Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin, is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) is an effective treatment for several movement disorders, including spasticity and dystonia. (jneurosci.org)
Substantial experimental and clinical evidence indicates that not all botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) effects can be explained solely by the local action (i.e., silencing of the neuromuscular junction). (jneurosci.org)
Studies in the 1920s found that botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) inhibited the activity of motor and parasympathetic nerve endings, confirmed several decades later to be due to decreased acetylcholine release. (bvsalud.org)
Clostridium botulinum is a species of the Clostridium genus that produces and secretes the powerful neurotoxin called botulinum toxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Group II is a psychrotroph - a cold-tolerant bacteria that can grow at low temperatures, although the best growth conditions are around 20°C. Group II Clostridium botulinum will grow at 3°C and continue to multiply at temperatures of up to 30°C. Group II spores are not as heat resistant as Group I. Group II secretes serotypes B, E, and F of the botulinum neurotoxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Iraq admitted to producing 19,000 liters of concentrated botulinum neurotoxin in the 1990s, and even small terrorism groups have been able to grow botulinum from spores found in the soil. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium13
Bar Goldberg] Botulism is a rare but potentially lethal disease caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum , a gram-negative, spore-forming anaerobic bacteria. (cdc.gov)
the subject of our study), also known as 'floppy baby syndrome', results from ingestion of Clostridium botulinum spores with subsequent colonization in the gut and releases botulism toxin, causing acute flaccid descending paralysis. (cdc.gov)
And the second type is wound botulism, in which Clostridium botulinum spores get into wounds, especially after a traumatic injury, post-op, or IVDU. (cdc.gov)
And the common belief is that infant intestinal flora is insufficient to suppress Clostridium botulinum colonization. (cdc.gov)
Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in low-oxygen environments. (biologydictionary.net)
This science has led us to divide Clostridium bacteria into two human groups - proteolytic C. botulinum (Group I) and non-proteolytic C. botulinum (Group II). (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum toxin is listed as a Category A bioterrorism agent on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. (biologydictionary.net)
In World War II, US soldiers were immunized with an antitoxin before arriving in France due to fears of the German army using Clostridium botulinum as a biological weapon. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum causes intoxication i.e, disease occurs either from ingesting preformed BoNTs in foods or production of BoNTs in the intestine. (microbenotes.com)
In the case of wound botulism, the organism colonizes in the infected part like wound, abscess, pus where the Clostridium spores germinate and produce toxins. (microbenotes.com)
Botulism is a life-threatening food-borne disease that causes neuroparalysis from the consumption of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). (microbenotes.com)
Botulism is a rare disease but has a high fatality rate even a small amount of toxin can kill millions. (microbenotes.com)
Botulinum toxins Type A, B and E are associated with food-borne botulism in humans. (microbenotes.com)
C. botulinum spores contaminating honey and syrup which are the major source of infant botulism. (microbenotes.com)
In infant botulism, babies under 1 year are mostly affected being a poorly developed gut microflora where the toxins are formed in the intestine. (microbenotes.com)
Neurotoxins1
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Botulinum neurotoxins are among the most potent toxins known. (jneurosci.org)
Potent toxins known1
Botulinum toxins are among the most potent toxins known to science. (wikipedia.org)
Spores4
contains botulinum spores, and that's why it is recommended to avoid honey consumption until one year old. (cdc.gov)
Outside of these temperatures, Group I C. botulinum forms spores. (biologydictionary.net)
C. botulinum is anaerobic, spore former, gram-positive bacterium and its spores are widely distributed in the environment from the soil to sewage, mud, lakes, sediments of sea and oceans and are also found in the intestine of land and aquatic animals. (microbenotes.com)
C. botulinum is strict anaerobes and can resist high temperatures where they form spores and when consumed produce toxins in the intestine and cause intoxication. (microbenotes.com)
Anaerobic1
C. botulinum bacteria are anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli found primarily in food items, freshwater sources, and the soil. (biologydictionary.net)
Bacterium2
Due to the nature of the bacterium to grow in wide distribution, its spore can contaminate foods where it colonizes and produces toxins. (microbenotes.com)
One of the genes regulated by PrfA is hyl , which encodes a toxin known as listeriolysin O (LLO), which allows the bacterium to escape vacuoles upon entry into a host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
Serotypes1
These bacteria produce different botulinum toxin serotypes (C or D) and are non-proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)
Jeuveau2
Commercial forms are marketed under the brand names Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA), Dysport/Azzalure (abobotulinumtoxinA), Letybo (letibotulinumtoxinA), Myobloc (rimabotulinumtoxinB), Xeomin/Bocouture (incobotulinumtoxinA), and Jeuveau (prabotulinumtoxinA). (wikipedia.org)
Commercial forms are marketed under the brand names Botox Cosmetic/Vistabel from Allergan, Dysport/Azzalure from Galderma and Ipsen, Xeomin/Bocouture from Merz, Jeuveau/Nuceiva from Evolus, manufactured by Daewoong in South Korea. (wikipedia.org)
BoNT5
BoNT/A-mediated cleavage of SNAP-25 in the FN is prevented by intracerebroventricular delivery of antitoxin antibodies, demonstrating that BoNT/A physically leaves the motoneurons to enter second-order neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) has emerged as a treatment option for temporomandibular disorder (TMD). (bvsalud.org)
Accordingly, any reported benefit of botulinum toxin (BoNT) on anxiety is thought to be secondary to its effect on the same. (bvsalud.org)
We sought to evaluate the distinctive impact of botulinum toxin (BoNT) on anxiety in cervical dystonia (CD). (bvsalud.org)
The 1970s were marked by studies of cellular mechanisms aided by use of neutralizing antibodies as pharmacologic tools: BoNT/A disappeared from accessibility to neutralizing antibodies within minutes, although it took several hours for onset of muscle weakness. (bvsalud.org)
BoNTs1
The BoNTs are extracellular proteins produced by C. botulinum that weighs around 150kDa. (microbenotes.com)
Proteolytic4
Proteolytic toxins break down the proteins of some of these glycoproteins. (biologydictionary.net)
Non-proteolytic toxins act upon the carbohydrate part (glucose or maltose, for example) of the glycoprotein. (biologydictionary.net)
All seven toxins are categorized into four groups based on proteolytic and non-proteolytic activity: Group I, II, III and IV. (microbenotes.com)
Injections2
In 2010, the FDA approved intramuscular botulinum toxin injections for prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine headache. (wikipedia.org)
The effects of botulinum toxin injections for glabellar lines ('11's lines' between the eyes) typically last two to four months and in some cases, product-dependent, with some patients experiencing a longer duration of effect of up to 6 months or longer. (wikipedia.org)
Neuromuscular junction2
The antitoxins are actually antibodies that neutralize the circulatory toxins and prevent them from binding to the neuromuscular junction in the presynaptic acetylcholine release area. (cdc.gov)
And the antitoxin does not reverse the neuromuscular junction blockade but prevents from additional attachment. (cdc.gov)
Intoxication2
Intoxication can occur naturally as a result of either wound or intestinal infection or by ingesting formed toxin in food. (wikipedia.org)
(a) Molecular steps of intoxication by the native C2 toxin. (microbenotes.com)
Lethal1
The estimated human lethal dose of type A toxin is 1.3-2.1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly, 10-13 ng/kg when inhaled, or 1000 ng/kg when taken by mouth. (wikipedia.org)
AbobotulinumtoxinA2
AbobotulinumtoxinA is the first and only FDA-approved botulinum toxin for the treatment of pediatric lower limb spasticity. (wikipedia.org)
[52] [53] AbobotulinumtoxinA is the first and only FDA-approved botulinum toxin for the treatment of pediatric lower limb spasticity. (wikipedia.org)
Biological2
Botulinum toxin is considered a hazardous biological substance in the environment. (microbenotes.com)
Botulinum toxin was used as a biological agent during World War II by the British, American and Japanese military. (microbenotes.com)
Therapeutic1
Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of therapeutic indications, many of which are not part of the approved drug label. (wikipedia.org)
Humans3
Group III is associated with the presence of botulinum toxin in animals, and Group IV with toxin production neither in humans nor animals. (biologydictionary.net)
While it had formerly not been identified in humans or animals but as a soil-based bacteria, a famous report listing five unexpected sudden deaths due to the presence of type G toxin shows that this group may eventually be categorized as a human serotype. (biologydictionary.net)
In January 2014, botulinum toxin was approved by UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency for treatment of restricted ankle motion due to lower-limb spasticity associated with stroke in adults. (wikipedia.org)
And the earlier the antitoxin treatment is given, the better and shorter the course of this disease and comorbidity. (cdc.gov)
So far, a method in which to spread this toxin throughout large areas has not been found. (biologydictionary.net)
Effective2
Botulinum toxin appears to be effective for refractory overactive bladder. (wikipedia.org)
In cosmetic applications, botulinum toxin is considered relatively safe and effective for reduction of facial wrinkles, especially in the uppermost third of the face. (wikipedia.org)