Brains or brain. Medical search. Frequent questions

Researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health have demonstrated the use of stem-cell-derived "mini-brains" to detect harmful side effects of a common drug on the developing brain. (scienceblog.com)
Mini-brains are miniature human brain models, developed with human cells and barely visible to the human eye, whose cellular mechanisms mimic those of the developing human brain. (scienceblog.com)
The scientists, who will publish their findings on February 21 in Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience , used the mini-brains to determine that the common antidepressant paroxetine suppresses the growth of synapses, or connection points between neurons, and leads to significant decreases in an important support-cell population. (scienceblog.com)
The study authors say that the findings suggest that lab-grown mini-brains, which they call BrainSpheres, are a good alternative to traditional animal testing. (scienceblog.com)
Hartung and colleagues developed the mini-brains to model early brain development. (scienceblog.com)
The mini-brains form a rudimentary brain-like organization over a period of a few months. (scienceblog.com)
In contrast, toxicity testing using mini-brains costs only a few thousand dollars. (scienceblog.com)
In the new study, the scientists used mini-brains to test for neurodevelopmental effects of paroxetine. (scienceblog.com)
The research team exposed mini-brains to two different concentrations of paroxetine over eight weeks as the clumps of tissue developed. (scienceblog.com)
In the experiments, the researchers also used two different sets of mini-brains, each derived from a different stem cell. (scienceblog.com)
Finally, the researchers noted that paroxetine-exposed mini-brains developed with up to 75 percent fewer oligodendrocytes, the support cells that are crucial for the proper "wiring" of the brain, than controls. (scienceblog.com)
The study also shows the broader potential of mini-brains-based testing to detect adverse effects of drugs on the developing brain. (scienceblog.com)
In this report, we were able to show that testing with mini-brains can reveal relatively subtle neurodevelopmental effects, not just obvious effects, of a chemical," Hartung says. (scienceblog.com)

Researchers at Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore (Duke-NUS) have found evidence that the less older adults sleep, the faster their brains age. (eurekalert.org)
To start finding out, Stanford University researchers first peeked into the brains of 28 children as they solved a series of simple addition problems inside a brain-scanning MRI machine. (abc15.com)
Researchers produced pluripotent stem cells from the fibroblast cells in the brain lining of human corpses. (livescience.com)
The researchers found fibroblasts taken from the brain lining, or dura mater, were 16 times more likely to grow successfully than those from the scalp. (livescience.com)
Cadavers can provide brain, heart and other tissues for study that researchers cannot safely obtain from living people. (livescience.com)
Recent advances in microscopic imaging by researchers from Japan have led to the exciting discovery of a small group of brain cells that control stress-induced responses. (eurekalert.org)
In a study published this month in Science Advances , researchers from Osaka University discovered a small group of brain cells in the claustrum of mice that controls stress-induced anxiety behaviors. (eurekalert.org)
Advanced tools of 'multi-omics' technology allow researchers to identify species in the human gut and analyze the bacterial genes and protein products that affect our brain health. (washington.edu)

These organoids resemble miniature human brains , in that their structure and function is similar to that of the full-size organ. (livescience.com)

Reprogrammed cells could then develop into a multitude of cell types, including the neurons found in the brain and spinal cord. (livescience.com)
The first person with spinal cord paralysis to receive a brain implant that allowed him to control a computer cursor was Matthew Nagle. (theverge.com)
In a subset of affected children, valproic acid exposure can also cause birth defects beyond the brain, including heart malformations and spina bifida, where part of the spinal column doesn't form properly and thus leaves the spinal cord exposed. (livescience.com)
This upset seems to occur around the time that the "neural tube" - a hollow tube of tissue that later becomes the brain and spinal cord - forms and closes. (livescience.com)

Right now, even these new technologies that may have profound effects on our brains do not have the degree of oversight that drugs do. (technologyreview.com)
A new study has discovered profound abnormalities in brain activity in a group of retired American football players. (medicalnewstoday.com)

2) Data collected by Lumosity, an online brain-training program, suggests that self-reported sleep duration of seven hours is associated with the best cognitive test scores in over 150,000 adults. (eurekalert.org)
No matter your age or skill level, Lumosity knows that all brains are different, and our program adapts to your unique strengths and weaknesses. (lumosity.com)
Lumos Labs conducted a randomized study of Lumosity brain training and published the results in a peer-reviewed research journal. (lumosity.com)

Neuroscientists and engineers are developing technologies that allow the brain to interact directly with computers, from chips that could enable amputees to control prosthetic limbs to devices designed to enhance brain function. (technologyreview.com)

This leads to poor oxygen supply or cerebral hypoxia and thus leads to the death of brain tissue or cerebral infarction/ischemic stroke. (wikipedia.org)
and global ischemia, which encompasses wide areas of brain tissue. (wikipedia.org)
First-of-its-kind research shows promise for developing a method of clearly identifying cancerous tissue during surgery on one of the most common and deadliest types of brain tumor. (sciencedaily.com)
When expanded upon by further research, the findings offer the potential of improved outcome for those undergoing surgery to remove glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a tumor that attacks tissue around nerve cells in the brain. (sciencedaily.com)
Even with intensive treatment, including surgical removal of as much cancerous tissue as is currently possible combined with radiation and chemotherapy, the prognosis for GBM patients remains dismal," says Steven N. Kalkanis, M.D., a neurosurgeon and co-director Henry Ford's Hermelin Brain Tumor Center. (sciencedaily.com)
While some tumors have clearly defined edges, or margins, that differentiate it from normal brain tissue, GBM margins are diffuse, blending into healthy tissue. (sciencedaily.com)
The Henry Ford team set out to develop a highly accurate, efficient and inexpensive tool to distinguish normal brain tissue from both GBM and necrotic (dead) tissue rapidly, in real time, in the operating room. (sciencedaily.com)
Using 40 frozen sections of GBM-riddled brain tissue, the Henry Ford team aimed to develop a database of normal brain matter, GBM and necrotic tissue as identified by Raman spectroscopy, as well as a statistical analysis algorithm for providing rapid diagnosis of tumor margins during brain surgery. (sciencedaily.com)
Normal brain tissue was found to have increased lipid content, necrotic tissue had increased protein and nucleic acid content, and GMB tissue fell somewhere in between the two. (sciencedaily.com)
Frozen artifact can make it more difficult to visually identify normal brain matter and cancerous tissue, and also changes the basic molecular structure of the tissue. (sciencedaily.com)
The tiny clumps of brain tissue are made by taking cells from adult humans, often from their skin, and transforming them into stem cells, and then biochemically nudging the stem cells to develop into young brain cells. (scienceblog.com)

Now scientists have put youngsters into brain scanners to find out why, and watched how the brain reorganizes itself as kids learn math. (abc15.com)
Scientists recorded how quickly they responded and what regions of their brain became active as they did. (abc15.com)
Organized the first series of meetings on the topic in 1999 and 2000, bringing together leading brain scientists such as Steven Pinker, Steven Hyman, and Michael Gazzaniga. (technologyreview.com)
Now scientists have harvested such cells from the scalps and brain linings of human corpses and reprogrammed them into stem cells. (livescience.com)
Now scientists have taken fibroblasts from the scalps and the brain linings of 146 human brain donors and grown induced pluripotent stem cells from them as well. (livescience.com)
Our scientists take tasks from the lab and adapt them into easy-to-learn brain games. (lumosity.com)

Though faster brain ventricle enlargement is a marker for cognitive decline and the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, the effects of sleep on this marker have never been measured. (eurekalert.org)
Participants underwent structural MRI brain scans measuring brain volume and neuropsychological assessments testing cognitive function every two years. (eurekalert.org)
In coming years we hope to determine what's good for cardio-metabolic and long term brain health too," added Professor Michael Chee, senior author and Director of the Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience at Duke-NUS. (eurekalert.org)
This study is one of the few in Asia that tracks the brain structures and cognitive functions of older adults so closely. (eurekalert.org)
The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions: higher-order brain activity that regulates other cognitive processes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The results tell us something very interesting about the human brain, which is that after damage, it can work harder and bring extra areas on line in order to cope with cognitive tasks. (medicalnewstoday.com)
By forcing key stem cells cells into this state, called senescence, valproic acid may disrupt brain development in the womb and therefore cause cognitive and developmental disorders down the line, according to the study, published Tuesday (June 14) in the journal PLOS Biology . (livescience.com)

A company called Cyberkinetics received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in April for a clinical trial of a brain implant designed to allow paralyzed patients to interact with a PC. (technologyreview.com)

Our findings relate short sleep to a marker of brain aging," said Dr June Lo, the lead author and a Duke-NUS Research Fellow. (eurekalert.org)
The new findings are likely to heighten concerns about the effects of this drug, and others in its class, on the developing brain. (scienceblog.com)

Similar to cerebral hypoxia, severe or prolonged brain ischemia will result in unconsciousness, brain damage or death, mediated by the ischemic cascade. (wikipedia.org)

The authors suggest that the unique microbiome of people with Alzheimer's disease could be contributing to the progression of their disease, through the gut-brain axis. (washington.edu)

Although the former players in the study were not diagnosed with any neurological condition, brain imaging tests revealed unusual activity that correlated with how many times they had left the field with a head injury during their careers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Brain imaging results could be useful to retired players who are negotiating compensation for neurological problems that may be related to their careers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The 2018 Symposium on Brains & Behavior: Order & Disorder in the Nervous System explores the tremendous recent progress in neuroscience and technologies and how these advances may be used to improve brain health and address psychiatric and neurological disorders. (cshlpress.com)

These markers of senescence specifically appeared in exposed neuroepithelial cells, a type of stem cell that later produces brain cells. (livescience.com)

While the digestive tract and the brain feel far apart in your body, they are actually connected via a 24/7 direct line of biochemical communication, set up by special nerve cells and immune pathways. (washington.edu)

The Duke-NUS study examined the data of 66 older Chinese adults, from the Singapore-Longitudinal Aging Brain Study(1). (eurekalert.org)
1) The Singapore-Longitudinal Aging Brain Study (started in 2005) follows a cohort of healthy adults of Chinese ethnicity aged 55 years and above. (eurekalert.org)
The NFL alumni showed some of the most pronounced abnormalities in brain activity that I have ever seen, and I have processed a lot of patient data sets in the past,' said Dr Adam Hampshire, lead author of the study, from the Department of Medicine at Imperial College London. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Sickle cell anemia may cause brain ischemia associated with the irregularly shaped blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
Sickle shaped blood cells clot more easily than normal blood cells, impeding blood flow to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
We were able to culture living cells from deceased individuals on a larger scale than ever done before," researcher Thomas Hyde, a neuroscientist, neurologist and chief operating officer at the Lieber Institute for Brain Development in Baltimore, told LiveScience. (livescience.com)
Because they are made of human cells, they may be more likely to predict effects on the human brain-and because they can be mass-produced in the lab, they are much cheaper to work with than animals. (scienceblog.com)

Bioethicist Paul Wolpe explores the implications of wiring computers to the human brain. (technologyreview.com)

Brain-computer interfaces. (technologyreview.com)
But in terms of what most people mean by brain-computer interfaces, there's a lot of work being done to create noninvasive BCIs by putting electrodes on people's scalps or having them wear these caps that are infiltrated with sensors. (technologyreview.com)
Elon Musk's Neuralink, the secretive company developing brain-machine interfaces, showed off some of the technology it has been developing to the public for the first time. (theverge.com)
The first big advance is flexible "threads," which are less likely to damage the brain than the materials currently used in brain-machine interfaces. (theverge.com)

Other effects that may result from brain ischemia are stroke, cardiorespiratory arrest, and irreversible brain damage. (wikipedia.org)

More strikingly, the scans showed unusual patterns of brain activity in the frontal lobe. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Using the FAST technique, the team collected whole-brain images of control mice and mice exposed to these stressful conditions. (eurekalert.org)
The neural tubes of these exposed embryos often failed to close, and later in development, the fetal mice also grew unusually small heads and brains. (livescience.com)

For instance, the medication changes the levels of certain chemical messengers in the brain and alters which genes can be switched on in a cell at any given time. (livescience.com)

image: Activation of the claustrum, identified as a reliable marker of the stressed brain, controls stress-induced anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors. (eurekalert.org)
Of the 22 brain regions studied, the claustrum was identified as a key region that differentiated stressed brains from non-stressed brains: "A combined approach using brain activation mapping and machine learning showed that the claustrum activation serves as a reliable marker of exposure to acute stressors," say lead authors Misaki Niu and Atsushi Kasai. (eurekalert.org)

During a Q&A at the end of the presentation, Musk revealed results that the rest of the team hadn't realized he would: "A monkey has been able to control a computer with its brain. (theverge.com)

The center embryo has microcephaly (a small head) and the one on the far right has exencephaly (where part of the brain is exposed). (livescience.com)

Implants for people who have locked-in syndrome - so they can't communicate with the outside world - are being tested right now and allow the subjects to directly translate brain impulses into computer responses, such that they can move a cursor around a screen and choose phrases, simply through thought. (technologyreview.com)

Accordingly, this discovery raised the possibility of intervening after brain ischemia before the damage becomes irreversible. (wikipedia.org)

As of now it is unknown if this amount of sleep is optimum for cardio metabolic and long-term brain health. (eurekalert.org)
It would be churlish to say, Let's not allow this person to communicate because we're not sure what the long-term effect is of putting electrodes in his brain. (technologyreview.com)
That's a problem for long-term functionality: the brain shifts in the skull but the needles of the array don't, leading to damage. (theverge.com)

In particular, they can reveal drugs and other chemicals that are harmful to young brains. (scienceblog.com)

Since then, paralyzed people with brain implants have also brought objects into focus and moved robotic arms in labs, as part of scientific research. (theverge.com)

Exercise memory, flexibility, and more with the world's most popular brain training program. (lumosity.com)

Untreated heart attacks may slow blood flow enough that blood may start to clot and prevent the flow of blood to the brain or other major organs. (wikipedia.org)
It's not going to be suddenly Neuralink will have this neural lace and start taking over people's brains," Musk said. (theverge.com)

The symptoms of brain ischemia reflect the anatomical region undergoing blood and oxygen deprivation. (wikipedia.org)

An interruption of blood flow to the brain for more than 10 seconds causes unconsciousness, and an interruption in flow for more than a few minutes generally results in irreversible brain damage. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Other pathological events that may result in brain ischemia include cardiorespiratory arrest, stroke, and severe irreversible brain damage. (wikipedia.org)

Individuals with sickle cell anemia, compressed blood vessels, ventricular tachycardia, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood clots, extremely low blood pressure as a result of heart attack, and congenital heart defects have a higher predisposition to brain ischemia in comparison to the average population. (wikipedia.org)
In a separate session, they also tested the kids face to face, watching if they moved their lips or counted on their fingers, for comparison with the brain data. (abc15.com)

The causes of brain ischemia vary from sickle cell anemia to congenital heart defects. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] A heart attack can also cause brain ischemia due to the correlation that exists between heart attack and low blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Congenital heart defects may also cause brain ischemia due to the lack of appropriate artery formation and connection. (wikipedia.org)

The goal is a system that could retrieve much more detailed and specific information from the brain so that people could do sophisticated kinds of work through thought alone. (technologyreview.com)

In other words, over time the brain became increasingly efficient at retrieving facts. (abc15.com)

Their brain activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they did the test. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Brain ischemia is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the brain to meet metabolic demand. (wikipedia.org)

We know there's something down there, and we finally have the technology to help us see who's actually there and how they are influencing our bodies and brains. (washington.edu)
But the real brains behind Barrow Brainbook belong to Arizona State University educational technology doctoral student Robert Christopherson. (azbigmedia.com)

If your brain doesn't have to work as hard on simple math, it has more working memory free to process the teacher's brand-new lesson on more complex math. (abc15.com)

The main symptoms of brain ischemia involve impairments in vision, body movement, and speaking. (wikipedia.org)

As the kids got older, their answers relied more on memory and became faster and more accurate, and it showed in the brain. (abc15.com)

citation needed] Compression of blood vessels may also lead to brain ischemia, by blocking the arteries that carry oxygen to the brain. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy56

Organisms14

Diseases35

Chemicals and Drugs40

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment51

Psychiatry and Psychology17

Phenomena and Processes41

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Humanities1

Information Science9

Named Groups1

Health Care7

Mini-brains13

Researchers8

Miniature human1

Spinal cord4

Profound2

Lumosity3

Neuroscientists1

Tissue11

Scientists6

Cognitive7

Implant1

Findings2

Cerebral1

Disease1

Neurological3

Stem1

Nerve cells1

Study3

Cells4

Human brain1

Interfaces4

Effects1

Scans1

Mice2

Genes1

Marker2

Team1

Small1

Responses1

Possibility1

Long term3

Drugs1

Research1

Program1

Start2

Region1

Damage2

Comparison2

Heart3

Specific1

Time1

Activity1

Condition1

Technology2

Work1

Main1

Faster1

Lead1