• They are positioned centrally in the neurovascular unit between endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. (nature.com)
  • Astrocytes are critically important for developing and maintaining the neuroprotective mechanisms of BSCB endothelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Herein, we have described the protocol for immunoblot analysis of ZO-1 as an indicator of tight junction integrity in brain microvascular endothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The BBB is formed mainly by brain capillary endothelial cells and perivascular astrocytes and pericytes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The lead author recently provided ATLA with an update on the project: "In the submitted paper, we set up and characterised 20 different BBB in vitro models, based on the combination of epithelial or endothelial cell lines and primary or immortalised astrocytes/ glial cells or their derivatives. (frame.org.uk)
  • For this aim, the group has selected different cell lines and primary cultures of microvascular, perivascular endothelial and astroglia cells, to perform and compare different in vitro BBB models to select the most reliable model. (frame.org.uk)
  • The neurovascular unit (NVU) contains endothelial cells joined by tight junctions that shield the brain from the blood via the blood brain barrier (BBB). (lu.se)
  • They are required to support the endothelial cells and to maintain the BBB together with endothelial cells and astrocytes. (lu.se)
  • Human brain vascular pericytes treated with either scrambled or RGS5 targeting siRNA, will be co-cultured in a spheroid model of the BBB together with human brain endothelial cells and human astrocytes. (lu.se)
  • The BBB restricts the entry of compounds into the central nervous system (CNS) through the presence of brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, perivascular astrocytes, and tight junctions. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Prodrugs can be synthesized with sufficient lipophilicity to facilitate the crossing of the endothelial cell membrane and release the parent ARVs into the brain. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The construction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is a natural barrier for maintaining brain homeostasis, is the result of a meticulous organisation in space and time of cell-cell communication processes between the endothelial cells that carry the BBB phenotype, the brain pericytes, the glial cells (mainly the astrocytes), and the neurons. (mdpi.com)
  • Chemotactic cytokines (chemokines), contribute to the recruitment of immune cells into the CNS, and are expressed by astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the CNS, and endothelial cells. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells produce proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which contribute to the destruction of the BBB, facilitating cellular entry. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Increased expression of MMP2 and MMP9, amongst others, has been shown previously in autopsied MS brain, and increased levels of the cell surface peptidase CD26, expressed by T cells and endothelial cells, have been linked to disease activity. (shu.ac.uk)
  • In the developing telencephalon, the endothelial expression of P-gp, and the subcellular localization of the transporter at the luminal endothelial cell (EC) plasma membrane are early hallmarks of blood-brain barrier (BBB) differentiation and suggest a functional BBB activity that may complement the placental barrier function and the expression of P-gp at the blood-placental interface. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
  • Once Stx2 reaches the circulation it may target endothelial, kidney and/or brain cells through the Stx2 globotriaosylceramide receptor (Gb3) causing cytotoxicity [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pericytes are perivascular mural cells of brain capillaries. (nature.com)
  • Pericytes are perivascular cells that line the entire microvasculature. (lu.se)
  • Upon brain hypoxia, pericytes are one of the first responders at the blood/brain interface. (lu.se)
  • Brain pericytes acquire a microglial phenotype after stroke. (lu.se)
  • Regulator of G-protein signaling 5 regulates the shift from perivascular to parenchymal pericytes in the chronic phase after stroke. (lu.se)
  • Enstrom A, Carlsson R, Ozen I, and Paul G. RGS5: a novel role as a hypoxia-responsive protein that suppresses chemokinetic and chemotactic migration in brain pericytes. (lu.se)
  • Pericytes wrap around brain ECs and astrocytes extend their endfeet to contact with blood vessels. (bmbreports.org)
  • It is strongly expressed at the astrocyte perivascular endfeet as a component of the supramolecular membrane complex, commonly called orthogonal array of particles (OAP), together with the canonical isoforms M1 and M23 of AQP4. (unipv.it)
  • Western blot and immunofluorescence experiments revealed strong expression of phosphorylated AQP4ex (p-AQP4ex) in human brain and localization at the perivascular astrocyte endfeet in supramolecular assemblies identified by BN/PAGE experiments. (unipv.it)
  • By wrapping tightly around the blood vessels with their endfeet, astrocytes serve the role of cellular gate-keepers at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). (biologists.com)
  • Briefly, instead of a conventional lymphatic system, the brain uses the perivascular spaces (between blood vessels and astrocytes' endfeet). (lu.se)
  • 11 ] first proved that astrocytes within adult hippocampus are able to accelerate the proliferation of stem cells and instruct them to become neurons. (degruyter.com)
  • Since axons have reached the exact origin, neurons begin to form synapses with the help of astrocytes once again. (degruyter.com)
  • While this study demonstrates that TRPV1 of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons modulate nociceptive behaviors, the role of the TRPV1 in supraspinal brain structures was not investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This finding suggests an influence of the grafted cells on the host's glia, possibly through cross-talk between astrocytes and transplanted neurons. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • Cell death and the products of damaged neurons and neuroglia in the brain may initiate an autoimmune reaction to protect the rest of the brain. (curemymigraine.com)
  • This stenosis causes retrograde flow of venous blood into the brain's vessels, which decreases oxygen levels in the brain and exposes neurons to continuous low (70%-75%) oxygenation levels and toxic metabolites. (curemymigraine.com)
  • multiple micronecrotic lesions in the brain parenchyma are surrounded by T and B lymphocytes and reactive astrocytes ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • We show that, using the ME7 model of prion disease, intracerebral challenge with LPS results in dramatic interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, neutrophil infiltration, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the brain parenchyma of prion-diseased mice compared with the same challenge in normal mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly complex and dynamic microvascular barrier that protects the brain parenchyma from the entry of pathogens, toxins, and other macromolecules and is a critical structure that helps to maintain brain homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
  • The BBB stringently regulates what enters the brain parenchyma, allowing for the movements of ions/nutrients, exchange of gases, but preventing any potential toxic/pathogenic agents. (biologists.com)
  • The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and located within the brain parenchyma. (medscape.com)
  • Excessive accumulation of brain water content causes a gradual expansion of brain parenchyma, decreased blood flow and increased intracranial pressure and, ultimately, cerebral herniation and death. (benthamscience.com)
  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an interface between cerebral blood and the brain parenchyma. (bmbreports.org)
  • MS brain tissue was examined using dual-labelling immunofluorescence for CD26 expression, which was found in lesions to be associated with T cells and monocytes in perivascular cuffs, and macrophages within the parenchyma, but not with astrocytes. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow. (nature.com)
  • Brains of animals inoculated with the ETX-producing strains showed decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and increased expression of aquaporin-4 in the end-feet processes of the astrocytes around blood vessels. (monash.edu)
  • The major type of glial cells in the brain are astrocytes, cells that possess a bushy appearance in vivo and make millions of contacts with synapses in the human brain to efficiently maintain functional homeostasis (2). (biologists.com)
  • However, there is no extensive description of the glial response of the host brain following this procedure. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • On one hand, the glial scar could act as a mechanical barrier for neurites, preventing them from reinnervating the host brain. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • To eliminate all of this waste, the brain uses its own waste-clearance system, called the glymphatic system to indicate that it uses glial cells to perform the same function in the brain that the lymphatic system performs in the rest of the body . (blog-thebrain.org)
  • Because of this sudden infiltration of normally absent particles, an inflammatory response is triggered by astrocytes and microglia that extends the initial injury into previously uncompromised segments of cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a previous study, we proposed that microglia in the prion-diseased brain are in a "primed" state, and subsequent challenges, either centrally or systemically, result in an amplified cytokine and inflammatory response. (jneurosci.org)
  • Perivascular accumulation of macrophages/microglia with intracytoplasmic albumin globules was also observed in these animals. (monash.edu)
  • Microglia function as macrophage cells in the brain. (curemymigraine.com)
  • A basic difference between HD pathology in human and tgHD51 rats is in the rate of NDP progression that originates primarily from slow neuronal degeneration consequently resulting in lesser extent of concomitant reactive gliosis in the brain of tgHD51 rats. (hindawi.com)
  • Regardless of the development of reactive gliosis within the striatum, loss of the grey matter is extensive and results in the compensatory enlargement of lateral brain ventricles. (hindawi.com)
  • Transcriptomic data demonstrated disproportionate changes in genes attributed to reactive astrocytes, inflammatory response, complement pathway, and synaptic support in aged mice following TBI compared to young mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This brings to our attention the protective functions of reactive astrocytes towards CNS homeostasis. (biologists.com)
  • Another set of animals were intracardially perfused with a fixative solution and their brains were subjected to immunofluorescence with lectins to determine the microvasculature profile, and anti-GFAP, anti-NeuN, anti-MBP and anti-Iba1 to study reactive astrocytes, neuronal damage, myelin dysarrangements and microglial state respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using loss-of-function pericyte-deficient mice, here we show that pericyte degeneration diminishes global and individual capillary CBF responses to neuronal stimuli, resulting in neurovascular uncoupling, reduced oxygen supply to the brain and metabolic stress. (nature.com)
  • These systemic challenges also increased neuronal apoptosis in the brains of ME7 animals. (jneurosci.org)
  • Thus, both central and peripheral inflammation can exacerbate local brain inflammation and neuronal death. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the young adult brain, contemporary evidence has shown that astrocytes play a critical neuroprotective role following TBI, as chemically ablating the vast majority of GFAP + astrocytes has been shown to exacerbate neuronal loss and perpetuate inflammatory response [ 19 ], owing to several intrinsic functions of astrocytes in mediating damage repair following TBI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Covering over 99% of the cerebrovascular surface, astrocytes not only help in regulating the exchange of such molecules, but also act as neuro-vascular couplers by regulating the blood vessel diameter, and thereby the amount of blood flow, in regions of heightened neuronal activities (3). (biologists.com)
  • In the current study, we focused on the response of astrocytes to TBI in the aged brain to begin to elucidate several cell-specific dynamics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given the structural response of astrocytes involved the extension of its processes, it was logical to look for a possible case of astrogliosis bringing about the change. (biologists.com)
  • Moreover, the brain contains immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, which are present in the choroid plexus and meninges. (bioseek.eu)
  • Brain parenchymal macrophages, known as microglial cells, are more quiescent in comparison with other tissue macrophages but can respond to inflammatory stimuli by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins. (bioseek.eu)
  • Finally, astrocytes within spinal cord tissue extend endfoot processes that surround the outer surface of the capillaries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Every blood vessel in the brain is surrounded by a space called the perivascular channel, defined by the extensions of the astrocytes that completely surround the brain's arteries, capillaries and veins. (blog-thebrain.org)
  • In the perivascular spaces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can exchange solutes with interstitial fluid in order to flush out metabolites and waste products. (lu.se)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed extensive white matter lesions, and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid revealed an immunoreactive syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previously, scientists had long thought that the brain cleansed itself by passive diffusion of cerebrospinal fluid from its ventricles. (blog-thebrain.org)
  • The cerebrospinal fluid enters the brain through the perivascular channels running along the arteries, and exits through those running along the veins . (blog-thebrain.org)
  • Not until the early 2010s were scientists able to use a method called 2-photon microscopy to visualize the flows of blood and cerebrospinal fluid in the brain in real time. (blog-thebrain.org)
  • Researchers thus learned that during sleep, the intercellular space in the brain increases by up to 60%, because the brain's cells contract, thus expanding the perivascular channels and enabling cerebrospinal fluid to flow through them more freely. (blog-thebrain.org)
  • Therefore, we anticipate an important physiological role of p-AQP4ex in human brain water homeostasis. (unipv.it)
  • Here we present the unconventional concept that a healthy organism is maintained by a "competent brain-pull" which serves systemic homeostasis, and that the underlying cause of obesity is "incompetent brain-pull", i.e. that the brain is unable to properly demand glucose from the body. (frontiersin.org)
  • Along these lines, our work supports recent molecular findings from the field of neuroenergetics and continues the work on the "Selfish Brain" theory dealing with the maintenance of the cerebral and peripheral energy homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
  • The third and novel concept we would like to present in this paper might be quite surprising at first sight: A healthy organism maintaining its state of systemic energy homeostasis, i.e. that of balanced cerebral and peripheral metabolism, relies on properly functioning brain-pull mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • One crucial way in which astrocytes regulate Central Nervous System (CNS) homeostasis is their contact with the brain vasculature. (biologists.com)
  • My research has been focused on the role of glia in brain tissue homeostasis and metabolite clearance for the past 9 years. (lu.se)
  • However, opening the tight junctions of the BBB is risky clinically because it may also allow the entry of harmful components into the brain and cause side-effects such as seizures and other long-term neurological complications [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • We hope that understanding the interaction between addictive drugs and astrocytes may help discover new mechanisms underlying the addiction and produce novel therapeutic treatments. (degruyter.com)
  • In conclusion, we took the viewpoint of integrative physiology and provided evidence for the necessity of brain-pull mechanisms for the benefit of health. (frontiersin.org)
  • Overall, our findings point toward a progressive phenotype of aged astrocytes following TBI that we hypothesize to be maladaptive, shedding new insights into potentially modifiable astrocyte-specific mechanisms that may underlie increased fragility of the aged brain to trauma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying structural brain abnormalities remain unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanisms of astrocyte-mediated cerebral edema. (benthamscience.com)
  • Characterizing and understanding the vasculature in the brain and other organs is fundamental to identifying disease mechanisms that can ultimately uncover new treatment opportunities. (mbfbioscience.com)
  • [ 2 ] All dementia share common molecular mechanisms responsible for disease etiology and progression, such as hypoxia and oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial bioenergetics, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier permeability. (medscape.com)
  • Distinguishing features include blood vessel calcification in the basal ganglia, large necrotizing cortical and subcortical lesions, microcephaly, and infection of astrocytes. (medscape.com)
  • [ 8 ] Such cases are associated with an inflammatory reaction in brain lesions and contrast enhancement on neuroimaging studies. (medscape.com)
  • We also applied histochemical and immunohistochemical markers to further characterize the brain lesions induced by ETX. (monash.edu)
  • By contrast, lambs inoculated with the etx mutant or sterile, nontoxic culture medium did not develop detectable brain lesions, confirming that the neuropathologic effects observed in these infections are dependent on ETX production. (monash.edu)
  • INTRODUCTION: Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) comprises multiple subtypes (MM1, MM2, MV1, MV2C, MV2K, VV1, and VV2) with distinct disease durations and spatiotemporal cascades of brain lesions. (cdc.gov)
  • We applied a discriminative event-based model (DEBM) to infer the spatiotemporal cascades of lesions, derived from the DWI scores of 12 brain regions assigned by three neuroradiologists. (cdc.gov)
  • Perivascular spaces--MRI marker of inflammatory activity in the brain? (crossref.org)
  • Neuropathologic examination of the brain revealed diffuse swelling, leptomeningeal infiltration by CD8 cells and enhancement of perivascular spaces by CD8+ cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AQP4 is usually expressed around the astrocyte end-foot process and is concentrated at the perivascular and periependymal spaces, allowing bi-directional osmotically-mediated circulation of water (8). (himafund.org)
  • This position allows them to regulate key neurovascular functions of the brain. (nature.com)
  • Using a 2Phatal focal ablation system (two-photon laser tuned for UV range detection used to induce single-cell apoptosis in Hoechst-stained target cells), astrocytes-of-interest from Aldh1l1-eGFP mice were targeted for ablation. (biologists.com)
  • Stagnation of veins at the capillary level may cause extravasation of metabolites and iron molecules from apoptosis of erythrocytes in the perivascular space. (curemymigraine.com)
  • Lambs treated with the wild-type and complemented strains showed perivascular and mural vascular edema, as well as serum albumin extravasation, particularly severe in the cerebral white matter, midbrain, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. (monash.edu)
  • This study revealed a wide distribution of TRPV1 receptors in the brain, including regions of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and a variety of subcortical structures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dystrophin is ubiquitously expressed by astrocytes in the human and rat hippocampus and in the rat cerebellum. (frontiersin.org)
  • Under hydrocephalic conditions, GSC adjacent to characteristic ventricular zone disruption showed signs of early differentiation into astrocytes which may affect normal gliogenesis and contribute to the white matter dysgenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although reports on cognitive dysfunctions have been reported in HUS patients, research in brain cognitive areas such as the hippocampus has been scarcely described. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Figure 4: Diminished brain tissue oxygen levels and oxygen delivery in young pericyte-deficient Pdgfrb +/− mice. (nature.com)
  • The oppression and destruction by hematoma to brain tissue cause the primary brain injury. (karger.com)
  • In the first few hours after ICH onset, primary brain injury by ICH is mainly caused by the oppression and destruction to the near tissue by hematoma formation. (karger.com)
  • Brain edema is a pathological phenomenon that water and brain tissue volume increase. (karger.com)
  • Two approaches were used to define the astrocyte contribution to TBI by age interaction: (1) tissue histology and morphological phenotyping, and (2) transcriptomics on enriched astrocytes from the injured brain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While working with Maiken Nedergaard in Rochester, NY, I applied this model to understand the glymphatic system as a delivery mechanism for small compounds such as glucose from CSF to brain tissue. (lu.se)
  • Ever since the first experiments with intracerebral transplantation of nervous tissue, the graft-host interface has been recognised as a site at which important processes of interaction and integration occur between the transplanted cells and the host brain (1-3). (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • Astrocytes of the host brain tissue not only delineate the grafts, but also show activation some distance from their borders. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • MacVicar, B.A. & Newman, E.A. Astrocyte regulation of blood flow in the brain. (nature.com)
  • While similar to the blood-brain barrier in function and morphology, it is physiologically independent and has several distinct characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
  • In conjunction with the blood-brain barrier, the BSCB contributes to the difficulty in delivering drugs to the central nervous system, which makes drug targeting of the BSCB an important goal in pharmaceutical research. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, he implicitly made the assumption that the body-to-brain energy flux was a passive process that was only determined by the available blood glucose. (frontiersin.org)
  • Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and hyperpermeability that occurs following traumatic and ischemic insults lead to various downstream ill effects such as cerebral edema and elevation of intracranial pressure. (bvsalud.org)
  • share their findings on the structural and functional plasticity of astrocytes upon astrocyte end foot separation from blood vessels. (biologists.com)
  • Their paper, ' Evaluation of the influence of astrocytes on in vitro blood-brain barrier models ', was published in ATLA 48(4), 184-200. (frame.org.uk)
  • The research group specialises in the development of in vitro models of different physiological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), pulmonary barrier and intestinal barrier, with a clear orientation toward the development of robust in vitro models according to the 3Rs principles. (frame.org.uk)
  • This global cerebral hypoxic-ischemic insult results in cellular energy failure which drives the formation of cytotoxic edema, traditionally thought of as a net intake of water due to osmotic gradients in the setting of an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) (6). (himafund.org)
  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective barrier in the brain. (bmbreports.org)
  • It protects the brain from exogenous substances by strictly regulating the transport of molecules from the blood vasculature into the brain. (bmbreports.org)
  • Blood-Brain Barrier" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/9024 (accessed December 04, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a natural obstacle for drug delivery into the human brain, hindering treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as acute ischemic stroke, brain tumors, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Sudden, phasic stenosis of the main blood outflow may hinder appropriate and physiologic blood drainage from the brain. (curemymigraine.com)
  • In multiple sclerosis (MS), lymphocytes and monocytes penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB), causing inflammation and leading to myelin damage and subsequent loss in the white matter of the central nervous system (CNS). (shu.ac.uk)
  • Characteristic astrocyte end-feet labeling surrounding the vascular system was not established until 25 PCW. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inflammation and coagulation response after ICH would accelerate the formation of brain edema around hematoma, resulting in a more severe and durable injury. (karger.com)
  • There is a short-of-effective medical treatment for secondary inflammation and reducing brain edema in ICH patients. (karger.com)
  • So, it is very important to study on the relationship between brain edema and ICH. (karger.com)
  • inhibition of brain edema provides favorable outcome of ICH. (karger.com)
  • This review mainly discusses the pathology and mechanism of brain edema, the effects of brain edema on ICH, and the methods of treating brain edema after ICH. (karger.com)
  • The inflammation, thrombin activation, and erythrocyte lysis caused by primary injury could promote the formation of brain edema, which is associated with poor outcome, and could cause more severe and durable injury [ 3 ]. (karger.com)
  • Brain edema after ICH can be divided into perihematomal edema (PHE) and intrahematomal edema. (karger.com)
  • vasogenic factors, thrombin formation, erythrocyte lysis and hemoglobin (Hb) toxicity [ 5 ] have been proved to be related to brain edema growth [ 6 ]. (karger.com)
  • In recent years, many studies focus on the mechanism of secondary inflammation that can cause brain edema and this may provide new therapy targets for ICH [ 7 ]. (karger.com)
  • Aging was found to have a profound effect on the TBI-induced loss of astrocyte function needed for maintaining water transport and edema-namely, aquaporin-4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Brain edema primarily occurs as a consequence of various cerebral injuries including ischemic stroke. (benthamscience.com)
  • Mounting evidence has demonstrated that AQP4, a water channel protein, is closely correlated with brain edema and could be an optimal therapeutic target for the reduction of ischemic brain edema. (benthamscience.com)
  • We propose that AQP4 serves as a key immediate vector for cerebral edema after CA in the developing brain. (himafund.org)
  • Brain water content assay was made to determine brain edema. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alternatively, latent reactivation of the virus can occur in the brain itself in this setting. (medscape.com)
  • Instead, tumor perivascular astrocytes may dedifferentiate and resume a progenitor-like P-gp activity, becoming MDR cells and contribute, together with perivascular P-gpexpressing glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), to the MDR profile of GBM vessels. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
  • More recently my work has focused on the brain wide glia-lymphatic pathway, also known as the glymphatic system. (lu.se)
  • Brain inflammation in animal models of these diseases is dominated by chronic microglial activation with minimal proinflammatory cytokine expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. (bioseek.eu)
  • Early accounts of the pathology of dementia pugilistica/CTE described nerve cell loss and accumulation of abnormal tau protein forming neurofibrillary tangles in affected brain regions. (nih.gov)
  • Traumatic encephalopathy refers to a specific pathology found in the brains of people with a history of traumatic brain injury. (medlink.com)
  • The authors set out to understand the potential contribution of astrocytes in maintaining the integrity of the BBB. (biologists.com)
  • AQP1, 4, and 9 are expressed within the central nervous system (CNS) with AQP4 having the largest contribution to brain water regulation (7). (himafund.org)
  • Assisting the formation and function of the CNS, astrocytes are involved in physiological and pathological brain activities. (degruyter.com)
  • Widely distributed in the whole brain, astrocytes function complexly varying from physiological activities to pathological changes. (degruyter.com)
  • P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) is a 170-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that works as an efflux pump and confers multidrug resistance (MDR) in normal tissues and tumors, including nervous tissues and brain tumors. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
  • The P-gp immunosignal, associated with RG-like NPCs during cortical histogenesis, progressively decreases in parallel with the last waves of neuroblast migrations, while 'outer' RGCs and the deriving astrocytes do not stain for the efflux transporter. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
  • Astrocytes near the targeted zone filled in for the loss by extending their processes, which remains a key demonstration of the importance of these cells in the maintenance of the BBB. (biologists.com)
  • Several cells in the brain play a major role in inflammatory and immune response processes. (curemymigraine.com)
  • In conclusion, the analysis of Pgp immunolocalization during brain development may contribute to identify the multiple cellular sources in the GBM vessels that may be involved in P-gp-mediated chemoresistance and can be responsible for GBM therapy failure and tumor recurrence. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
  • Astrocytes that are infected by the virus enlarge and take bizarre appearance (distortion of the nuclei with enlargement or multiple nuclei) and resemble the tumor cells in giant cell astrocytomas. (medscape.com)
  • In response to a peripheral infection, innate immune cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that act on the brain to cause sickness behaviour. (bioseek.eu)
  • RG-like NPCs have been found in many regions of the developing brain and have been suggested to give rise to neural stem cells (NSCs) of adult subventricular (SVZ) neurogenic niches. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
  • A region of the brain called the subventricular zone contains both neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells, and is one of only two regions of the brain where neural stem cells are found in adult mammals. (elifesciences.org)
  • The neurosphere-forming cells, named GEPCOT cells, were short-lived and highly proliferative in the brain. (elifesciences.org)
  • The identification of undifferentiated pre-GEPCOT and GEPCOT cells will make it possible to directly study the properties of these cells inside the mouse brain, and to isolate live cells to test how they function. (elifesciences.org)
  • The action of LPS has been described as an enhancer of the deleterious effects of Stx2 in different cells [ 4 ] and organs such as the brain [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite the passage of time, this condition, now called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), remains a diagnosis that can only be made during neuropathological examination of the brain at autopsy. (nih.gov)
  • Older-age individuals are at the highest risk for disability from a traumatic brain injury (TBI). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since then, chronic traumatic encephalopathy has become the focus of media attention with respect to prevention and management of brain injury in sports, particularly American football. (medlink.com)
  • This manuscript systematically defines the brain expression of AQP4 in human brain development under control (n = 13) and hydrocephalic conditions (n = 3). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The morphological abnormalities were significantly associated with dopamine synthesis capacity and expression profiles of 1110 genes enriched for trans-synaptic signaling, regulation of membrane potential, modulation of chemical synaptic transmission, brain development, synapse organization and regulation of neurotransmitter levels. (bvsalud.org)
  • Compared with HCs, patients with OCD demonstrated significant morphological abnormalities in distributed brain areas, including gray matter atrophy in the anterior cingulate and increased gray matter volume in the thalamus, caudate and precentral and postcentral gyrus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Due to its function in brain clearance I believe that it is extremely important to gain a deeper understanding of the glymphatic system to develop new drugs or therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. (lu.se)