• 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a metabolite of MPTP, causes rapid onset of irreversible symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a pro-neurotoxicant that must be metabolized to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and taken up into striatal dopaminergic neurons to produce neurodegeneration. (cdc.gov)
  • Scientists can treat mice with the chemical MPTP (1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) to create an animal model that can provide further insight into Parkinson's. (brainfacts.org)
  • A 2017 Kyoto University study transferred human iPS cells into the brains of monkeys treated with MPTP. (brainfacts.org)
  • Afección causada por la neurotoxina 1-METIL-4-FENIL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHIDROPIRIDINA (MPTP) que ocasiona destrucción selectiva de las neuronas nigroestriadas dopaminérgicas. (bvsalud.org)
  • MPTP treatment increased the abundance of mitochondrial fission proteins such as dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and phospho-Drp1 Ser616. (biomolther.org)
  • The PD model induced by N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + ) and/or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is one of the most adequate experimental models. (biomolther.org)
  • In rodent SNpc, DA neurons can be divided into two subpopulations based on the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1). (nih.gov)
  • Deletion of Aldh1a1 exacerbated α-synuclein-mediated DA neurodegeneration and α-synuclein aggregation, whereas Aldh1a1-null and control DA neurons were comparably susceptible to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-, glutamate-, or camptothecin-induced cell death. (nih.gov)
  • Nicotine can be N-oxidized by FMOs and can reduce oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation in the brain and improve synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, thereby benefiting PD patients. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • Why DA (dopamine) neurons and a select small subset of brain nuclei are particularly vulnerable to such ubiquitous cellular dysfunctions is presently one of the key unanswered questions in Parkinson's disease research. (ulaval.ca)
  • Furthermore, we demonstrate that reducing axonal arborization by acting on axon guidance pathways with Semaphorin 7A reduces in parallel the basal rate of mitochondrial OXPHOS and the vulnerability of nigral DA neurons to the neurotoxic agents MPP(+) (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) and rotenone. (ulaval.ca)
  • Neuronal PC12 cells and ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons were assessed in vitro for survival, transcription factor levels and Trib3 or Parkin expression after exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium with or without adaptaquin co-treatment. (puppyreading.com)
  • The glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1)/excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT-2) is the primary transporter responsible for removing glutamate from neuronal synapses and the extracellular environment, and it is expressed particularly by astrocytes (Williams et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Myelin specific CD4 + T helper cells are important in disease initiation and progression through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) [1] . (plos.org)
  • Microglia/macrophage can become over-activated under certain circumstances and produce an excess of cytotoxic factors like superoxide, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) [4]. (scirp.org)
  • TLR4 signaling mediated by the linker MyD88 activates the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), thereby inducing gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors like tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, and IL-1β ( Foley, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • ROS, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and H 2 S), and external signals (e.g. estrogen), which increase the amount of NEMP through nuclear respiration factor-1 (NRF1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and estrogen receptor. (inforang.com)
  • 14. Differential effect of platelet activating factor on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced cell death through regulation of apoptosis-related protein activation. (nih.gov)
  • Undoubtedly, astrocytes play a crucial role in neurogenesis and synaptogenesis by controlling the intercellular permeability of the blood-brain barrier and maintaining the homeostasis of the extracellular space. (springeropen.com)
  • 1. 18beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptotic cell death in SiHa cells and exhibits a synergistic effect against antibiotic anti-cancer drug toxicity. (nih.gov)
  • Postmortem evaluation of brains of patients with PD revealed a severe reduction of ALDH1A1 expression and neurodegeneration in the ventral ALDH1A1-positive DA subpopulations. (nih.gov)
  • It is not realistic to utilize the postmortem human brain tissue for proteomics and metabolomics analyses. (amegroups.org)
  • 4. Glycyrrhizin protection against 3-morpholinosydnonime-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in lung epithelial cells. (nih.gov)
  • We developed an in vitro NMJ model to investigate the differential contribution of motoneurons and muscle cells expressing ALS-causing mutation in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) to neuromuscular dysfunction. (puppyreading.com)
  • Protein-bound and free L-BMAA have been shown to bioconcentrate in the Guam ecosystem (bacteria, plants, animals, and human tissues) and detectable levels have been measured in brain tissue of people in Guam who suffered from dementia-related disorders. (nih.gov)
  • Iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) is a key factor in regulating brain iron homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • The pigs in the PBS, 1, 5, and 10 ng groups were injected with PBS buffer and 1, 5, and 10 ng of VEGF165 recombinant human protein, respectively, in the vitreous of the right eye before masking. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2016 ). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a water channel protein that is expressed by astrocytic end-feet surrounding capillaries and is linked with water transfer into and out of the brain parenchyma (Tang and Yang 2016 ). (springeropen.com)
  • Camilleri, P. Development of a protocol for the automated analysis of amino acids in brain tissue samples and microdialysates. (mdx.ac.uk)
  • The interleukin 1 (IL-1) cytokine family (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ) acts as DAMPs and stimulates sterile inflammation caused by necrosis and increases the inflammation with infection-related tissue damage ( Martin, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Connexin-43 (Cx43) is a functional entity capable of affecting metabolic gradients that is highly expressed by astrocytes, particularly at the blood-brain barrier (Pekny et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Our high-throughput screen identified eight blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable hit compounds that reduced apoE4-catalyzed Aβ oligomer and fibril formation in a dose-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Then, DBS 4-contact leads (tailored for monkeys) were implanted bilaterally in the STN, connected to an implantable pulse generator (Boston Scientific Vercise PC device). (mdsabstracts.org)
  • Behavior of additional DBS monkeys will be investigated as well as their brain molecular correlates. (mdsabstracts.org)
  • Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with multifactorial etiology [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • During training for my PhD, I studied the effects of chronic anticonvulsant treatment during development on the brain function of the genetically epileptic baboon, Papio papio. (smarttots.org)
  • 19 found that the mRNA levels of all FMOs except for FMO3 were up-regulated in the brain of SOD1-mutated (G93A) ALS mice compared with control mice, with the highest increase in FMO1 in the spinal cord and brainstem. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders, affecting approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years and causing progressive disability that can be slowed, but not halted, by treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Parkinson disease is recognized as one of the most common neurologic disorders, affecting approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years. (medscape.com)
  • We previously showed that decreased IRP2 levels were observed in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + )-treated dopaminergic cells [ 25 ], supporting the physiological role of IRP2 in the control of iron balance. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, GL-V9 decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS production and increased the antioxidant defenses in the mouse macrophage cells RAW264.7 by promoting Trx-1 expression. (oncotarget.com)
  • HEK-293T cells cotransfected with GPR37 and syntenin-1. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Microglial cells are immunoreactive cells of nonneural lineage resident in the CNS and play an important role in the physiological and pathological conditions of the brain. (scirp.org)
  • At the end of week 4, both cell types were analysed for the presence of inclusion bodies, superoxide dismutases and cell activation (only in CHME-5 cells) using Haematoxylin and Eosin staining, immunocytochemical and western blotting methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1991. Control of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced crypt hyperplasia by naturalkiller cells and its relevance to carcinogenics. (cdc.gov)
  • As the FDA's Director of the Division of Neurotoxicology at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Dr. Paule leads research focused on identifying approaches and methods for assessing the neurotoxicity of known or suspected neuroactive chemicals responsible for inducing brain-related disorders. (smarttots.org)
  • Strain susceptibility and resistance to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced enteric tumors in germfree rats (40146). (cdc.gov)
  • The understanding of FMOs activity in the brain is important for fully elucidating the roles of FMOs in pathological mechanisms. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the primary animal model of the human disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), sharing clinical characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms with MS [1] . (plos.org)
  • However, the mechanisms that mediate this association especially, the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dopamine (DA) and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) signaling in the cerebral cortex as well as local neurochemical system in the testis, are not fully known. (biochemistryconferences.com)
  • As of January 1, 2022, Oncotarget has shifted to a continuous publishing model. (oncotarget.com)
  • Moreover, the number of vascular endothelial cell nuclei in the 1 ng group was lower than that in the other VEGF165 groups. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, activated microglia also expresses neuroprotective and neurotrophic activities [1-3]. (scirp.org)
  • 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and 3 Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA. (jci.org)
  • GL-V9, a new synthetic flavonoid derivative, ameliorates DSS-induced colitis against oxidative stress by up-regulating Trx-1 expression via activation of. (oncotarget.com)
  • Mechanically, GL-V9 could increase Trx-1 via activation of AMPK/FOXO3a to suppress DSS-induced colonic oxidative stress. (oncotarget.com)
  • In conclusion, our study demonstrated that GL-V9 attenuated DSS-induced colitis against oxidative stress by up-regulating Trx-1 via activation of AMPK/FOXO3a pathway, suggesting that GL-V9 might be a potential effective drug for colitis. (oncotarget.com)
  • Effect of hydrazine and isoniazid on liver and brain glutathione. (cdc.gov)
  • We and others have found associations between PD risk and two nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial maintenance, MTIF3 (mitochondrial translation initiation factor 3) and POLG1 (DNA polymerase gamma 1). (openneurologyjournal.com)
  • We treated male Wistar rats with different doses of oral nicotine and passive smoking for 4-week (short-term) and 12-week (long-term) duration, where doses closely mimic the human smoking scenario. (biochemistryconferences.com)
  • their appearance is affected by aging, and they have never been observed in the brain of a human infant. (springeropen.com)
  • Western blot shows detection of Mouse Anti-Human/Mouse/Rat STAT3 Monoclonal Antibody ( MAB1799 ) using a 1:1000 dilution of HRP-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # HAF007). (bio-techne.com)
  • Detection of Myocilin in human skeletal muscle using 5 ug/mL of Mouse monoclonal anti-human Myocilin primary antibody ( MAB3446 ) followed by 30 min incubation with Goat anti Mouse HRP conjugated secondary antibodies (Catalog # HAF007) at 1:20 dilution + DAB chromogen (brown). (bio-techne.com)
  • 18 observed greater FMO1 expression in the spinal cord and brain stem of ALS patients compared with that in healthy controls. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • A better understanding of the role of microglia and of inflammation in brain/spinal cord injuries is required to develop treatments to prevent nerve damage and improve repair. (scirp.org)
  • 1988. Species-specific response to the rodent carcinogens 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in rodent bone-marrow micronucleus assays. (cdc.gov)
  • 1985. Spin-trapping of methyl radical in the oxidative metabolism of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. (cdc.gov)
  • Results: We found that the intravitreal injection of VEGF165 elevated DA levels in the retina and was effective in slowing the progression of myopia, and 1 ng of VEGF165 was the most effective. (bvsalud.org)
  • Re-evaluation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay: Observation of a positive response. (cdc.gov)
  • Duration of the response to a suboptimal dose of L-Dopa increased following 1 and 5 months of STN DBS but remained unchanged with an optimal dose or pramipexole. (mdsabstracts.org)
  • potential toxicity of general anesthetics during rapid brain development. (nih.gov)
  • Currently, Dr. Paule is conducting research projects directly related to SmartTots, including animal-based studies regarding the potential effects of anesthetics on the developing brain. (smarttots.org)
  • Structural analogs of desmethylprodine with different N-substituents than a methyl group on the piperidine have been investigated. (wikipedia.org)
  • This experiment was conducted under reducing conditions and using Immunoblot Buffer Group 1. (bio-techne.com)
  • Conversely, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 have been reported to be important to recovery from EAE and disease amelioration [1] . (plos.org)
  • In this review, we summarize the expression and localization of FMOs in the brain, the endogenous chemicals and xenobiotics metabolized by FMOs, and the consequences of FMO deficiency. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • 1 They oxygenate the sulfur or nitrogen atoms in chemicals with soft nucleophiles. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • In conclusion, serum LPC (18:1) is inversely linked to cognition in PD and presented its potential clinical value in distinguishing the presence or absence of cognitive impairment in PD. (amegroups.org)
  • These drugs included 93 small-molecule drugs, 36 biologic agents, 15 vaccines, 8 in vivo diagnostic materials, and 1 over-the-counter drug. (alksignaling.com)
  • While all SSRI medications increase total serotonin levels and inhibit serotonin uptake, some of them also increase brain levels of allopregnanlone (a GABA agonist that is now approved for the treatment of depression), increase dopamine, inhibit histamine, and desensitize other serotonin receptors. (badfeelingsgoaway.com)
  • As a pro-drug of estradiol, estradiol cypionate therefore has the same downstream effects within the body through binding to the Estrogen Receptor (ER) including ERα and ERβ subtypes, which are located in various tissues and organs such as the breasts, uterus, ovaries, skin, prostate, bone, fat, and brain. (drugbank.com)