Brains olfactory pathways. Medical search. Frequent questions

The main olfactory system originates from the olfactory mucosa and projects to the main olfactory bulb (MOB), while the VNO, described by Jacobson in 1813 ( Trotier and Doving, 1998 ) projects to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB, see Figure 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
(C) A horizontal section through the main and accessory olfactory bulb. (frontiersin.org)
The arrows indicate the projections from the MOE to the main olfactory bulb (right) and from the VNO to the AOB (left). (frontiersin.org)
We assessed olfactory bulb (OB) volume with magnetic resonance imaging in 67 healthy participants with a body mass index (BMI) from 18.9 to 45.4 kg/m 2 (mean = 28.58 ± 6.64). (frontiersin.org)
Nanoparticles of sufficiently small size could be transported via axonal pathway through the olfactory bulb into the olfactory cortex and from there to the caudal pole of the cerebral hemisphere, cerebrum and the cerebellum. (yissum.co.il)
Latvian researchers studied autopsy material from the olfactory bulb and tract region of the brain in controls as well as patients with HHV-6 associated encephalopathy. (hhv-6foundation.org)
The team, led by Modra Murovska from the Riga Stradins University, determined that HHV-6 viral loads in olfactory bulb tissue samples from autopsies of 20 patients with unspecified encephalopathy were significantly higher than in 17 age-matched controls or 16 younger controls. (hhv-6foundation.org)
Inhibition generated by granule cells, the most common GABAergic cell type in the olfactory bulb, plays a critical role in shaping the output of the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
The convergence of two types of excitatory inputs onto GABAergic granule cells provides a novel mechanism for regulating the degree of interglomerular processing of sensory input in the olfactory bulb through piriform cortex/olfactory bulb synaptic interactions. (jneurosci.org)
In the olfactory bulb (OB), locally generated inhibitory synaptic interactions play a central role in shaping mitral and tufted cell responses to sensory stimuli ( Hamilton and Kauer, 1985 , 1989 ). (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that the proximal excitatory inputs to granule cells may play an important role in gating recurrent and lateral dendrodendritic inhibition (DDI) in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
Using the Cre-LoxP system, the mTOR gene was specifically knocked out in cells expressing Vip (vasoactive intestinal peptide), which represent a major population of interneurons widely distributed in the neocortex, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), olfactory bulb (OB), and other brain regions. (concordia.ca)
When a pregnant mother first smells her baby's scent through the placenta, the olfactory epithelium generates a hormone which, in turn, induces the olfactory bulb in the infant's developing brain to respond in a specific way. (indexofsciences.com)
tein, and neuronal cell adhesion molecule mRNA were also increased in olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)
right nostril occluded for a 2-day exposure, Mn accumulated only in the left olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)
To get sciencey, you have an olfactory bulb that goes from your nose to the base of your brain, where your amygdala and hippocampus are located. (snif.co)
Think of the olfactory bulb as a pathway from the outside world straight to your emotions and memories. (snif.co)

Intranasal drug delivery is one of the important delivery options for brain targeting, as the brain and nose compartments are connected to each other via the olfactory/trigeminal route and via peripheral circulation. (benthamscience.com)
Many patents have been filed in recent past, claiming enhanced delivery of intranasally administered therapeutics to the brain via olfactory/trigeminal neural pathways, use of novel devices for targeted delivery to olfactory region etc. (benthamscience.com)
Although the mechanism of drug transport from the nose to the brain is not entirely known, it is thought that numerous neural pathways including the olfactory and trigeminal, are involved. (ijndd.in)

In a healthy brain, alpha-synuclein plays a number of important roles in neurons (nerve cells) in the brain, especially at synapses, where brain cells communicate with each other. (nih.gov)
Scent stimuli are transmitted to the olfactory brain via nerve pathways. (the-writing-yogini.com)
Dr. Stanley Deresinski, an infectious diseases physician and Stanford University clinical professor, tells Yahoo, "Infection occurs through the nose during underwater swimming, and the organism then tracks along the olfactory nerve pathways to invade the central nervous system. (mapstyling.com)
Head anatomy with olfactory nerve. (medscape.com)
Nerve fibers of the PNS are classified according to their involvement in motor or sensory, somatic or visceral pathways. (medscape.com)

Researchers discover as much as 30% of the larger array of human olfactory receptors differ between individuals. (neurosciencenews.com)
Researchers report that in the future, olfactory receptors could serve as a target for liver cancer diagnosis and treatments. (neurosciencenews.com)
A pheromone released by female zebrafish is sensed by the olfactory receptors of males, a new study reports. (neurosciencenews.com)
Our results show that stimulation of the sensory receptors on the proboscis and/or ingestion of the sucrose reward during appetitive olfactory conditioning are necessary for long-term memory formation. (silverchair.com)
These are equipped with olfactory sensory cells, which have receptors for about 350 different odorants. (the-writing-yogini.com)
The discovery of olfactory receptors (ORs) and the recent improvement achieved in their functional expression has opened the way for new applications for the F&F industry. (perfumerflavorist.com)
Do-Quyen Pham ('06), working with Nancy Kolodny in the Chemistry Department, is using MRI techniques to examine the response of the olfactory pathway after (1) stimulation of the olfactory sensory receptors with taurine, and (2) ablation of the antennule containing these receptors. (wellesley.edu)
It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)

Odor stimulated mTOR activation in the OB, anterior olfactory nucleus, as well as piriform cortex. (concordia.ca)

We aimed to compare the resting-state structural and functional connectivity (FC) of olfactory neural pathways in patients with nIHH and KS. (researchsquare.com)
On this basis, we explored the olfactory neural pathways through both rsFC and DTI to examine the olfactory processing mechanism of IHH patients. (researchsquare.com)
To this end, a technological effort is required to develop neural network models which can be fed with the recorded electrophysiological patterns to yield the correct brain stimulation to recover the desired functions. (unige.it)
Neuroscents is an up-and-coming trend in aromatherapy that uses fragrance to activate neural pathways in the brain to elicit a specific emotional benefit. (perfumerflavorist.com)
Jane Rodgers ('06), working with Nancy Kolodny in the Chemistry Department, is using MRI techniques to test whether manganese can be utilized as a neural activity marker in the crayfish brain. (wellesley.edu)
In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)

We first experimentally characterized the neuronal pathway by delivering different sets of electrical stimuli from the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and by recording the corresponding responses in the lateral entorhinal cortex (l-ERC). (unige.it)
Likewise, in the AD brain damaged neurons and neurites and highly insoluble amyloid beta peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles provide obvious stimuli for inflammation. (scienceopen.com)

Exposure to ultrafine particles from traffic alters the expression of many genes in human olfactory mucosa cells, a new study shows. (sciencedaily.com)
The study is the first to combine an analysis of emissions from different diesel fuels and exhaust after-treatment systems with an examination of their effects in a human-derived cell model of the olfactory mucosa. (sciencedaily.com)
The study, led by the University of Eastern Finland, is the first to combine an analysis of emissions from different diesel fuels and exhaust after-treatment systems with an examination of their effects in a human-derived cell model of the olfactory mucosa. (sciencedaily.com)
The human olfactory mucosa is a tissue directly exposed to the environment and in direct contact with the brain. (sciencedaily.com)
The study explored molecular-level changes occurring in human olfactory mucosa cells when exposed to different emissions derived from traffic. (sciencedaily.com)
The olfactory mucosa cells used in the study were obtained from voluntary donors, collected in collaboration with Kuopio University Hospital. (sciencedaily.com)
Exposure to ultrafine particles altered human olfactory mucosa cell function, and different fuels and engines caused different adverse effects. (sciencedaily.com)
Exposure to emissions from both renewable and fossil diesel significantly altered the expression of genes associated with inflammatory response, xenobiotic metabolism, olfactory signalling and olfactory mucosa integrity. (sciencedaily.com)
The findings back earlier studies suggesting that PAHs may disturb the inflammatory response and xenobiotic metabolism in human olfactory mucosa cells, and that ultrafine particles may mediate adverse effects to the brain via the olfactory pathway. (sciencedaily.com)
The study offers important insight into the adverse effects of ultrafine particles in a human-derived cell model of the olfactory mucosa, providing a basis for possible measures to mitigate and prevent toxicological hazards. (sciencedaily.com)
Various models have been designed and studied by scientists to establish the qualitative and quantitative transport through nasal mucosa to brain. (benthamscience.com)
Atomized nasal medications absorb directly into the brain and CSF via olfactory mucosa to nose-brain pathway. (envihs.com)

In LBD, alpha-synuclein forms into clumps inside neurons, starting in particular regions of the brain. (nih.gov)
In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
Less is known regarding its function in postmitotic neurons in the adult brain. (concordia.ca)
Odor-evoked c-Fos responses along the olfactory pathway were abolished in mice lacking mTOR in VIP neurons, which is consistent with reduced olfactory sensitivity in these animals. (concordia.ca)
New neurons are born throughout life in the brains of many organisms, including humans. (wellesley.edu)
Our current work asks how environmental signals influence electrical and chemical signals in the brain, thereby altering the production or differentiation of new neurons. (wellesley.edu)
We also have identified the stem cells that produce the new neurons, and the migratory pathway followed by the newborn cells. (wellesley.edu)
Suzanne Forrest ('06) is examining the influence of strobe light on the rate of neurogenesis and locations of newborn neurons in adult crayfish brain. (wellesley.edu)
In order to explore this possibility, we are testing how organophosphate pesticides influence the birth and differentiation of new neurons, and expect that the crustacean brain will provide a very sensitive assay for the effects of toxic substances in the nervous system. (wellesley.edu)
As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)

Your olfactory bulbs, which record the sense of smell, lie almost on top of your hippocampus. (dummies.com)
The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)

CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the olfactory neuronal pathway is efficient for translocating in the brain. (cdc.gov)

(B) A coronal section of the main olfactory epithelium, dorsal to the upper right. (frontiersin.org)

Moreover, there were significant negative correlations between right UF FA and olfactory cortex FC to both the gyrus rectus and OFC within the nIHH and HC groups. (researchsquare.com)
The results may indicate that a specific structural-functional asymmetry exists in the olfactory cortex pathways in KS patients. (researchsquare.com)
An increasing number of neuroimaging articles on the olfactory system have significantly contributed to the localization of the olfactory cortex. (researchsquare.com)
However, localization of the olfactory cortex has also presented significant challenges to the scientific community. (researchsquare.com)
They found that infection had altered 68, most notably the orbitofrontal cortex had thinned, and diffusion indices rose in five regions of the piriform and olfactory tubercle functional networks. (alzforum.org)
Our findings indicate that gyrencephaly begins to emerge in the echidna brain shortly before birth (crown-rump length 12.5 mm), whereas the cortex of the platypus remains lissencephalic throughout development. (edu.au)
Olfactory pathways bypass the thalamus and go directly to specialized areas of the cortex. (msdmanuals.com)
We identified significant longitudinal effects when comparing the two groups, including: (i) greater reduction in grey matter thickness and tissue-contrast in the orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus, (ii) greater changes in markers of tissue damage in regions functionally-connected to the primary olfactory cortex, and (iii) greater reduction in global brain size. (ox.ac.uk)

The main and accessory olfactory epithelia of the mouse, and their first central targets, the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. (frontiersin.org)
Speaking of smell, over 20 papers show MRI signal abnormalities in the olfactory bulbs of COVID-19 patients with anosmia (loss of smell). (blogspot.com)
A coronal 2-dimensional FLAIR image shows a slight reduction of the hyperintensity and the thickness of the olfactory bulbs [ right side ], suggesting a postinfection olfactory loss. (blogspot.com)
Panel A is a coronal T1-weighted image of a male with KS showing (abnormal) medially oriented olfactory sulci (black arrows) and normal appearing olfactory bulbs (white arrows). (medscape.com)
Panel C is a coronal T1-weighted image of a female with IHH showing normal olfactory bulbs (large arrows) and sulci (small arrows). (medscape.com)
Panel D is a coronal T1-weighted image of a female with KS showing lack of olfactory bulbs with shallow olfactory sulci (arrows). (medscape.com)
Our finding of α-synuclein aggregation in olfactory bulbs of old mice correlates with results from a behavioral study on that mice [2]. (lu.se)

Since a body of literature implies that olfactory perception and function is hampered in obesity, we here investigate neuroanatomical correlates of this phenomenon. (frontiersin.org)
Hence, changes in olfactory perception might be involved in unhealthy eating and potentially lead to weight gain. (frontiersin.org)

Ultrafine particles can reach the brain through the olfactory pathway causing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation leading to neurodegeneration. (cdc.gov)

The lateral horn (LH) of the insect brain is thought to play several important roles in olfaction, including maintaining the sparseness of responses to odors by means of feedforward inhibition, and encoding preferences for innately meaningful odors. (jneurosci.org)
Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)

Since 2016, it has scanned the brains of almost 43,000 volunteers older than 45. (alzforum.org)

[ 3 ] A 2002 study showed that the prevalence of objective olfactory impairment in adults older than 53 years is 24.5% and grows more prevalent with age, reaching 62.5 % in those aged 80-97 years. (medscape.com)

We do not yet understand the central processing pathways in the olfactory system, especially regarding these disorders. (researchsquare.com)
The treatment of brain disorders is the greatest challenge because of a variety of formidable obstacles in effective drug delivery and maintaining therapeutic concentrations in the brain for a prolonged period. (benthamscience.com)

The Smell Identification Test was performed to evaluate olfactory function ( 14 ). (researchsquare.com)
To see what other brain change might explain this, the scientists focused on 297 image-derived phenotypes related to smell. (alzforum.org)
Taste and smell changes during pregnancy may impact maternal brain. (indexofsciences.com)
Pregnant women who have a history of taste and smell problems have heightened metabolic responses in the brain. (indexofsciences.com)
When we see, smell, or even think about food, our brain sends signals to the digestive system, initiating a cascade of physiological responses. (tinykitchendivas.com)
[ 2 , 3 ] Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of the gene encoding FGFR1 have also been described in individuals with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, normal smell sense, and normal MRI of the olfactory system. (medscape.com)

For long-term memory storage, information gradually transitions from the hippocampus - a brain region that serves as a temporary buffer for new memories - to the neocortex. (scienceblog.com)
The researchers began from the knowledge that memories associated with locations on the left side of a person are mostly stored in the right brain hemisphere and vice versa. (scienceblog.com)
With this "one-sided" odor delivery, the researchers were able to reactivate and boost specific memories that were stored in a specific brain hemisphere. (scienceblog.com)
By using the special organization of the olfactory pathways, memories can be manipulated in a local manner on one side of the brain. (scienceblog.com)
Here, we investigate the extent to which a honey bee's ability to assess food quality affected the formation of association with an odor stimulus and the retention of olfactory memories associated with reward. (silverchair.com)
The pathway you use to retrieve a memory has a lot to do with how you learned the information in the","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"You retrieve your long-term memories via multiple pathways. (dummies.com)
r\nOne of the ways that your brain codes memories relates to your emotions at the time the memory was created. (dummies.com)
Candles can create a full sensory experience that triggers olfactory memories (some of your most powerful memories, connected to scent). (snif.co)
Olfactory" can sound pretty complex, but it's actually quite simple - here's a closer look at what olfactory memories are and how they factor into your love for scented candles. (snif.co)

In clinical depression, however, a transition occurs to sensitization of immuno-inflammatory pathways, progressive damage by oxidative and nitrosative stress to lipids, proteins, and DNA, and autoimmune responses directed against self-epitopes. (biomedcentral.com)

Strong evidence of a role for HHV-6 in unspecified encephalopathy came from the ultrastructural changes found via electron microscopy in the olfactory pathways of these patients, but not in any control tissues. (hhv-6foundation.org)
Some require working with a whole animal or at least on olfactory tissues. (perfumerflavorist.com)
SARS-CoV-1 virus was shown to invade the central nervous system and peripheral tissues (13) and COVID-19 might directly invade the brain through the olfactory pathway, as was previously shown in SARS-CoV-1 in mice (14). (brainkey.ai)

Since HHV-6A and HHV-6B can smolder in the brain and other organs without circulating in the peripheral blood or plasma, identifying chronic infection is a challenge. (hhv-6foundation.org)

The mother's brain also responds to this scent, and it sends signals to her other senses to tell her that the baby is now inside her and that he has been born. (indexofsciences.com)

The study has also received funding from the Kuopio Area Respiratory Foundation, the Finnish Brain Foundation, Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation, and Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation. (sciencedaily.com)
The research team was able to demonstrate in mice, that COVID-19 is neuroinvasive and that an infection in the brain, rather than a respiratory infection, is associated with mortality. (brainkey.ai)

There are olfactory mucous membranes on both sides of the nasal septum. (the-writing-yogini.com)
Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)

we can speculate that SARS-CoV-2 might invade the brain through the olfactory pathway and cause an olfactory dysfunction of sensorineural origin. (blogspot.com)

A better understanding in terms of properties of the drug candidate, nose to brain transport mechanism, and transport to and within the brain is of utmost importance. (benthamscience.com)

Inflammation clearly occurs in pathologically vulnerable regions of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, and it does so with the full complexity of local peripheral inflammatory responses. (scienceopen.com)

Moreover, we obtained psychophysiological data on olfactory ability (Sniffin' Sticks, Food associated odor test) and self-report measurements on eating behavior. (frontiersin.org)
Stowers researchers present a new model for how the brain is organized to process odor information. (neurosciencenews.com)
Finally, to test whether the act of feeding on a reward containing sucrose during conditioning affected olfactory memory formation, we conditioned honey bees to associate an odor with antennal stimulation with sucrose followed by feeding on a water droplet. (silverchair.com)

9. Banko JL, Hou L, Poulin F, Sonenberg N, Klann E (2006) Regulation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E by converging signaling pathways during metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression. (concordia.ca)

Of the five with the most robust correlation, whole brain volume shrank slightly more in COVID cases compared to controls, cerebrospinal fluid volume increased, and the lateral ventricles widened. (alzforum.org)
The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)

In northern California and southern Oregon, we diagnosed 10 cases of olfactory tract/frontal lobe brain tumors in free-ranging raccoons during March 2010-May 2012. (cdc.gov)
The tract-tracing dye DiI is used to trace projections from regions in the crayfish brain. (wellesley.edu)

The olfactory system has been found to mediate the effects of environmental pollutants on the brain, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of brain diseases. (sciencedaily.com)

The accessory olfactory system is present in most tetrapods. (frontiersin.org)
The accessory olfactory system may complement the main olfactory system and may contribute different perceptual features to the construction of a unitary representation, which merges the different chemosensory qualities. (frontiersin.org)
The accessory olfactory system may differ in morphology even in closely related species, most probably in relation to functional specialization (for a review, see Salazar and Quinteiro, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)
The first functional investigation of the accessory olfactory system pointed to a general chemosensation role. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, intranasally delivered OXT may cause some of its central effects by stimulating the endogenous OXT system, which secretes OXT into the peripheral circulation but also distributes it within the brain - via targeted synaptic/dendritic release as well as less targeted long-distance diffusion from hypothalamic release sites 2 . (nature.com)
However, we do not yet fully understand the olfactory system processing pathways in IHH patients. (researchsquare.com)
Thus, the olfactory system came into focus as an important contributor to unintentional weight gain. (frontiersin.org)
On this notion, it has been shown that individuals with obesity show several alterations in the olfactory system. (frontiersin.org)
A new non-invasive biodegradable neuropeptide nanoparticulate system for a brain delivery of peptides via nasal spray to the olfactory tissue. (yissum.co.il)
In this paper we present a machine learning approach to derive the input-output function of the olfactory-limbic pathway in the in vitro whole brain of guinea pig, less complex and more controllable than an in vivo system. (unige.it)
the nose offers an opportunity to deliver drugs directly to the brain or central nervous system (CNS) via the olfactory pathway. (bvsalud.org)
One of the key players in the cephalic effect is the nervous system, which comprises the brain and the peripheral nerves. (tinykitchendivas.com)
Intranasal administration has demonstrated the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver medications to the central nervous system (CNS) more quickly and extensively than other common routes. (ijndd.in)
The peripheral nervous system refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. (medscape.com)

they are less common and include the optic and olfactory nerves. (medscape.com)

Complex interactions are now emerging between the main and accessory olfactory systems, both at anatomical and at functional level. (frontiersin.org)
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, behavioral neuroscientists are discovering the neurological basis of synesthesia by comparing patients' brains with those of healthy subjects. (clipsforclass.com)
The researchers concluded that COVID-19 possibly disrupts micro-structural and functional brain integrity, potentially leading to long-term neurological consequences. (brainkey.ai)
Their results provide evidence for the model that SARS-CoV-2 reaches the brain, infects astrocytes, and triggers neuropathological changes that contribute to the structural and functional alterations in the brain of COVID-19 patients (2020). (brainkey.ai)

Using two-photon guided minimal stimulation in acute rat brain slices, we found that distal and proximal excitatory synapses onto granule cells are functionally distinct. (jneurosci.org)
She is doing this using photic stimulation of crayfish while in the MRI tube, to see whether the visual pathway is differentially enhanced. (wellesley.edu)

These mainly limbic brain imaging results may be the in vivo hallmarks of a degenerative spread of the disease via olfactory pathways, of neuroinflammatory events, or of the loss of sensory input due to anosmia. (ox.ac.uk)

JCV, for example, induces brain tumors when intracerebrally inoculated in experimental animals ( 7 - 11 ). (cdc.gov)

It remains unknown however whether the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be detected in milder cases, and whether this can reveal possible mechanisms contributing to brain pathology. (ox.ac.uk)

Nose to brain delivery was found to be a potential route for brain delivery bypassing the brain blood barrier. (yissum.co.il)
Realization of nose to brain transport and the therapeutic viability of this route can be traced from the ancient times and has been investigated for rapid and effective transport in the last two decades. (benthamscience.com)

There has been an unprecedented interest in the modulatory effects of intranasal oxytocin on human social cognition and behaviour, however as yet no study has actually demonstrated that this modality of administration increases concentrations of the peptide in the brain as well as blood in humans. (nature.com)
Comprehensive research is being done on intranasal nanoemulsion (NE) for brain targeting. (ijndd.in)

To infer at what age and in which behavioral states consciousness might emerge following the initiation of thalamocortical pathways, we advocate for the development of the sPCI and similar techniques, based on EEG, MEG, and fMRI, to estimate the perinatal brain's state of consciousness. (lu.se)

98% of small molecule drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). (benthamscience.com)

The scientists compared rates of change among infected people with rates of change in matched controls to account for age-related alterations in the brain. (alzforum.org)

2004) S6K1(−/−)/S6K2(−/−) mice exhibit perinatal lethality and rapamycin-sensitive 5′-terminal oligopyrimidine mRNA translation and reveal a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent S6 kinase pathway. (concordia.ca)

There are many gustatory nuclei in the brain stem. (wikipedia.org)
A cook will most likely rely mostly on gustatory and olfactory modalities. (humankinetics.com)

Crosstalk between the main and accessory olfactory systems occurs at different levels of central processing, in brain areas where the inputs from the two systems converge. (frontiersin.org)
Symptoms get more severe over time, and unfortunately death occurs within one to two weeks of symptoms, as a consequence of severe inflammation and brain swelling. (mapstyling.com)

The earliest signs of these two diseases differ but reflect the same biological changes in the brain. (nih.gov)

High-grade brain tumors, consistently located in the frontal lobes and olfactory tracts, were detected in 10 raccoons during March 2010-May 2012 in California and Oregon, suggesting an emerging, infectious origin. (cdc.gov)
The clustering of cases and association of the tumors with the olfactory pathways suggested an infectious cause with a distinct route of transmission and tropism. (cdc.gov)
This impressive, high-quality study analyzed a unique imaging cohort in an unbiased way to show that systemic infectious diseases, such as COVID, may indeed alter brain structure," he said. (alzforum.org)

Here, we offer our perspective on how the development of a sensory perturbational complexity index (sPCI) based on auditory ("beep-and-zip"), visual ("flash-and-zip"), or even olfactory ("sniff-and-zip") cortical perturbations in place of. (lu.se)
Here, we offer our perspective on how the development of a sensory perturbational complexity index (sPCI) based on auditory ("beep-and-zip"), visual ("flash-and-zip"), or even olfactory ("sniff-and-zip") cortical perturbations in place of electromagnetic perturbations ("zap-and-zip") might be used to address this question. (lu.se)

Therefore, this study investigated the effects of an olfactory stimulus on subsequent sleep and assessed gender differences in such effects. (researchgate.net)
Subjects received an intermittent presentation (first 2 min of each 10 min interval) of an olfactory (lavender oil) or a control (distilled water) stimulus between 23:10 and 23:40 h. (researchgate.net)

However, neither OB volume nor BMI were related to olfactory function in our young and healthy sample. (frontiersin.org)
The activities of brain chemicals important to brain function are also affected. (rush.edu)
Brain function is extensively lateralized. (msdmanuals.com)
Heteromodal association areas are not restricted to any single motor or sensory function but receive convergent information from multiple sensory and motor areas of the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
Loss-of-function mutations of critical components of the prokineticin pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Kallmann syndrome and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. (medscape.com)

We studied olfactory retention in C. fellah to determine whether olfactory learning leads to long-term memory retrievable 24 h and 72 h after training. (biologists.com)
One and 3 days after training, ants exhibited robust olfactory memory through a series of five successive retention tests in which they preferred the CS+and stayed longer in the arm presenting it. (biologists.com)

Yes, say scientists led by Gwenaëlle Douaud and Stephen Smith at the University of Oxford, U.K. In Nature on March 7, they reported that four months after a mild COVID infection, adults ages 51 to 81 had slightly thinner gray matter and more signs of tissue damage in their olfactory areas than they did before infection, even after accounting for age-related brain changes that showed up in uninfected controls. (alzforum.org)

In addition, OMPM exposure could activate the TGF-ß1/Smad3 and TGF-ß1/MAPK p38 signaling pathways, and the differentiation of human lung fibroblast HFL-1 cells. (bvsalud.org)

However, whether olfactory exposure to essential oils affects night-time objective sleep remains untested. (researchgate.net)
2004) did not find doi:10.1289/ehp.9030 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 20 April 2006] any evidence of changes in GFAP levels in the brain after exposure to Mn sulfate or phos- phate. (cdc.gov)

Ultrastructural changes in the olfactory pathways of HHV-6+ patients. (hhv-6foundation.org)
This leads to an increasing awareness of the importance of monitoring patients' brain health. (brainkey.ai)
This raises the importance of continuous monitoring of patients' brain health to maintain close neurologic surveillance for prompt recognition of these complications (22). (brainkey.ai)
To optimize helping patients in case of neurological deviation and promote brain healing, it is crucial to understand neurological deficits in COVID-19 patients early. (brainkey.ai)
Therefore, a brain MRI baseline has been advised for COVID-19 patients, to have a starting point to treat them successfully in the future (23). (brainkey.ai)
MRI of the brain in patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS) and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). (medscape.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms1

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes3

Health Care1

Bulb17

Trigeminal3

Nerve5

Receptors9

Piriform cortex1

Neural6

Stimuli2

Mucosa12

Neurons11

Sense of sm2

Neuronal pathway1

Epithelium1

Cortex8

Bulbs7

Perception2

Ultrafine1

Olfaction2

20161

20021

Disorders2

Smell6

Memories9

Oxidative1

Tissues3

Organs1

Scent1

Respiratory2

Mucous2

Dysfunction1

Mechanism1

Responses1

Odor3

Receptor1

Lateral2

Tract2

Mediate1

System14

Nerves1

Functional4

Stimulation2

Sensory input1

Induces1

Mechanisms1

Nose-to-brain2

Intranasal2

Emerge1

Blood-brain b1

Alterations1

MRNA1

Gustatory2

Occurs2

Differ1

Infectious3

Cortical2

Stimulus2

Function5

Retention2

Tissue damage1

Differentiation1

Exposure2

Patients6