4 to over-express antigens from Brucella and influenza. (vt.edu)
- The resident, who has not been identified, was infected with RB51 - a strain of the Brucella abortus bacteria, according to New York health officials - after he or she drank raw milk that officials believe came from the Miller's Biodiversity Farm in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (uwinhealth.com)
- The loss of wbkA gene function resulted in induction of the splenocyte proliferative response in mice infected by the mutant S19 strain compare to those induced by parental S19 and RB51 strains. (ijbiotech.com)
- Characterization of recombinant B. abortus strain RB51SOD toward understanding the uncorrelated innate and adaptive immune responses induced by RB51SOD compared to its parent vaccine strain RB51. (ijbiotech.com)
- Complementation of Brucella abortus RB51 with a functional wboA gene results in O-antigen synthesis and enhanced vaccine efficacy but no change in rough phenotype and attenuation. (ijbiotech.com)
- Efficacy of Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 compared to the reference vaccine Brucella abortus strain 19 in water buffalo. (ijbiotech.com)
- Finally, people can become infected with Brucella RB51, a strain of B abortus that is used to vaccinate cattle in the United States and other parts of the world. (medscape.com)
- However, B canis and Brucella RB51 won't show up on serology, so culture is needed to confirm the infection. (medscape.com)
- Please be aware that when dealing with an RB51 infection, rifampin should not be used because this particular strain is resistant to it. (medscape.com)
Brucellosis24
- None of the exposed persons reported having previously had brucellosis or being unintentionally inoculated with Brucella vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- Editorial Note: Brucellosis, also known as 'undulant fever' or 'Bangs disease,' is a systemic infection caused by Brucella sp. (cdc.gov)
- When ordering blood cultures to diagnose brucellosis, please advise the laboratory that blood culture may grow Brucella and that appropriate laboratory containment and precautions should be observed. (cdc.gov)
- Swine brucellosis caused by Brucella suis and swine influenza caused by Influenza A virus affect both domestic and feral swine populations. (vt.edu)
- Bacteria of the genus Brucella are the causative agents of brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis that affects a broad range of mammals, including livestock and humans. (mgc.ac.cn)
- When humans come in contact with an infected animal or animal products that are contaminated with Brucella, brucellosis may result. (loinc.org)
- Brucellosis is a widespread and economically important infectious disease of humans and animals caused by members of the genus Brucella . (biomedcentral.com)
- Brucellosis in dairy cows is a chronic zoonotic infectious disease caused by Brucella. (ballyabio.com)
- Brucellosis in dogs is usually overlooked and yet there is extensive contact between humans and their pets.Objective: This study investigated brucellosis in children and dogs using a confirmatory serological testing series that screens for three Brucella sp.Methods: Residual blood samples from malaria smear-negative febrile children were collected and tested for Brucella sp and malaria parasite. (bvsalud.org)
- The OMPs of Brucella could be used as a suitable vaccine candidate versus brucellosis. (ijmedrev.com)
- The protein moiety of Brucella abortus outer membrane protein 16 is a new bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern that activates dendritic cells in vivo, induces a Th1 immune response, and is a promising self-adjuvanting vaccine against systemic and oral acquired brucellosis. (ijmedrev.com)
- Brucella melitensis and Brucella ovis are gram-negative pathogens of sheep that cause severe economic losses and, although B. ovis is non-zoonotic, B. melitensis is the main cause of human brucellosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Brucellosis is a worldwide extended disease caused by gram-negative bacteria of the genus Brucella that has a severe impact on animal and human health [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Brucellosis is in infectious disease caused by bacteria in the genus Brucella . (medicinenet.com)
- Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonoses globally, and Central Asia remains a Brucella hotspot. (sciensano.be)
- Using Brucella abortus Strain 19 (S19) to control bovine brucellosis is restricted due to induce antibodies to the O-side chain of the smooth lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which may be difficult to differentiate vaccinated and infected animals. (ijbiotech.com)
- The pathology of brucellosis reflects the outcome of the battle between the host genome and the Brucella genome. (ijbiotech.com)
- The project also aims to isolate and analyze genetic strains of the brucellosis bacteria to help determine how it may have spread to the Bighorn Mountains. (cowboystatenews.com)
- Brucellosis, a disease caused by the bacteria Brucella abortus that causes elk to abort, is known to be widespread and common in elk in the Greater Yellowstone area. (cowboystatenews.com)
- Although brucellosis is mainly a bacterial disease of animals, several species of Brucella bacteria are known to cause disease in humans. (medscape.com)
- Approximately 70%-75% of US brucellosis cases reported annually to CDC are due to the bacterial species B melitensis and B abortus . (medscape.com)
- Brucellosis is caused by members of the Brucella genus. (who.int)
- Brucellosis is caused by Brucella species, which are gram-negative bacteria. (msdmanuals.com)
- The causative organisms of human brucellosis are B. abortus (from cattle), B. melitensis (from sheep and goats), and B. suis (from hogs). (msdmanuals.com)
Suis11
- small Gram-negative coccobacilli that can infect cattle (infection with B. abortus), goats and sheep (B. melitensis), pigs (B. suis), and dogs (B. canis). (cdc.gov)
- Against a virulent challenge of B. suis, the candidate vaccine strain over-expressing both SOD and WboA protected mice more significantly than the control group and was also found to be better protective than other candidate vaccine strains over-expressing either SOD and L7/L12 together or SOD alone. (vt.edu)
- The genus Brucella consists of six classic species, designated on the basis of host preference, antigenic and biochemical characteristics as Brucella melitensis (goats and sheep), Brucella abortus (cattle), Brucella suis (pigs), Brucella canis (dogs), Brucella ovis (sheep) and Brucella neotomae (wood rats). (mgc.ac.cn)
- 2002. The Brucella suis genome reveals fundamental similarities between animal and plant pathogens and symbionts. (mgc.ac.cn)
- 2005. Completion of the genome sequence of Brucella abortus and comparison to the highly similar genomes of Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis . (mgc.ac.cn)
- Brucella are gram-negative coccobacilli that commonly infect cows (Brucella abortus), pigs (Brucella suis), goats (Brucella melitensis), and dogs (Brucella canis), along with wild animals such as deer, elk, and moose. (loinc.org)
- The main pathogenic species of Brucella are Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis and Brucella abortus. (loinc.org)
- Brucella suis infections in pigs causes chronic inflammatory lesions in the reproductive organs or orchitis and may affect joints and/or other organs. (loinc.org)
- Brucella suis are differentiated into five strains. (loinc.org)
- Human infections are caused most frequently by B. melitensis, B. suis, and B. abortus, while B. canis causes only rare infections. (loinc.org)
- Generally, B. melitensis and B. suis are more pathogenic than other Brucella species. (msdmanuals.com)
Bacteria6
- A commercial biotyping system (Taxa Profile™, Merlin Diagnostika) testing the metabolization of various substrates by bacteria was used to determine if a set of phenotypic features will allow the identification of members of the genus Brucella and their differentiation into species and biovars. (biomedcentral.com)
- Based on specific and stable reactions a 96-well " Brucella identification and typing" plate (Micronaut™) was designed and re-tested in 113 Brucella isolates and a couple of closely related bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
- Brucella bacteria can enter the human body through mucous membranes, breaks in the skin, the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and even the conjunctiva . (medicinenet.com)
- If animals like sheep, goats, buffalo, cows, or camels are infected with Brucella , the milk they produce is contaminated with the bacteria. (medicinenet.com)
- Although this risk is generally associated with people who work in laboratories studying Brucella organisms, it is possible that people working in meat-processing areas could be exposed to the bacteria by inhalation of droplets from contaminated meat (cattle, sheep). (medicinenet.com)
- Murine peritoneal macrophages and guinea pig peritoneal macrophages were used to study infections caused by Brucella species ( Brucella canis and Brucella abortus ) with effective elimination of intracellular bacteria (Fountain et al, 1985). (toku-e.com)
Vaccine strain2
- 2008. Genome sequence of Brucella abortus vaccine strain S19 compared to virulent strains yields candidate virulence genes. (mgc.ac.cn)
- The vaccinate groups received Brucetta abortus vaccine strain 19 (S19) by hand-delivered intramuscular injection. (lsu.edu)
Biovar2
- Species and biovar classification of brucellae is historically based on natural host preference and phenotypic traits, i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
- First isolation, identification, phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Brucella abortus biovar 3 from dairy cattle in Tanzania. (sciensano.be)
Canis1
- Fountain MW, Weiss S J, Fountain AG, Shen A, Lenk RP (1985) T reatment of Brucella canis and Brucella abortu s in vitro and in vivo by stable plurilamellar vesicle-encapsulated aminoglycosides. (toku-e.com)
Pathogenic5
- Brucella is a Gram-negative bacterium which is pathogenic of human and animals [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
- 2005. Whole-genome analyses of speciation events in pathogenic Brucellae . (mgc.ac.cn)
- 2011. Interactions of the human pathogenic Brucella species with their hosts. (mgc.ac.cn)
- We challenged elk at mid-gestation with pathogenic B. abortus strain 2308 by intraconjunctival instillation. (lsu.edu)
- Strains of highly pathogenic Brucella have been considered to be used as a biological weapon because the organisms can be aerosolized and then easily inhaled. (medicinenet.com)
Cattle4
- Natural hosts of B. abortus are cattle and other bovidae. (loinc.org)
- At present, more than 60 kinds of livestock, poultry, and wild animals are known to be the host of Brucella and are highly infectious to sheep, cattle, horses, and pigs. (ballyabio.com)
- Importance of identification and typing of Brucellae from West African cattle: a review. (sciensano.be)
- Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of Brucella strains isolated from cattle in the Gambia. (sciensano.be)
Infection19
- On May 26-27, 1997, nine persons (a farmer, four veterinary clinicians, and four veterinary students) in Manhattan, Kansas, participated in an attempted vaginal delivery, a cesarean delivery, and a necropsy on a stillborn calf that died because of Brucella abortus infection. (cdc.gov)
- The infection was confirmed by isolation of B. abortus from placental and fetal lung tissue cultures. (cdc.gov)
- The Brucella serum agglutina- mens containing Brucella species because of aerosol-gen- tion test (SAT) was reactive (1:640) at the NYSDOH lab- erating procedures or accidents that may result in infection oratory, Wadsworth Center. (cdc.gov)
- However, NOD1, NOD2, and Rip2 knockout mice were no more susceptible to infection with virulent B. abortus than wild-type mice. (hindawi.com)
- Taken together, this study demonstrates that NOD1, NOD2 and Rip2 are dispensable for the control of B. abortus during in vivo infection. (hindawi.com)
- The immune response against Brucella infection involves many molecules and cells to trigger a Th1 immune response and activation of CD8+ T cells [ 12 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The innate immune response against B. abortus infection begins with the recognition of molecular structures related to this pathogen by receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Moreover, our group and others have demonstrated that MyD88 is essential for host control of Brucella infection in vivo and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
- So far, no study has demonstrated the role of NOD-like receptors in the control of Brucella infection. (hindawi.com)
- Herein, we have shown that NOD1, NOD2, or the adaptor molecule Rip2 plays no role in enhancing resistance to B. abortus infection in vivo . (hindawi.com)
- Strain 2 has been found in wild boars but without signs of infection while they do infect pigs and hares. (loinc.org)
- A common route of Brucella infection is eating or drinking infected dairy products that have not been pasteurized. (loinc.org)
- The objective of this study was to isolate a Brucella lon mutant and to analyze the cytokine response of B. lon mutant during macrophage infection. (ophrp.org)
- From the mouse macrophage J774.A1 cells, total RNA was isolated at 0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after infection with Brucella . (ophrp.org)
- We used Brucella culture of fetus/calf tissues to determine the efficacy of vaccination for preventing infection, and we found that the number of infected fetuses/calves did not differ between controls and vaccinates (P = 0.14). (lsu.edu)
- These findings suggest that bacterial infection of TG cells plays a key role in abortion induced by B. abortus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- New generation vaccine for the prevention of infection and abortions caused by Brucella Abortus in Bovines. (biochemiq.com)
- Bahador A, Esmaeili D, Mansoori N, Mahdavi M. Protection against Brucella abortus 544 Strain Infection in BALB/c Mice by Subcutaneouse Administration of Multicomponent Vaccine of rCagA Conjugated with LPS + CpG. (ijmedrev.com)
- Influenza viral vectors expressing the Brucella OMP16 or L7/L12 proteins as vaccines against B. abortus infection. (ijmedrev.com)
Genus3
- Brucella abortus is a species of the genus Brucella. (loinc.org)
- The comprehensive testing of metabolic activity allows cluster analysis within the genus Brucella . (biomedcentral.com)
- The aim of our study was to develop a miniaturised semi-automated system for the reliable identification of members of the genus Brucella and the differentiation of its species based on comprehensive metabolic activity testing. (biomedcentral.com)
Ovis2
- Nevertheless, the only vaccine available for the immunoprophylaxis of B. melitensis and B. ovis is B. melitensis Rev 1, a live-attenuated S strain that elicits antibodies to the O-PS that interfere in B. melitensis serodiagnostic tests. (biomedcentral.com)
- Characterization of Brucella abortus O-polysaccharide and core lipopolysaccharide mutants and demonstration that a complete core is required for rough vaccines to be efficient against Brucella abortus and Brucella ovis in the mouse model. (ijbiotech.com)
Bacterial3
- Brucella abortus and Listeria monocytogenes were used as the bacterial antigen in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
- Using commercially available rapid bacterial identification systems such as the API 20 NE ® (BioMerieux, Nürtingen, Germany) which include a restricted number of biochemical tests Brucella spp. (biomedcentral.com)
- To address this question, we evaluated the variation of antibody responses induced by vaccination with Brucella abortus Strain 19, a live attenuated bacterial vaccine, in large half-sibling families. (lsu.edu)
Gram-negative3
- melitensis by the Wadsworth Center and confirmed by the Brucella organisms are gram-negative coccobacilli and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- Brucella melitensis is a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium from the Brucellaceae family. (loinc.org)
- Brucella are aerobic, gram-negative coccobacilli. (medicinenet.com)
Coccobacilli1
Virulent strains1
- Brucella is a tiny globular polymorphic bacterium with slightly convex or straight edges, blunt rounded ends, negative Gram staining, no flagella, no spore formation, and virulent strains can have capsules. (ballyabio.com)
Vaccinal1
- The wbkA gene, which is one of the LPS O-chain coding genes, was knocked out in vaccinal Brucella abortus S19. (ijbiotech.com)
Genome1
- 2002. The genome sequence of the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella melitensis . (mgc.ac.cn)
Smooth and rough2
- Antibody reactivity to Omp31 from Brucella melitensis in human and animal infections by smooth and rough Brucellae. (ijmedrev.com)
- 5. Zygmunt MS, Blasco JM, Letesson JJ, Cloeckaert A, Moriyon I. DNA polymorphism analysis of Brucella lipopolysaccharide genes reveals marked differences in O-polysaccharide biosynthetic genes between smooth and rough Brucella species and novel species-specific markers. (ijbiotech.com)
Characterization2
- From the blood culture, small, gram- familiar with Brucella , its clinical manifestations, and its positive bacilli were isolated and characterized as coryne- laboratory characterization. (cdc.gov)
- Detection and characterization of Brucella spp. (sciensano.be)
Abortion1
- Vaginal secretions and milk after abortion contain a large number of Brucella. (ballyabio.com)
Vaccines2
- Recent advances in Brucella abortus vaccines. (ijmedrev.com)
- Altering the antigenic structure of S Brucella has been the preferred strategy to develop vaccines that circumvent the interference in S serological tests. (biomedcentral.com)
Pigs1
- Strains 1-3 infect boars and pigs. (loinc.org)
Recombinant12
- Description: Vibrio Cholerae serotype O1 (strain ATCC 39315 / El Tor Inaba N16961) arginine--tRNA ligase (argS), recombinant protein. (gemini-genomics.com)
- Description: Shigella Sonnei (strain Ss046) Arginine--tRNA ligase, recombinant protein. (gemini-genomics.com)
- Description: Shigella Boydii serotype 4 (strain Sb227) Arginine--tRNA ligase, recombinant protein. (gemini-genomics.com)
- Description: Brucella Abortus (strain S19) Arginine--tRNA ligase, recombinant protein. (gemini-genomics.com)
- Description: Treponema Pallidum (strain Nichols) arginine--tRNA ligase (argS), recombinant protein. (gemini-genomics.com)
- Description: Mycobacterium Gilvum (strain PYR-GCK) (Mycobacterium flavescens (strain ATCC 700033 / PYR-GCK)) Arginine--tRNA ligase (argS), recombinant protein. (gemini-genomics.com)
- Description: Shigella Dysenteriae serotype 1 (strain Sd197) Arginine--tRNA ligase, recombinant protein. (gemini-genomics.com)
- Description: Clostridium Difficile (strain 630) Arginine--tRNA ligase, recombinant protein. (gemini-genomics.com)
- Description: Klebsiella Pneumoniae (strain 342) Arginine--tRNA ligase (argS), recombinant protein. (gemini-genomics.com)
- Description: Pasteurella Multocida (strain Pm70) Arginine--tRNA ligase (argS), recombinant protein. (gemini-genomics.com)
- Immune reactivity of Brucella melitensis-vaccinated rabbit serum with recombinant Omp31 and DnaK proteins. (ijmedrev.com)
- Immunogenic response to a recombinant pseudorabies virus carrying bp26 gene of Brucella melitensis in mice. (ijmedrev.com)
Immunization3
- LIVE VETERINARY VACCINE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH Goat Pox Vaccine Uttarkashi strain derived from Vero cell culture for the immunization of Goats against Goat Pox virus. (pharmika.co.in)
- Live Brucella Vaccine Live S19 strain in freeze-dried form for immunization against Brucella abortus. (pharmika.co.in)
- Survey of Omp19 immunogenicity against Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis: influence of nanoparticulation versus traditional immunization. (ijmedrev.com)
Virulence1
Characterisation1
- 1980. The brucella-phages: their properties, characterisation and application. (ulaval.ca)
Milk2
- outbreak-related Salmonella typhi strains are recovered from 30-day-old cheese, but not from 48- or 63-day-old cheese resulting in Alberta, Canada halting the sale of raw milk cheese unless ripened for at least 90 days (Marth 1969). (foodpoisonjournal.com)
- Brucella abortus is found to survive in cheddar cheese made from raw milk for up to 6 months depending on initial inoculation level, but the authors of the study conclude that cheddar cheese is not a proven carrier of undulant fever (the human disease caused by B. abortus). (foodpoisonjournal.com)
Mutant4
- Mutant strains not synthesizing polyamine-siderophores significantly increased enterobactin production levels, though lack of enterobactin did not impact the production of serratiochelins. (biomedcentral.com)
- In host J774.A1 macrophages, mRNA levels of T helper 1 (Th1)-type cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-3, were significantly higher in the lon mutant compared to wild-type Brucella and the negative control. (ophrp.org)
- The aim of this study was to employ gene knockout B. abortus S19 for the first time to eliminate diagnostic defects and obtain the attenuated mutant strain. (ijbiotech.com)
- As a result, the new mutant S19 strain had deficiency in its LPS O-chain structure, besides cannot induce IgM response then, reduce mistakes to discriminate between vaccinated and infected animal, and also can be considered as a new vaccine candidate. (ijbiotech.com)
Vaccination4
- Efficacy of single calfhood vaccination of elk with Brucella abortus s" by Thomas J. Roffe, Lee C. Jones et al. (lsu.edu)
- Based on these data, single calfhood vaccination with S19 has low efficacy, will likely have only little to moderate effect on Brucella prevalence in elk, and is unlikely to eradicate the disease in wildlife of the GYA. (lsu.edu)
- These findings are consistent with the theory that at least two separate genes or genetic systems contribute to the control of bovine antibody responses to B. abortus vaccination. (lsu.edu)
- Their control and eradication require vaccination, but B. melitensis Rev 1, the only vaccine available, triggers anti-O-PS antibodies that interfere in the S-brucellae serodiagnosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Rough strain2
- a stable rough strain of Brucella abortus . (cdc.gov)
- Delta-pgm rough strain. (biochemiq.com)
BALB1
- The proliferative response and immunoglobulin M production were analyzed in wbkA deletion strain-infected BALB/c mice. (ijbiotech.com)
Immune response1
Mice1
- The wild-type strain C57BL/6 mice were purchased from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil). (hindawi.com)
Innate1
- The lipopolysaccharide core of Brucella abortus acts as a shield against innate immunity recognition. (ijbiotech.com)
Antibody response1
- Most clinical diagnostic laboratories are able to run serologic tests, which detect an antibody response to most of the Brucella species. (medscape.com)
Infections caused1
- Test for serological diagnosis of infections caused by Brucella. (czvaccines.com)