Brain wakefulness. Medical search. Frequent questions

The lack of hypocretin-producing neurons and addiction seen in narcolepsy took on a different twist when nearly two decades later the researchers made the surprising discovery that the brains of people addicted to heroin (a commonly abused opioid) have, on average, 54% more hypocretin-producing neurons than people who don't have a substance abuse disorder - and confirmed the same finding in mice. (uclahealth.org)
In this new study, the UCLA researchers found that increasing the number of hypocretin-producing neurons in the mice with opioids resulted in the elevation of hypocretin levels in the locus coeruleus (LC), an area of the brain known to play an important role in regulating opioid withdrawal symptoms. (uclahealth.org)
Neurons in the LC produce NE and distribute it to other parts of the brain where it stimulates functions such as arousal, wakefulness, attention or a 'fight or flight' stress response. (uclahealth.org)
Sleep and wakefulness are brain states that depend on specific systems of neurons for their onset maintenance, and termination. (scholarpedia.org)
The longer the brain has been awake, the greater the synchronous firing rates of cerebral cortex neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Another effect of wakefulness is the reduction of glycogen held in the astrocytes, which supply energy to the neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Histamine neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus and nearby adjacent posterior hypothalamus project to the entire brain and are the most wake-selective system so far identified in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
These exist in areas adjacent to histamine neurons and like them project widely to most brain areas and associate with arousal. (wikipedia.org)
Research suggests that orexin and histamine neurons play distinct, but complementary roles in controlling wakefulness with orexin being more involved with wakeful behavior and histamine with cognition and activation of cortical EEG. (wikipedia.org)
It may get harder to sleep as we get older because neurons that promote wakefulness in the brain become overactive, a study in mice suggests. (thenewsdairy.com)
De Lecea and his colleagues analysed a set of neurons in the hypothalamus of mouse brains that produce a protein called hypocretin. (thenewsdairy.com)
These neurons have been implicated in wakefulness in both humans and mice. (thenewsdairy.com)
We've only looked at the neurons involved in wakefulness so far. (thenewsdairy.com)
The neurons and their circuits (connections) that support wakefulness are in one region of the brain, and the neurons and circuits that provide awareness are in other regions of the brain. (brainline.org)
The part of the brain responsible for wakefulness is the reticular activating system (RAS), a collection of neurons in the upper brainstem that sends widespread stimulatory projections to the areas of the brain responsible for awareness. (brainline.org)
The parts of the brain responsible for awareness-the ability to think and perceive-are the neurons (brain cells) in the cortex (grey matter) of the two hemispheres and the axons (communicating projections) in the white matter between those neurons. (brainline.org)
The brain's neurons are located in the cerebral cortex -the grey matter at the surface of the brain-and in the deep grey matter in nuclei such as the thalamus. (brainline.org)
These billions of neurons make trillions of connections via axons in the white matter, constituting functional neural networks that support all conscious effort of the brain, as well as many functions of the brain that do not require consciousness. (brainline.org)
Prof. Shoenfeld discovered that a group of researchers from the Sleep Control Project at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Psychiatry in Japan had published a study on an autoantibody presence attacking tribbles, small granules in our brains containing regulatory orexin neurons, which maintain the balance between sleep and wakefulness in the brain. (sciencedaily.com)
In humans, narcolepsy is caused when the immune system attacks certain neurons in the brain. (stanford.edu)
These neurons produce a peptide called hypocretin that helps promote wakefulness and inhibits dreaming. (stanford.edu)
From neurons to self-consciousness: how the brain generates the mind. (philpapers.org)
The information was utilized to examine differences between the response of the cerebral cortex to sounds in sleep vs. wakefulness, at a resolution of single neurons. (jewishpress.com)
This study is unique in that it builds upon rare data from electrodes implanted deep inside the human brain, enabling high-resolution monitoring, down to the level of individual neurons, of the brain's electrical activity," said Prof. Yuval Nir from the School of Medicine, the Sagol School of Neuroscience, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, who participated in the study. (jewishpress.com)

When wakefulness (alertness) is impaired, people do not respond normally to the outside world (for example, when they are touched or spoken to), and they do not acquire information from it. (merckmanuals.com)
As chief of the division of sleep and chronobiology in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, David F. Dinges, Ph.D., focuses on ways sleep and the endogenous circadian pacemaker interact to control wakefulness and waking neurobehavioral functions such as physiological alertness, attention, cognitive performance, fatigue, mood, neuroendocrine profiles, immune responses and health. (psychiatrictimes.com)
The stability of the wake state, alertness, and how well the brain functions cognitively and emotionally all depend upon an adequate duration of quality sleep. (psychiatrictimes.com)

Bagnato S ( 2019 ) Peer Review #1 of 'Public perception of the vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a crowdsourced study (v0.2)' . (peerj.com)
participants were slightly more likely to consider the idea that a patient can retain some conscious cognition (cognitive motor dissociation) when presented as being in an "unresponsive wakefulness syndrome" than "vegetative state" (43.3% vs 38%, respectively). (peerj.com)
DOC states include the vegetative state (VS), also called unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), and the minimally conscious state (MCS). (medscape.com)

This meant that during states of arousal and wakefulness, the immune cells could not respond appropriately and perform maintenance on brain cell connections. (medicalnewstoday.com)
it shifts between the different sleep stages (such as NREM and REM sleep stages), as well as arousal and wakefulness. (medscape.com)

A study in mice led by UCLA researchers shows that removing chemical messengers in the brain that are involved in both wakefulness and addiction may make withdrawal from opioids easier and help prevent relapse. (uclahealth.org)
In 2000, UCLA sleep researchers discovered that human narcolepsy - a condition where people are overwhelmed with daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep - was caused by a loss of roughly 90% of the 80,000 brain cells containing hypocretin (also called orexin), a chemical messenger important in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. (uclahealth.org)
A team of researchers from the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge has discovered more about how brain maintenance also occurs during sleep. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For the first time, researchers from the Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine at The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research have characterized the brain's responses to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) at various states of sleep and wakefulness. (news-medical.net)
To understand the gene's function in the brain, the researchers performed a series of experiments on mice that were genetically engineered to carry an identical mutation in the mouse version of NPSR1. (eurekalert.org)
According to the findings, published in the journal Nature , 100% of the unconscious brain-injured patients who responded to a "sniff test" developed by the researchers regained consciousness during the four-year study period. (newswise.com)
Dopamine, a feel-good brain chemical, helps keep sleep-deprived people awake, researchers from the National Institute on Drug Abuse show in the August 20 Journal of Neuroscience . (sciencenews.org)
Researchers at Tel Aviv University have discovered that the brain continues to react to sound, even when asleep but is unable to focus on the auditory input or identify it, according to a study led by Dr. Hanna Hayat. (jewishpress.com)
The researchers placed speakers emitting various sounds at the patients' bedside and compared data from the implanted electrodes - neural activity and electrical waves in different areas of the brain - during wakefulness vs. various stages of sleep. (jewishpress.com)
The researchers explain that alpha-beta waves (10-30Hz) are linked to processes of attention and expectation that are controlled by feedback from higher regions in the brain. (jewishpress.com)
These differences have long intrigued researchers and largely have been characterized in the brain areas and neurochemical systems affecting the sleep and wake states. (cdc.gov)

In patients and animals that develop narcolepsy, we have seen an evident depletion of orexin in the brain, and therefore a lack of balance, and later attacks of narcolepsy," said Prof. Shoenfeld. (sciencedaily.com)
Mazindol mimics the effects of a brain chemical called orexin, which modulates wakefulness and appetite. (newscientist.com)

And there's some evidence of similarly disrupted patterns of chemical signalling in the brains of people with sleep disorders and ADHD. (newscientist.com)
It would be very interesting to see if these kind of accidental immune responses are behind other brain disorders. (thenakedscientists.com)
With the mounting evidence linking sleep to numerous health problems - from mental health disorders to chronic diseases - it is paramount that we shift our focus toward understanding sleep not as a passive state but as a vital process for brain restoration and regulation. (cdc.gov)
Altering these processes provides a mechanistic link through which insufficient sleep contributes to the onset or worsening of mental health, brain disorders, and chronic diseases. (cdc.gov)

Currently, the main classes of drugs used as potential cognitive enhancers include psychostimulants (methylphenidate (MPH), amphetamine), but wakefulness-promoting agents (modafinil) and glutamate activators (ampakine) are also frequently used. (frontiersin.org)
Modafinil is in a class of medications called wakefulness promoting agents. (medlineplus.gov)

Norepinephrine and serotonin-long considered arousal-enhancing transmitters as well as glutamate, acetylcholine, histamine, and the neuromodulators hypocretin-orexins and adenosine, are known to affect the signal transduction in these brain areas and initiate, promote, or enhance wakefulness. (cdc.gov)

Wakefulness is produced by a complex interaction between multiple neurotransmitter systems arising in the brainstem and ascending through the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus and basal forebrain. (wikipedia.org)
The posterior hypothalamus plays a key role in the maintenance of the cortical activation that underlies wakefulness. (wikipedia.org)
Acetaminophen also reduces fever by acting on the hypothalamus region of the brain which regulates temperature. (medicinenet.com)
Wakefulness is an important cortical function that depends on the coordinated effort of multiple brain areas including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain to integrate and relay information from the brainstem to the cortex. (cdc.gov)
These only detect blue light and send signals to, for example, the hypothalamus in the brain. (lu.se)

The neurobiology for wakefulness and the neurobiology for sleep can be thought of as being in opposition [Edgar et al. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Development of effective treatments to combat fatigue and sleepiness requires an understanding of the neurobiology of wakefulness. (cdc.gov)

The brain undergoes rapid, dramatic, and reversible transitioning between states of wakefulness and unconsciousness during natural sleep and in pathological conditions such as hypoxia, hypotension, and concussion. (researchgate.net)
Emergence delirium (ED) and emergence agitation (EA) are abnormal mental states that develop as a result of anesthesia administration during the transition from unconsciousness to complete wakefulness. (medscape.com)

NPSR1 is part of a signaling pathway in the brain that promotes wakefulness. (eurekalert.org)
Histamine is a substance that is released by immune cells in inflammation and in the brain, it promotes wakefulness. (medicinenet.com)
At a more molar level, sleep promotes subsequent wakefulness. (psychiatrictimes.com)

Increasing evidence is pointing toward dopamine as an important ingredient in the brain's recipe for promoting wakefulness. (sciencenews.org)
The patients volunteered to help examine the brain's response to auditory stimulation in wakefulness vs. sleep. (jewishpress.com)

It is not uncommon to hear people attribute their sleepiness and even uncontrolled sleep attacks to a boring or sedentary activity-not appreciating that their own inherent biological drive for sleep overwhelms wakefulness when stimulation or compensatory effort are no longer enough. (psychiatrictimes.com)
In contrast, wakefulness following satiation of sleep drive is effortless and requires no stimulation. (psychiatrictimes.com)

In order to obtain the most unbiased estimate of how whole-brain network states evolve through the human sleep cycle, we used a Markovian data-driven analysis of continuous neuroimaging data from 57 healthy participants falling asleep during simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and EEG. (nature.com)
Simultaneous EEG-fMRI was used to measure brain functional activity of 21 healthy participants as they transitioned from wakefulness into sleep. (nih.gov)

it projects to most key brain regions and modulates numerous physiological functions. (hindawi.com)

Vigilancia cortical o disposición de tono, probablemente en respuesta a la estimulación sensitiva por el sistema reticular activador. (bvsalud.org)

Sleep is thought to be regulated by two mechanisms: a homeostatic mechanism, which responds to the body's internal cues for sleep, and a circadian mechanism that responds to external cues such as darkness and light, signaling appropriate times for sleep and wakefulness. (caltech.edu)
A new study shows that circadian body temperature rhythms are related to the level of consciousness in patients with a severe brain injury. (medscape.com)
But very little is known about circadian rhythms in patients diagnosed with a DOC following a severe brain injury. (medscape.com)
Even though your circadian system may be promoting wakefulness at the right time of day, if you have too great a sleep debt, your ability to function will be compromised. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Light entering the eyes is detected by the master circadian clock in the brain, which coordinates many bodily functions, including the functions that prepare the body for sleep and wake. (cdc.gov)
When we obtain more exposure to evening light, our brain and circadian system may delay sleep causing us to have more difficulty falling asleep at our normal time. (cdc.gov)

In fact, the EEG in humans during REM sleep is essentially identical to that recorded during wakefulness, but the EOG reveals rapid bursts of eye movements, hence the name of the state. (scholarpedia.org)
At sleep onset in humans, the low voltage, high frequency EEG pattern of wakefulness, often with alpha waves when the eyes are closed, gradually changes to Stage 1 sleep as the EEG frequencies slow. (scholarpedia.org)
In both humans and zebrafish, melatonin is produced in a part of the brain called the pineal gland. (caltech.edu)
In healthy humans, the sniff-response can occur unconsciously in both wakefulness and sleep. (newswise.com)
For understandable reasons, electrodes cannot be implanted in the brain of living humans just for the sake of scientific research. (jewishpress.com)

This research shows that the signals in our brain that modulate the sleep and awake state also act as a switch that turns the immune system off and on. (medicalnewstoday.com)

When Bear, the last member of Stanford's colony of narcoleptic dogs, died last year, Emmanuel Mignot , MD, PhD, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, thought he was done keeping dogs with the chronic brain disorder. (stanford.edu)

Unlike the allergy medications Claritin, Zyrtec or Allegra, this medication blocks histamine receptors in the brain. (uexpress.com)
In addition to causing allergic reactions, histamine can also act as a chemical messenger in the brain , and drive up the heart rate and acid production in the stomach , according to the National Cancer Institute . (livescience.com)

Nell - Well, it seems that what the immune system is doing in people with narcolepsy is it's actually latching on to a molecule that's found in some types of brain cells, some types of neuron. (thenakedscientists.com)

On-going brain activity is recorded from a low number of EEG electrodes and typically categorised into wakefulness, rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep and-according to the most recent set of guidelines-three stages of non-REM (NREM) sleep (N1-N3) 2 . (nature.com)

Pharmacologically, substances that enhance the components of the memory/learning circuits-dopamine, glutamate (neuronal excitation), and/or norepinephrine-stand to improve brain function in healthy individuals beyond their baseline functioning. (frontiersin.org)
It works by increasing levels of important brain chemicals like dopamine and serotonin, which are responsible for regulating mood, motivation, and cognitive performance. (wholisticresearch.com)

Brief periods of wakefulness (stage W) occur periodically. (msdmanuals.com)

When the RAS stimulates the brain, a person's eyes open. (brainline.org)

In contrast, wakefulness is the absence of sleep and is marked by consciousness, awareness and activity. (scholarpedia.org)
Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, it was clear that Matt had sustained severe brain damage that was causing severely impaired consciousness-i.e., coma. (brainline.org)
She was concerned with assessing the function of the parts of the brain that are responsible for consciousness so that she could determine if Matt was aware of anything and if he was capable of suffering. (brainline.org)
However, although wakefulness is necessary for consciousness, wakefulness alone is insufficient for consciousness. (brainline.org)
General anesthetic agents are thought to induce loss-of-consciousness (LOC) and enable pain-free surgery by acting on the endogenous brain circuitry responsible for sleep-wake cycling. (researchgate.net)
Impaired wakefulness is often called impaired consciousness. (merckmanuals.com)
A noted philosopher and member of the Institute for Cognitive and Brain Science examines flaws in current understandings about consciousness while proposing a radical solution that argues that consciousness must not be limited to the confines of the brain. (philpapers.org)
Can functional brain imaging discover consciousness in the brain? (philpapers.org)
Consciousness, art, and the brain: Lessons from Marcel Proust. (philpapers.org)
Consciousness, the brain and the connection principle: A reply. (philpapers.org)
Consciousness is more than wakefulness. (philpapers.org)
Consciousness and the self-sensing brain: Implications for feeling and meaning. (philpapers.org)
Finding Consciousness in the Brain: A Neurocognitive Approach. (philpapers.org)
The switch model of split-brain consciousness. (philpapers.org)
Brain-sign or the end of consciousness. (philpapers.org)

Therefore, for the purpose of this review, we will concentrate on examining potential neurobiological ramifications of the popular cognitive enhancers, and highlight recent data on these drugs' actions in developing brains. (frontiersin.org)
Nooceptin has gained popularity as a natural nootropic supplement due to its potent natural ingredients that improve cognitive performance, treat cognitive impairment, and enhance brain function. (wholisticresearch.com)
In addition, Semax has neuroprotective properties that help protect against age-related cognitive decline and boost overall brain health. (wholisticresearch.com)
These differences in cognitive load mean that recruitment of brain regions for task completion will also vary greatly, further complicating inferences about task-based activation. (frontiersin.org)
It is used in patients with cognitive dysfunction involving either a general decline of overall brain function or a localized or lateralized deficit. (medscape.com)

Altogether, this research also shows that microglia are exquisitely sensitive to signals that modulate brain function and that microglial dynamics and functions are modulated by the behavioral state of the animal," Stowell adds. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This indicates that spectral rsEEG slowing observed in PWAs in the chronic stage is pathological and suggests a possible avenue for directly altering brain activation to improve behavioral function. (frontiersin.org)
Alain Morin - 2007 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30 (1):99-99. (philpapers.org)

Here we aimed to move significantly beyond the current state-of-the-art description of sleep, and in particular to characterise the spatiotemporal complexity of whole-brain networks and state transitions during sleep. (nature.com)
Here, we report that ATP levels are maintained at a steady-state levels during spontaneous waking but the levels exhibit a surge in the initial hours of sleep in brain regions with predominantly wake-active neuronal activity, a surge abolished by preventing sleep, whereas in the "sleep-active" ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) region preventing sleep does not change ATP levels. (jneurosci.org)
Doctors said he suffered from cardiopulmonary arrest and was in a state of unresponsive wakefulness . (history.com)
The ubiquity of fluctuating activity states which influence ongoing brain dynamics calls for a state-dependent assessment of resting state functional connectivity ( Tagliazucchi and Laufs, 2014 ). (elifesciences.org)
In this brief review, we examine the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and molecular basis of the wakeful state to provide a framework for understanding current and future pharmacologic approaches to modification of wakefulness. (cdc.gov)
Use of molecular tools to evaluate the awake, asleep, and sleep-deprived state has revealed novel insights concerning the gene expression events associated with wakefulness. (cdc.gov)
Understanding wakefulness at this level undoubtedly will contribute to the development of pharmacologic approaches to promote or enhance the wakeful state. (cdc.gov)
The adolescent is a being biologically programmed for sleep and later awakening, with his brain not experiencing a wakefulness state during most of the morning 4 . (bvsalud.org)
Encephalopathy represents a brain state in which normal functioning of the brain is disturbed temporarily or permanently. (medscape.com)

By contrast, FC dynamics across wake and sleep differed, with transitions between FC states occurring more frequently during wakefulness than during NREM2. (nih.gov)
In contrast to wakefulness, sleep is characterized by higher voltages and slower waves, a pattern called synchronized EEG. (scholarpedia.org)

The modern understanding of sleep is based on the classification of sleep into stages defined by their electroencephalography (EEG) signatures, but the underlying brain dynamics remain unclear. (nature.com)
Notably, our results reveal key trajectories to switch within and between EEG-based sleep stages, while highlighting the heterogeneities of stage N1 sleep and wakefulness before and after sleep. (nature.com)
Indeed, PSG-defined sleep stages were originally devised from EEG as surrogate markers of arousal thresholds, yet over time many have come to see them as a more or less exhaustive set of intrinsic canonical states that cover the full repertoire of brain activity during sleep. (nature.com)
Yet, studies that have applied these promising tools to investigate large-scale brain activity of sleep have commonly relied upon PSG in a strict sense, thus regressing PSG stages onto functional brain data. (nature.com)
Slow, rolling eye movements, which characterize quiet wakefulness and early stage N1 sleep, disappear in deeper sleep stages. (msdmanuals.com)

Slow sleep is interrupted by periods of rapid eye movement (REM, i.e., active or paradoxical) sleep, when, despite all the overt signs of continuing sleep, the activity of the brain is remarkably different. (scholarpedia.org)

To date, neural oscillations are still the most prominent electrophysiological signature of human brain activity. (biorxiv.org)
This work suggests that the enhanced remodeling of neural circuits and repair of lesions during sleep may be mediated in part by the ability of microglia to dynamically interact with the brain," explains first author Rianne Stowell, Ph.D. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Being awake is the opposite of being asleep, in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing. (wikipedia.org)
We emphasize the performance enhancement at the potential cost of brain plasticity that is associated with the neural ramifications of nootropic drugs in the healthy developing brain. (frontiersin.org)
The effect of isoflurane on whole-brain neural activity and responsiveness. (jneurosci.org)

However, individuals in this population may be the ones most likely at risk for potential neurological consequences, due to their still-developing brains. (frontiersin.org)

Research conducted over the past few years has uncovered evidence that the brain gets a chance to refresh and update in many ways during sleep. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The findings add to the evidence that mechanisms related to sleep play an essential role in ensuring that the brain receives necessary repairs and continues to function correctly. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Although many theories of function, indirect evidence, and even common sense suggest sleep is needed for an increase in brain energy, brain energy levels have not been directly measured with modern technology. (jneurosci.org)

Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram ( EMG ) signals can be used to define the states of wakefulness and sleep. (scholarpedia.org)
After sounds are received in the ear, the signals are relayed from one station to the next within the brain," Dr. Hayat explained. (jewishpress.com)

Its primary neurobiological effect is to promote wakefulness at the right time of day. (psychiatrictimes.com)

The advent of modern neuroimaging techniques and network analyses has been explored to map and characterise spontaneous large-scale brain activity during wakefulness with high-spatiotemporal precision. (nature.com)
Therefore, spontaneous eye opening or eye opening in response to stimuli is a reliable sign that the RAS is functioning and that wakefulness is present. (brainline.org)
To determine if Matt was capable of wakefulness, Dr. Roberts examined him for either spontaneous eye opening or eye opening in response to painful stimuli. (brainline.org)
We here report that ATP levels, the energy currency of brain cells, show a surge in the initial hours of spontaneous sleep in wake-active but not in sleep-active brain regions of rat. (jneurosci.org)
In wake-active brain regions, the spontaneous sleep ATP surge positively correlates with the intensity of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) delta activity (slow-wave delta range, 0.5-4.5 Hz), a marker of homeostatic sleep pressure. (jneurosci.org)

EEG data are combined with those from concurrent recording of eye movements from the electrooculogram (EOG), and muscle tone from the electromyogram (EMG) to define the states of sleep and wakefulness. (scholarpedia.org)

Doubtless, the conscious brain integrates masses of information. (researchgate.net)
Following severe brain injury, it is often difficult to determine whether the person is conscious or unconscious, and current diagnostic tests can lead to incorrect diagnosis in up to 40% of cases. (newswise.com)
But although the brain analyzes the auditory input during sleep, it is unable to focus on the sound or identify it, and therefore no conscious awareness ensues. (jewishpress.com)

However, the use of (1) fixed scoring windows of 30 s and (2) only a few EEG electrodes means that PSG involves considerable averaging of brain activity in both time and space 4 -arguably leading to an incomplete representation of brain activity. (nature.com)
The study relied on data collected from electrodes implanted, for medical purposes, deep in the human brain. (jewishpress.com)
But in this study, we were able to utilize a special medical procedure in which electrodes were implanted in the brains of epilepsy patients, monitoring activity in different parts of their brain for purposes of diagnosis and treatment. (jewishpress.com)

We also know that a lack of sleep will lead to an increased development of a toxic protein in the brain that is called beta-amyloid and that is associated with Alzheimer's disease because it is during deep sleep at night when a sewage system within the brain actually kicks in to high gear and it starts to wash away this toxic protein, beta-amyloid. (businessinsider.com)

Yet, our understanding of brain activity during sleep remains dictated by observations in a few channels of electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. (nature.com)
However, it was only in 1929 that the German psychiatrist, Hans Berger discovered that the electrical activity of the brain could be recorded as brain waves and that these waves changed as wakefulness gave way to sleep. (scholarpedia.org)
The EOG and EMG recordings also show high activity during wakefulness. (scholarpedia.org)
These adenosine studies prompted us to examine the actual "currency of brain cellular energy" ATP, since adenosine may be an indicator of neuronal activity-dependent energy use, by reflecting ATP breakdown. (jneurosci.org)
The strength of brain response during sleep was similar to the response observed during wakefulness, in all but one specific feature, where a dramatic difference was recorded: the level of activity of alpha-beta waves. (jewishpress.com)
Sleep is now recognized as a dynamic activity in our brains rather than a passive, dormant part of our daily life. (cdc.gov)

Produced by the reputable company SAP Nutra, Nooceptin offers seven natural ingredients that support different areas of brain function, including memory, learning, focus, and stress reduction. (wholisticresearch.com)

In their study - whose findings feature in Nature Neuroscience - the investigators worked with mice to find out more about how microglia, which are the immune cells that "service" the brain, perform their maintenance work during sleep. (medicalnewstoday.com)

It's also in these brain cells and that means that immune system is actually attacking the brain cells and completely getting rid of them. (thenakedscientists.com)
It seems to be because they were training the immune system to react to H1N1 and it was also causing it to react to these cells in the brain at the same time. (thenakedscientists.com)

How long can we actually last without sleep before we start to see declines in your brain function or even impairments within your body? (businessinsider.com)
An often postulated, although not directly measured, function of sleep is to restore brain energy expended during active waking ( Benington and Heller, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
To boost your hippocampal function, you may want to consider taking nootropics - compounds that enhance brain performance. (wholisticresearch.com)
Deep sleep has been associated with body and brain restitution (eg, daytime function or feeling rested or energetic upon awaking), and REM sleep has been associated with promotion of emotional and/or mental functions, including memory. (medscape.com)
For some time, electroencephalography (EEG) has been employed clinically as a measure of brain function in the hope of determining and differentiating certain functional conditions of the brain. (medscape.com)
Clinical dementia is a fairly broad-based decline of brain function, and most definitions center on the patient's intellectual decline and memory dysfunction. (medscape.com)

A reward chemical in the brain is a real eye-opener. (sciencenews.org)

The transition from wakefulness to sleep is accompanied by widespread changes in brain functioning. (nih.gov)
Although Matt's vital organs were not seriously injured, a CT scan showed widespread swelling of the brain. (brainline.org)

Anatomy32

Organisms7

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs27

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology25

Phenomena and Processes34

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Neurons24

Alertness3

Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome3

Arousal and wakefulness2

Researchers11

Orexin2

Disorders4

Modafinil2

Hypocretin1

Hypothalamus5

Neurobiology2

Unconsciousness2

Promotes3

Brain's2

Stimulation2

FMRI2

Modulates1

Cortical1

Circadian6

Humans5

Awake state1

Disorder1

Histamine2

Narcolepsy1

Typically1

Dopamine2

Occur1

Stimulates1

Consciousness16

Cognitive5

Behavioral3

State9

Contrast2

Stages5

Periods1

Neural5

Consequences1

Evidence3

Signals2

Promote1

Spontaneous5

Define1

Conscious3

Electrodes3

Protein1

Activity6

Reduction1

Mice1

Immune system2

Function6

Chemical1

Widespread2