• It is in fact a collection of different systems and depends on the amygdala (emotional responses), the cerebellum (motor control) or the striatum , a part of the " reward system " and input to the basal ganglia (procedural memory). (natural-universe.net)
  • The gray matter is mostly cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses and forms a cortex over the cerebrum and cerebellum, and also forms some nuclei deeper in the cerebrum. (lumenlearning.com)
  • Cajal's microscopy studies led him to believe that the lateral leminiscus (A) received input from the cochlear and superior olivary nuclei, and carried some of it to the inferior colliculus (B), which integrated the signals necessary for auditory reflexes, while the bulk of the information was sent directly to the medial geniculate body (C), which then relayed the information on to the auditory cortex via the thalamo-cortical path (e). (nih.gov)
  • The hypothalamus is a key region which possesses reciprocal connections between the higher cortical centres such as reward-related limbic pathways, and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)
  • In studying the brain-stem we have seen that a tract of fibres originating in the cochlear terminal nuclei (in the medulla oblongata) crosses the median plane (corpus trapezoideum) and bends upwards in the lateral lemniscus of the other side (Fig. 580) to end in the medial geniculate body of the metathalamus. (co.ma)
  • The medulla oblongata contains nuclei that control many basic functions, including the cardiac center, the vasomotor center, the respiratory centers, and many other involuntary functions such as swallowing, coughing, salivating, sweating, and gastrointestinal secretion. (lumenlearning.com)
  • The amygdaloid body is also known as the amygdaloid nucleus. (healthline.com)
  • Tail communicates with the amygdaloid nucleus (influences movement, endocrine and feeding functions). (rahulgladwin.com)
  • In addition to local paracrine actions and peripheral endocrine effects mediated through the bloodstream, gut hormones play a pivotal role relaying information on nutritional status to important appetite controlling centres within the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hypothalamus and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)
  • Maximum volume loss was observed in the corpus medullare ( d max =0.49) and posterior lobe grey matter regions, including bilateral lobules VIIB ( d max = 0.47), Crus I/II ( d max = 0.39), VIIIA ( d max =0.45) and VIIIB ( d max =0.40). (bvsalud.org)
  • Across all epilepsies (vs. controls) robust changes in the corpus medullare and posterior lobe "non-motor" regions were observed, with maximal differences in bilateral VIIB and Crus II lobules. (bvsalud.org)
  • while less αSyn is found in the more caudal regions, such as brainstem and spinal cord. (biorxiv.org)
  • Each part contains groups of nuclei that function as relay centers for sensory Sensory Neurons which conduct nerve impulses to the central nervous system. (lecturio.com)
  • Polyglutamine expansion =} Huntington accumulates in nucleus and cytoplasm =} cytoplasmic Huntington aggregates in axonal terminals, neuronal loss and gliosis. (neuroradiologycases.com)
  • The caudate nuclei are specifically thought to process and transmit cognitive information that influences the initiation of complex motor activities. (suffernomore.com)
  • 6,7 ) and transgenic mice expressing human prion protein unilateral degeneration of the striatum. (cdc.gov)
  • Differential gene expression in the striatum of mice with very low expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 gene. (neurotree.org)
  • PrP) ( 8,9 ) suggests that the rare and putatively sporadic stopped 15 days after onset, suggesting damage to the form of L-BSE ( 10 ) presents a higher risk than classical contralateral striatum. (cdc.gov)
  • Finally, a radiofrequency (RF) pulse is played to kick the nuclei to higher magnetization levels, with the effect now depending on where they are located. (theinfolist.com)
  • While wakefulness is associated with functional brainstem neurons i.e. the reticular system projecting to both thalamic and cortical neurons, awareness is mostly related to the functional integrity of the thalamus, cerebral cortex, and their c- onnections1-4. (readkong.com)
  • The descending fibers in the spinal tract of the trigeminal terminating in the nucleus of the tract probably establish relations through connecting neurons with motor nuclei in the anterior column of the spinal cord and with motor nuclei of the medulla. (bartleby.com)
  • In-situ hybridization with emulsion autoradiography demonstrated MHC class I mRNA in distinct pyramidal neurons of cortex and hippocampus, in granule neurons of the dentate gyrus, in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra and in motor neurons of nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • Terminals in the nucleus Ruber appear to come from tectal neurons in the SFGS labeled by isthmic injections. (brainmaps.org)
  • The 68-year-old presymptomatic L315R carrier (FTLD-CDR = 0) had limited tau burden morphologically similar to L315R end-stage carriers in middle frontal, antero-inferior temporal, amygdala, (para-)hippocampus and striatum, along with age-related Alzheimer's disease neuropathological change. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The volumes of related subcortical structures, namely the caudate, the hippocampus as well as the amygdala, were significantly increased 1 and 7 years after DBS, while the putamen and nucleus accumbens presented with volume increase. (readkong.com)
  • Interestingly, in marmoset monkeys that were immunosuppressed with FK506 (tacrolimus), expression of neuronal MHC class I proteins, which could be detected with MRC-Ox18, was either very low (neocortex, nucleus Ruber , substantia nigra) or absent (hippocampus). (brainmaps.org)
  • substantia nigra - a dark nucleus located in the mesencephalon . (wikilectures.eu)
  • Using in-situ hybridization, we found strong expression of MHC class I transcripts in neocortex, hippocampal formation, substantia nigra and nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • The correct anatomic position of the electrode tip could be indirectly assessed thanks to the topographic relationship of the STN with the hyperechogenic substantia nigra and the nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • We report on a patient presenting features of VP associated with an intracerebral lesion not ascribed to VP to date, namely an isolated ischaemic focal lesion located in the left cerebral peduncle between the substantia nigra and nucleus Ruber as evidenced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (brainmaps.org)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first case of clinically manifest VP to be described with a single lesion in the contralateral cerebral peduncle between the substantia nigra and nucleus Ruber , and suggests alternative intracerebral patterns for the distribution of disease-causing lesions in VP, and possibly new pathophysiological explanations for the nature of this disease. (brainmaps.org)
  • Dopamine (DA) release in the dorsal and ventral striatum plays key roles in action selection and motivation, and is dysregulated in diverse disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD) and addictions. (nature.com)
  • Collaterals from the posterior longitudinal bundle and the ventral longitudinal bundle are said to pass to the nucleus. (bartleby.com)
  • Its axons arise from cells in the hypoglossal nucleus and pass forward between the white reticular formation and the gray reticular formation to emerge from the antero-lateral sulcus of the medulla. (bartleby.com)
  • After tracer injections into the inferior olive, labeled somata were observed bilaterally in the pretectum, nucleus Ruber , principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, descending trigeminal nucleus, inferior reticular formation, and cerebellar valvula. (brainmaps.org)
  • Basal ganglia ( nuclei basales ) are part of the gray matter of the endbrain outside the thalamus , immersed in the white matter of the brain. (wikilectures.eu)
  • Morphologically, the basal ganglia primarily include large nuclei in the basal part of the telencephalon . (wikilectures.eu)
  • Developmentally, the corpus amygdaloideum also belongs to the basal ganglia, which, however, from a functional point of view is more closely related to the limbic system. (wikilectures.eu)
  • Based on which cortical area the stimuli come to the basal ganglia circuit, which nuclei are used as input and output, and which functional cortical area the projection then goes to, we describe the four loops of the basal ganglia . (wikilectures.eu)
  • A few fibers of the cranial part are said to arise in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus and are thus sympathetic efferent. (bartleby.com)
  • 2) The sympathetic afferent fibers are usually described as terminating in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus and glossopharyngeal. (bartleby.com)
  • We reveal that DA release in mouse dorsolateral striatum, but not nucleus accumbens core, is governed by GAT-1 and GAT-3. (nature.com)
  • These GATs are partly localized to astrocytes, and are enriched in dorsolateral striatum compared to accumbens core. (nature.com)
  • Here we reveal firstly that GAT-1 and GAT-3 strongly regulate striatal DA release in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) but not in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), by limiting tonic inhibition arising from striatal ambient GABA. (nature.com)
  • Quantitative analysis of the corticorubral fibers distribution was performed after point electrolytic destruction of lateral and medial borders of posterior sigmoid gyrus, which are the motor representations of the forelimb and hindlimb areas in the nucleus Ruber of the cat. (brainmaps.org)
  • The caudal portion of the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract ( TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL ), a nucleus involved with pain and temperature sensation. (nih.gov)
  • The hypoglossal nucleus receives either directly or indirectly numerous collaterals and terminals from the opposite pyramidal tract (cortico-bulbar or cerebrobulbar fibers) which convey voluntary motor impulses from the cerebral cortex. (bartleby.com)
  • The cranial part receives indirectly or directly terminals and collaterals from the opposite pyramidal tract and form the terminal sensory nuclei of the cranial nerves. (bartleby.com)
  • 1) The somatic sensory fibers are few in number, convey impulses from a limited area of the skin on the back of the ear and posterior part of the external auditory meatus, and probably join the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve to terminate in its nucleus. (bartleby.com)
  • It was shown that the cortical representation area of the forelimbs projected to the whole rostro - caudal extension of the nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • Number of efferent fibers terminating in rostral border of nucleus Ruber , was almost two times grater than that in the caudal third. (brainmaps.org)
  • The efferent fibers of the hindlimb area were found not to project to the rostral two thirds of nucleus Ruber , and were found to terminate only in its caudal third. (brainmaps.org)
  • The quantity of these projecting corticorubral fibers is equal to that projecting from cortical representation of the forelimbs to caudal third of nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • Extracortical pathways - smlead to the brainstem to the structures from which the extrapyramidal pathways descend (tectum, nc. (wikilectures.eu)
  • they modulate the activity of the corpus striatum and direct/indirect pathways via dopamine - pars compacta substantiae nigrae. (wikilectures.eu)
  • The cranial part arises from the nucleus ambiguus, the continuation in the medulla oblongata of the lateral cell groups of the anterior column of the spinal cord from which the spinal part has origin. (bartleby.com)
  • The upper part of the nucleus ambiguus gives motor fibers to the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. (bartleby.com)
  • The nucleus of origin of the spinal part undoubtedly receives either directly or indirectly terminals and collaterals controlling voluntary movements from the pyramidal tracts. (bartleby.com)
  • PrP) ( 8,9 ) suggests that the rare and putatively sporadic stopped 15 days after onset, suggesting damage to the form of L-BSE ( 10 ) presents a higher risk than classical contralateral striatum. (cdc.gov)
  • Principal sensory trigeminal and valvular afferents exhibited a clear contralateral preponderance, while afferents from the nucleus Ruber were predominantly ipsilateral. (brainmaps.org)
  • The hypoglossal nuclei of the two sides are connected by many commissural fibers and also by dendrites of motor cells which extend across the midline to the opposite nucleus. (bartleby.com)
  • Labeled terminals were seen in the ipsilateral nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars parvocellularis (PSp), optic tectum, and bilateral nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • It is probable that terminals and collaterals reach the nucleus either directly or indirectly from the rubrospinal and the vestibulospinal tracts. (bartleby.com)
  • Some authors, however, believe they join the tractus solitarius and terminate in its nucleus. (bartleby.com)
  • The name is derived from the stripes ( striae ) of gray matter that connect these two nuclei through the white matter of the capsula interna . (wikilectures.eu)
  • Thus the nucleus isthmi has reciprocal fiber connections with the ipsilateral optic tectum, receives projections from the ipsilateral nucleus Ruber , and projects to the ipsilateral PSp. (brainmaps.org)
  • These data define previously unappreciated and important roles for GATs and astrocytes in supporting DA release in striatum, and reveal a maladaptive plasticity in early parkinsonism that impairs DA output in vulnerable striatal regions. (nature.com)
  • 6,7 ) and transgenic mice expressing human prion protein unilateral degeneration of the striatum. (cdc.gov)
  • Injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or biocytin to the carp nucleus isthmi labeled cells in the ipsilateral optic tectum and nucleus Ruber of Goldstein [ 1905]. (brainmaps.org)
  • In addition, the present study revealed a previously unknown afferent from the nucleus Ruber to the percomorph nucleus isthmi. (brainmaps.org)