Brainstem neural. Medical search. Frequent questions

1, 2, 4, 9, 10 In mammals, all muscles involved in the oropharyngeal stage are striated and therefore are driven by several pools of motoneurons located mainly in various cranial motor nuclei in the brainstem. (nature.com)
However, to date, no methodology exists for a fine segmentation of brainstem structures, especially to distinguish between white (myelinated axons ‒emerging from neuron somas‒ supporting structural connectivity between populations of neurons) and grey matter (structures grouping neuron somas, called nuclei). (upmc.fr)
The objective of the internship is therefore to study whether deep learning applied to multimodal MRI data would enable a precise segmentation of the brainstem and the delineation of brainstem nuclei and white matter. (upmc.fr)
Finally, in the brainstem the limits between white and grey matter get blurred since neuronal density in brainstem nuclei is lower than that in subcortical brain nuclei. (upmc.fr)
What is the contribution of brainstem nuclei to conscious states? (mit.edu)
The ICC receives afferent inputs that include monaural and binaural projections from a number of nuclei in the lower auditory brainstem. (jneurosci.org)
Parvizi J, Van Hoesen GW, Damasio A. The selective vulnerability of brainstem nuclei to Alzheimer's disease. (intramed.net)
Neural brain circuits integrate information from the NTS and multiple hypothalamic nuclei to regulate overall body homeostasis. (medscape.com)

I propose that (1) the midbrain DA system is organized in a similar manner, with different groups of DA neurons corresponding to these parallel neural pathways (NPs). (frontiersin.org)
The hypothalamus is a key region which possesses reciprocal connections between the higher cortical centres such as reward-related limbic pathways, and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)
We will not discuss signal transduction pathways, enteric nervous systems related to controlling food intake, or neural signalling pathways in organs associated with the gastrointestinal tract such as liver or pancreas. (hindawi.com)
The above brainstem neural pathways contribute to the Auditory Brainstem Response recorded from surface electrodes. (slavery.org.uk)
Coupled to this, migraine has been hypothesized to involve a dysfunction of areas of the brainstem and diencephalon, which seem to mediate the activation, or perception of activation, of the trigeminovascular system as well as sensitization of neuronal pathways that drive trigeminovascular activation. (medscape.com)
The Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAEP) is a complex response to externalstimulation that represents the neural electrophysiological activity of the auditory system at the level of the brainstem, mapping the synapses of the auditory pathways from the cochlear nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olivary brainstem complex to the inferior colliculus-midbrain 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)

The pons is located at the base of the brain in an area called the brainstem, where it transmits signals from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)

BOT E-AUG neurons (n = 11) had extensive axonal projections to the brainstem, but E-AUG neurons (n = 5) of the cVRG sent axons that descended the contralateral spinal cord without medullary collaterals. (nih.gov)
Anencephaly and rachischisis are extremely severe forms of neural tube defects, in which an extensive opening in the cranial and vertebral bone is present with an absence of variable amounts of the brain, spinal cord, nerve roots, and meninges. (medscape.com)
The neural tube comprises of a bundle of nerve sheaths and is the embryonic structure that ultimately forms the primitive brain at the cranial end and the spinal cord at the caudal end 1,2 . (radiopaedia.org)
When RA invades the cervical spine, the resulting extension of pannus into the spinal canal can compress the brainstem, spinal cord, and the vertebral arteries, resulting in severe pain and disability. (upmc.com)
However, if you suffer from spinal cord or brainstem compression, then we recommend surgery to decompress these vital neural elements. (upmc.com)
At UPMC, the preferred surgical treatment for spinal cord or brainstem compression caused by odontoid pannus, rheumatoid pannus, or synovial cyst is the Endoscopic Endonasal Approach (EEA) to decompress the brainstem and spinal cord. (upmc.com)
Surgical decompression is necessary if the spinal cord and brainstem are compressed. (upmc.com)
The Endoscopic Endonasal Approach (EEA) is a direct way to decompress the brainstem and upper spinal cord. (upmc.com)
This section covers the establishment of neural populations, the inductive influences of surrounding tissues and the sequential generation of neurons establishing the layered structure seen in the brain and spinal cord. (edu.au)
Using heat as the source of discomfort, experiments conducted by the center's intramural program showed that bodily responses to pain are controlled by a neural pathway involving heightened activity in the spinal cord and two parts of the brainstem. (scienceblog.com)
The brainstem-spinal cord pathway identified in this study selectively controls pain response and elicits appropriate behaviors based on sensory input. (scienceblog.com)
The signal transmitted by the brain is routed through 2 intermediate segments (the brainstem and the sacral spinal cord) prior to reaching the bladder. (medscape.com)

To make a direct and principled connection between the SI waveform and underlying neural dynamics, we developed a biophysically realistic computational SI model that contained excitatory and inhibitory neurons in supragranular and infragranular layers. (jneurosci.org)
Astrocytes are abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system and can act as neural stem cells in specialized niches where they constitutively generate new neurons. (frontiersin.org)
Zebrafish oxytocin neurons drive nocifensive behavior via brainstem premotor targets. (iasp-pain.org)
Notably, OXT neuron activation is sufficient to generate this defensive behavior via the recruitment of brainstem premotor targets, whereas ablation of OXT neurons or loss of the peptide attenuates behavioral responses to TRPA1 activation. (iasp-pain.org)
Recently, brainstem neurons were shown to specifically stop locomotion in mammals. (uni-koeln.de)
Within the neural tube stem cells generate the 2 major classes of cells that make the majority of the nervous system : neurons and glia. (edu.au)
New methods of neural activation are being explored that involve optogenetics, where neurons that are sensitized by the incorporation of light-sensitive proteins excite by stimulation with blue light. (mit.edu)

The cochlear nerve arises from the vestibulocochlear nerve for transmission to the cochlear nuclear complex at the brainstem pontomedullary junction. (slavery.org.uk)
Mr. Hight's research is aimed at improving the auditory brainstem implant ( ABI ), a device that, like the cochlear implant, restores hearing to deaf individuals. (mit.edu)
Unexpectedly, while an enhanced or sustained DPOAE was seen, permanent reductions in the amplitude of the cochlear compound action potential (CAP) and the auditory brainstem response (ABR) were often observed after the chronic salicylate treatment. (cdc.gov)

Using maximum length sequence brainstem auditory evoked response (MLS BAER) to study brainstem neural conduction and maturation in fetal growth restriction (FGR) babies born very prematurely and assess the effect of FGR on brainstem neural maturation. (nature.com)
Jiang, Z. D., Brosi, D. M., Wang, J. & Wilkinson, A. R. Brainstem auditory-evoked responses to different rates of clicks in small-for-gestational age preterm infants at term. (nature.com)
Although available to the hearing scientist/clinician for over 50 years, ECochG's emergence as a clinical tool (as well as all other auditory evoked potentials) was rekindled in part by the discovery, application and popularity of the auditory brainstem response (ABR). (audiologyonline.com)
In older children, repeated episodes of hypoglycemia may result in brain damage, as measured on performance testing and assessment of brainstem auditory-evoked potentials. (medscape.com)

The inferior colliculus connects brainstem auditory centers to the medial geniculate body in the posterior thalamus from which the rather disperse acoustic radiation projects to the primary auditory cortex. (slavery.org.uk)
Because the balance system is so complex, it can be impaired by a large number of disease processes affecting any of the multiple sensory inputs, neural processing centers, or motor outputs. (cdc.gov)

Their primary function is mechanotransduction, or conversion between mechanical and neural signals. (wikipedia.org)
Our recent work has shown that brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), can employ neural signals to accurately decode attempted handwriting and speech at speeds that begin to enable naturalistic conversation, and thus improve quality of life. (stanford.edu)
Further feedback is provided by nutrient receptors in the upper small bowel and neural signals indicating distention of the stomach's stretch receptors, which are primarily conveyed by the vagal afferent and sympathetic nerves to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the brainstem. (medscape.com)

First, as compared with the dense projections to the ipsilateral brainstem, those to the contralateral side were sparse. (nih.gov)
to the lateral lemniscus of the contralateral brainstem. (slavery.org.uk)

In his research, Mr. Hight uses a new opsin, Chronos, to explore temporal synchrony of responses to light pulses, and shows that this opsin evokes higher neural synchrony than the standard, channelrhodopsin‑2. (mit.edu)
Comparison of machine learning models to classify Auditory Brainstem Responses recorded from children with Auditory Processing Disorder. (cdc.gov)

It is nearly axiomatic that pain, among other examples of conscious experience, is an outcome of still-uncertain forms of neural processing that occur in the cerebral cortex, and specifically within thalamo-cortical networks. (researchgate.net)

Contribution of brainstem GABAergic circuitry to descending antinociceptive controls: II. (nih.gov)
John identified underlying neural circuitry in the rabbit brainstem required for associative learning and then established how drugs modulated different components of that circuitry. (sfn.org)

Variation of Human Neural Stem Cells Generating Organizer States In Vitro before Committing to Cortical Excitatory or Inhibitory Neuronal Fates [2] "Better understanding of the progression of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the developing cerebral cortex is important for modeling neurogenesis and defining the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. (edu.au)

Development of the neural crest and sensory (hearing/vision/smell) are only introduced in these notes and are covered in detail in other notes sections. (edu.au)

Although general anesthesia is normally induced by systemic dosing, an anesthetic state can be induced in rodents by microinjecting minute quantities of GABAergic agents into the brainstem mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area (MPTA). (researchgate.net)
The mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area (MPTA) was identified in rats as a singular brainstem locus at which microinjection of minute quantities of GABAergic agents rapidly and reversibly induces loss-of-consciousness and a state of general anesthesia, while lesioning renders animals insensitive to anesthetics at normal systemic doses. (researchgate.net)

Stoerig, 2006 ), and previous reports conflict as to the presence of neural correlates of tactile detection in primate primary somatosensory cortex (SI). (jneurosci.org)
We examined cortical correlates of somatosensory perception in human SI by combining MEG and computational neural modeling. (jneurosci.org)
To provide a framework for understanding the MEG signal and SI neural correlates of perception, we developed a realistic laminar network model. (jneurosci.org)
This facilitates pre-empting behavioural errors due to lapses in attention and provides new insight into the neural correlates of vigilance decrements. (elifesciences.org)

The canonical view of how general anesthetics induce loss-of-consciousness (LOC) permitting pain-free surgery posits that anesthetic molecules, distributed throughout the CNS, suppress neural activity globally to levels at which the cerebral cortex can no longer sustain conscious experience. (researchgate.net)
Might pain be experienced in the brainstem rather than in the cerebral cortex? (researchgate.net)
Los trastornos nucleares son originados por enfermedades de los núcleos oculomotores, trocleares o abducens en el TRONCO CEREBRAL. (bvsalud.org)
Los trastornos supranucleares son producidos por la disfunción de los sistemas sensoriales y motores de orden superior que controlan los movimientos oculares, incluidas las redes neurales de la CORTEZA CEREBRAL, GANGLIOS BASALES, CEREBELO y TRONCO CEREBRAL. (bvsalud.org)

In addition to local paracrine actions and peripheral endocrine effects mediated through the bloodstream, gut hormones play a pivotal role relaying information on nutritional status to important appetite controlling centres within the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hypothalamus and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)

Anatomical features of the auditory pathway of interest to microwave hearing begin with the cochlea within which hair cells transduce sound into neural impulses that are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve. (slavery.org.uk)
Abnormalities in a cranial nerve reflex indicate injury to the brainstem or the neural pathway connecting to the brainstem. (vin.com)

The two most useful cranial nerve reflexes for rapid assessment of brainstem function are the gag reflex and the presence of physiologic nystagmus, otherwise known as the oculocephalic reflex. (vin.com)
Infants with laboratory evidence of congenital Zika virus infection should have a comprehensive ophthalmologic exam and hearing assessment by auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing before 1 month of age. (cdc.gov)

The neural signal detection and computational analysis to decode each word takes roughly 4 seconds. (medscape.com)

Animals have evolved specialized neural circuits to defend themselves from pain- and injury-causing stimuli. (iasp-pain.org)

The primary embryologic defect in all neural tube defects is failure of the neural tube to close, affecting neural and cutaneous ectodermal structures. (medscape.com)
Specifically, the amniotic fluid can have a caustic and destructive effect on the open neural structures. (medscape.com)
However, the subsequent defect is the maldevelopment of the mesoderm, which, in turn, forms the skeletal and muscular structures that cover the underlying neural structures. (medscape.com)
These neural tube defects can be open (neural structures that communicate with the atmosphere) or closed (skin covered). (medscape.com)
Among the structures of the central nervous system, the brainstem is of particular interest in ALS. (upmc.fr)
We expect that what the algorithm learned in higher regions of the brain can be re-used in lower regions of the central nervous system such as the brainstem, assuming that both kinds of regions contain the same types of tissues and structures. (upmc.fr)
After endonasal decompression of the neural structures, you will need a cranio-cervical fusion to prevent recurrence and promote stability of the joints to avoid further neurological deterioration. (upmc.com)

Also, note the neural placode plastered to the dorsal surface of the sac. (medscape.com)
Experiments showed that the parts of a brainstem involved in this circuit are the parabrachial nucleus (PBNI) and the dorsal reticular formation in the medulla (MdD). (scienceblog.com)

Gata3 was previously found to be a mechanism that zebrafish brain uses to injury-dependent induction of neural progenitors. (frontiersin.org)

3. Sadler T. Embryology of Neural Tube Development. (radiopaedia.org)

The neural encoding of sound is the representation of auditory sensation and perception in the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Congenital deformities involving the coverings of the nervous system are called neural tube defects (NTDs). (medscape.com)
assess the hypothesis that what can be learned in subcortical brain regions can be re-used to segment other regions of the central nervous system such as the brainstem. (upmc.fr)
The early central nervous system begins as a simple neural plate that folds to form a neural groove and then neural tube . (edu.au)
Neural development beginnings quite early, therefore also look at notes covering Week 3 - neural tube and Week 4 - early nervous system. (edu.au)

However, little is known on the mechanisms that promote the neural progenitor state after injuries in humans. (frontiersin.org)
GATA3 promotes neural progenitor state but not neurogenesis. (frontiersin.org)

Multiple cranial nerve deficits is highly suggestive of brainstem injury. (vin.com)

Neural tube defects vary in severity. (medscape.com)
A dural sleeve was fashioned in such a way to reconstruct the neural tube geometry. (medscape.com)
Most malformations, especially those such as neural tube defects, occur early in embryogenesis and are likely the result of aberrant expression of a yet undefined developmental gene or family of genes. (medscape.com)
The neural tube defect discussed in this article is classified as an embryologic induction disorder. (medscape.com)
As described, the primary defect is a failure of the neural folds to fuse in the midline and form the neural tube, which is neuroectoderm. (medscape.com)
However, in 2005, the Shanxi province in Northern China was reported to have one of the highest incidence rates of neural tube defects in the world. (medscape.com)
The neural tube is formed during an embryological process called neurulation, a folding process where the neural plate transforms into the neural tube 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
The center of the tube is the neural canal 2 . (radiopaedia.org)
There are distinct vesicles which make up the neural tube 2 . (radiopaedia.org)
Failure of neural tube closure in early pregnancy can result in neural tube defects , one of the commonest and most severe malformations of the fetus and newborn 3,4 . (radiopaedia.org)
1. Copp A & Greene N. Genetics and Development of Neural Tube Defects. (radiopaedia.org)
2. Sequerra E, Goyal R, Castro P, Levin J, Borodinsky L. NMDA Receptor Signaling Is Important for Neural Tube Formation and for Preventing Antiepileptic Drug-Induced Neural Tube Defects. (radiopaedia.org)
Failure of these opening to close contributes a major class of neural abnormalities (neural tube defects). (edu.au)

Astrocytes bear multiple vital functions such as maintaining the ion homeostasis, contributing to the blood-brain barrier, restoring synaptic integrity, regulating immune response, and acting as neural stem cells ( Kettenmann and Ransom, 2012 ). (frontiersin.org)

There was subtle evidence of this also in the neural decoding using Magnetoencephalography: for one time-window (of 80ms) coding of critical information declined more during monitoring versus active conditions. (elifesciences.org)

Neural dysfunction or lesions that cause tremor may result from injury, ischemia, metabolic abnormalities, or a neurodegenerative disorder. (msdmanuals.com)

The eventual hope is that optical stimuli can be focused to a greater degree than the electric current used in the conventional ABI , thereby achieving more selective and natural stimulation of the auditory brainstem. (mit.edu)
In the hepatocyte, the glycogen catabolic machinery normally responds to stimuli caused by hypoglycemia (eg, neural, hormonal), ending in a flood of glucose-6-phosphate that cannot be released from the cell. (medscape.com)

Auditory brainstem response is a response to external stimulation that represents the neural electrophysiological activity of the auditory system at the brainstem level. (bvsalud.org)

This can cause brainstem compression and is often a terminal event. (vin.com)

If these two reflexes are absent it strongly indicates significant brainstem injury and a guarded prognosis. (vin.com)
However, although the on-the-beat condition elicited a clear response at the first harmonic of the beat, this frequency was absent in the neural response to the off-the-beat condition. (researchgate.net)

The CNS integrates all this data, determines the body's spatial orientation, and sends appropriate neural messages to the motor system to activate movements that will maintain equilibrium. (cdc.gov)
Affected individuals with nystagmus may have CASK gene mutations that disrupt the interaction between the CASK protein and the protein produced from the FRMD7 gene, leading to problems with the development of the oculomotor neural network and resulting in abnormal eye movements. (medlineplus.gov)

The precise etiology and the specific genes that may be involved during this abnormal neural ontogenesis have not yet been elucidated. (medscape.com)

At the outset, he established that monoaminergic projections were organized into long-running fiber tracts from the brainstem to the prefrontal cortex that could be selectively destroyed to determine behavioral function. (sfn.org)
The TCC also receives and makes projections to key areas of the brainstem involved in the processing of nociceptive information from the head, including the superior salivatory nucleus, the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and rostral ventromedial medulla. (medscape.com)

Los estudios experimentales de cicatrización en humanos son complejos, difícilmente replicables in vitro, por lo que se hace necesarias modelos animales que permitan el estudio de las distintas etapas que ella implica. (bvsalud.org)

Can the neural bases of perceptual awareness be visualized with brain-imaging methods? (mit.edu)

However, to date there has been no empirical evidence for a role of neural entrainment in the perception of the beat of ecologically valid music. (researchgate.net)
The current study evaluated another possible neural measure that may be used to probe beat perception: steady-state evoked potentials at beat-relevant frequencies (Gilmore & Russo, 2021;Lenc et al. (researchgate.net)

The neural placode was circumnavigated and placed in the neural canal. (medscape.com)

This patient underwent closure of his back and an untethering of his neural placode. (medscape.com)

These findings strongly support the view that signatures of tactile detection are present in human SI and are mediated by local neural dynamics induced by lamina-specific synaptic drive. (jneurosci.org)

The mechanisms underlying these unexpected, permanent salicylate-induced reductions in neural activity are discussed. (cdc.gov)

Locomotion requires the proper sequencing of neural activity to start, maintain, and stop it. (uni-koeln.de)
Too much of a good thing: long-term treatment with salicylate strengthens outer hair cell function but impairs auditory neural activity. (cdc.gov)

How do neural support cells affect nerve function? (sciencedaily.com)

When the auditory nerve is damaged or missing, this is known as neural hearing loss. (medel.com)
Hemifacial spasm is usually caused by an artery compressing the facial nerve at the root exit zone of the brainstem. (aerzteblatt.de)

We designed a multiple-object monitoring (MOM) paradigm to examine how the neural representation of information varied with target frequency and time performing the task. (elifesciences.org)

Anatomy78

Organisms10

Diseases52

Chemicals and Drugs28

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Psychiatry and Psychology19

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations4

Humanities2

Information Science2

Health Care3

Nuclei8

Pathways6

Cerebellum1

Spinal12

Neurons7

Cochlear3

Auditory-evoked4

Centers2

Signals3

Contralateral2

Responses2

Forms of neural1

Circuitry2

Neuronal1

Sensory1

GABAergic2

Correlates4

Cerebral4

Hypothalamus1

Pathway2

Assessment2

Computational1

Circuits1

Structures7

Dorsal2

Zebrafish1

Embryology1

Nervous system5

Progenitor2

Cranial1

Tube13

Stem cells1

Magnetoencephalography1

Dysfunction1

Stimuli2

Stimulation1

Compression1

Absent2

Movements2

Abnormal1

Projections2

Vitro1

Methods1

Perception2

Canal1

Closure1

Dynamics1

Mechanisms1

Activity2

Cells1

Nerve2

Representation1