• In addition to complications seen from exposure to chemotherapy and radiation, patients undergoing allogeneic transplantation can experience unique late effects secondary to graft versus host disease (GVHD) and autoimmunity. (medscape.com)
  • In a study from the United States, long-term survivors of pediatric bone marrow transplantation followed in the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivors Study were compared with survivors of childhood cancer treated without bone marrow transplant from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 , 8 ] Survivors of bone marrow transplantation were more likely to have a severe or life threatening condition (relative risk [RR] = 3.9), more than one chronic condition (RR = 2.6), functional impairment (RR=3.5), and activity limitations (RR = 5.8) than conventionally treated patients. (medscape.com)
  • These data reinforce the need for marked vigilance in ensuring proper screening and management of long-term survivors of bone marrow transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • The transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) alleviates neuropathology and improves cognitive deficits in animal models with Alzheimer's disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Preventing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by depletion of T lymphocytes from the stem cell graft for transplantation remains controversial, mainly because of the perceived increase in disease recurrence. (ox.ac.uk)
  • They might involve medicines, blood transfusions or a bone marrow transplant . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Diseases Treatable with a Bone Marrow or Cord Blood Transplant in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)
  • Mayo Clinic scientists are actively studying ways to improve bone marrow transplant outcomes. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Learn more about research in the Bone Marrow Transplant Program . (mayoclinic.org)
  • See a list of publications about bone marrow transplant by Mayo Clinic doctors on PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The acute or fulminant form of the disease (aGvHD) is normally observed within the first 10 to 100 days post-transplant, [9] [10] and is a major challenge to transplants owing to associated morbidity and mortality. (wikipedia.org)
  • Allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) is an essential treatment to cure patients with blood cancers such as leukemia. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Our findings suggest routine use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and increased numbers of bone marrow transplants as the major reasons. (cdc.gov)
  • We have seen an increase in the number of bone marrow transplants performed, but there has been no major change in myeloablative regimens. (cdc.gov)
  • Although an effective treatment for HD has remained elusive, current studies using transplants of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells provides considerable promise. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study is comparing long-term outcomes for patients who receive blood and bone marrow transplants and those who receive standard treatment with medicines. (nih.gov)
  • Diseases treatable by transplants. (mayoclinic.org)
  • GvHD is commonly associated with bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants . (wikipedia.org)
  • Graft-versus-host disease ( GvHD ) is a syndrome , characterized by inflammation in different organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • GvHD can also occur after a blood transfusion , known as Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease or TA-GvHD if the blood products used have not been gamma irradiated or treated with an approved leukocyte reduction system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multipotent stem cells of both tissues - hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for blood and mesenchymal stem/stromal (MSCs) for bone - are the basis for their regenerative capacity. (europa.eu)
  • In this study, mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the bone-marrow of mice (BM MSCs), were labeled with Hoechst after low (3 to 8) or high (40 to 50) numbers of passages and then transplanted intrastriatally into 5-week-old R6/2 mice, which carries the N-terminal fragment of the human HD gene (145 to 155 repeats) and rapidly develops symptoms analogous to the human form of the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Now, a collaborative team from Penn , Harvard , the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), and Brigham and Women's Hospital has created a programmable hydrogel-based in vitro model mimicking healthy and fibrotic human bone marrow. (upenn.edu)
  • Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy with cytogenetic studies are required in most, but not all, patients. (medscape.com)
  • In this setting, immediately perform a bone marrow aspiration and obtain a biopsy from the posterior iliac crest. (medscape.com)
  • He compared paired samples from AML patients at various stages of the disease and treatment and found that blood samples from AML patients at diagnosis contained the ancestral stem and progenitor cells that carried the initiating genetic events in AML. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • The epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease in adult patients with HIV. (moffitt.org)
  • This battery of measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain liver, heart, and kidney diseases, acid-base imbalance in the respiratory and metabolic systems, other diseases involving lipid metabolism and various endocrine disorders as well as other metabolic or nutritional disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Alanine aminotransferase measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain liver diseases (e.g., viral hepatitis and cirrhosis) and heart diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Alkaline phosphatase measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, bone, and parathyroid disease. (cdc.gov)
  • AST measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain types of liver and heart disease. (cdc.gov)
  • BUN measurements are used in the diagnosis of certain renal and metabolic diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Calcium measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid disease, bone diseases, chronic renal disease and tetany. (cdc.gov)
  • Creatinine measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of renal diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Iron (non-heme) measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as iron deficiency anemia, chronic renal disease, and hemochromatosis (a disease associated with widespread deposit in the tissues of two iron-containing pigments, hemosiderin and hemofuscin, and characterized by pigmentation of the skin). (cdc.gov)
  • Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hip and thigh bones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fibrosis can also occur in the bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside some bones that houses blood-producing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and can lead to scarring and the disruption of normal functions. (upenn.edu)
  • and immune-mediated diseases such as aplastic anemia, in which the bone marrow loses its ability to produce red-blood cells. (petmd.com)
  • AML is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells that is characterized by runaway growth of abnormal white blood cells accumulating in the bone marrow and interfering with the production of normal blood cells. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Due to the limitations of such studies in human beings and animals, I propose to develop human in vitro models of healthy bone marrow, which can be induced to develop hematological and musculoskeletal diseases with high incidence, namely leukemia, multiple myeloma and bone metastasis. (europa.eu)
  • The NHLBI leads or sponsors studies for patients who have heart, lung, blood, or sleep related diseases or disorders. (nih.gov)
  • Lipid storage diseases (also known as lipidoses) are a group of inherited metabolic disorders in which harmful amounts of fatty materials (lipids) accumulate in various cells and tissues in the body. (nih.gov)
  • Disorders in which intracellular material that cannot be metabolized is stored in lysosomes are called lysosomal storage diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Niemann-Pick disease is a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by an accumulation of fat and cholesterol in cells of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, and, in some instances, brain. (nih.gov)
  • One way to fight diseases including HIV infection and autoimmune disorders could involve changing how a naturally occurring enzyme called SAMHD1 works to influence the immune system, new research suggests. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Myeloproliferative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by cellular proliferation of one or more hematologic cell lines in the peripheral blood, distinct from acute leukemia. (medscape.com)
  • Bone marrow histology shows hypercellularity in most of these disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are inherited disorders due to enzymatic defects that prevent breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. (medscape.com)
  • Glycogen storage diseases ( GSD ) are a group of inherited autosomal recessive disorders caused by genetic mutations that lead to the inability to breakdown and metabolize glycogen into glucose. (medscape.com)
  • Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threate- disorders and to shed a light on the role of ning blistering skin disease in which pa- mast cells in autoimmune diseases [ 7 ]. (who.int)
  • Exposure to benzene-contaminated toluene and bone marrow disorders - a retrospective exposure assessment. (cdc.gov)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • Acollaborative team developed an alginate-based hydrogel system that mimics the viscoelasticity of the natural extracellular matrix in bone marrow. (upenn.edu)
  • Chronic blood cancers known as " myeloproliferative neoplasms " (MPNs) are one example, in which patients can develop fibrotic bone marrow, or myelofibrosis, that disrupts the normal production of blood cells. (upenn.edu)
  • Combining this system with mouse in vivo models of myelofibrosis, the researchers demonstrated that monocytes decide whether to enter a pro-inflammatory state and go on to differentiate into inflammatory dendritic cells based on specific mechanical properties of the bone marrow niche with its densely packed ECM molecules. (upenn.edu)
  • It turns out that myelofibrosis is a mechano-related disease that could be treated by interfering with the mechanical signaling in bone marrow cells. (upenn.edu)
  • In the case of myelofibrosis, bone marrow fibrosis is demonstrated on the reticulin stain. (medscape.com)
  • 2005). In addition, about half of patients with the closely related blood diseases, essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), also carry the JAK21 m utation (Baxter et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Monocytes, a type of white blood cell belonging to the group of myeloid cells, are overproduced from HSCs in neoplasms and contribute to the inflammation in the bone marrow environment, or niche. (upenn.edu)
  • However, how the fibrotic bone marrow niche itself impacts the function of monocytes and inflammation in the bone marrow was unknown. (upenn.edu)
  • Telomere shortening and chronic diseases could be caused by the same cell-damaging processes, such as oxidative stress and inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • Allos Therapeutics, Inc. today announced that it has submitted a request to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for a re-examination of the negative opinion issued in January by the EMA's Committee For Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) for conditional approval of FOLOTYN (pralatrexate injection) for the treatment of patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) whose disease has progressed after at least one prior systemic therapy. (news-medical.net)
  • Other possible tests include urine analysis, immunologic tests for infections diseases like feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and a bone marrow examination. (petmd.com)
  • It is used in combination with other drugs to treat Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and Wilms tumor. (news-medical.net)
  • Ex vivo depletion of T cells from bone marrow grafts with CAMPATH-1 in acute leukemia: graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia effect. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To avoid some of these complications, use of adult, bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells have gained considerable interest. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Are you an adult with sickle cell disease? (nih.gov)
  • Are you an adult with sickle cell disease who's recently had a vaso-occlusive episode? (nih.gov)
  • Cutaneous graft-versus-host disease (adult). (mayoclinic.org)
  • This study tests a treatment called arginine therapy for pain episodes in children with sickle cell disease. (nih.gov)
  • Cell Replacement Therapy for Parkinson's Disease - Evaluating the potential of autologous grafting. (lu.se)
  • Avoiding chemotherapy spares patients from treatment side effects and long-term health risks, such as cardiovascular disease and development of a second cancer. (news-medical.net)
  • ALL is a rapidly progressing form of blood and bone marrow cancer that is more commonly diagnosed in children than adults. (news-medical.net)
  • Epigenetic changes actually are more common than the genetic mutations long known to put people at risk for cancer and other diseases and they are probably inherited as well, Dr. Bhalla says. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In early 2008, the National Institutes of Health established an epigenomics program to coordinate such efforts to better understand how this method of gene regulation fits into normal development, aging, learning and memory as well as its role in cancer, obesity, depression and other disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The environment, from chemicals leached from plastic or cigarettes, along with diet, sleep patterns even physical activity levels can result in these epigenetic changes that contribute to cancer and other diseases. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Although it is a relatively rare disease - accounting for just 1.2 percent of cancer deaths in the U.S. - its incidence is expected to increase as the population ages. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • He is a Professor of Medicine and currently the Section Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine and Senior Member of the Internal Medicine department at Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL. (moffitt.org)
  • Several epidemiologic studies have found that shorter telomeres tend to be associated with diseases that become more frequent with age, including heart disease and cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Are you 15 to 40 years old and have severe sickle cell disease? (nih.gov)
  • suPAR is the soluble form of this receptor that correlates with activation of the immune system and is more elevated in very active and severe forms of disease. (medscape.com)
  • This bone marrow film at 400X magnification demonstrates a complete absence of hemopoietic cells. (medscape.com)
  • most of the neutrophils in the body are contained in the bone marrow, either as mitotically active (one third) or postmitotic mature cells (two thirds). (medscape.com)
  • Medications for the underlying cause may be necessary, in addition to various medications to stimulate the production of neutrophils (a type of white blood-cell that fights infection), and another medication to stimulate the production of red-blood cells by bone marrow. (petmd.com)
  • By tracking the "family history" of individual stem cells from the blood of AML patients and using deep sequencing to identify alterations in genes commonly mutated in the disease, Dr. Shlush and his collaborators were able to identify - for the first time - pre-leukemic stem cells. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Polycythemia vera (PV) is a rare blood disease in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Whereas hypoxia in the individual with normal functioning kidneys leads to erythropoietin gene transcription, and hence increased RBC production, in those with anemia of chronic kidney disease, there is primary deficiency of erythropoietin production by the interstitial fibroblasts, also known as type I interstitial cells, thereby leading to anemia. (medscape.com)
  • The Koch postulates are commonly pointed to in identifying the microbial cause of a disease. (medscape.com)
  • Newer research indicates that other graft-versus-host disease target organs include the immune system (the hematopoietic system , e.g., the bone marrow and the thymus ) itself, and the lungs in the form of immune-mediated pneumonitis . (wikipedia.org)
  • Cats should be kept up to date with vaccinations that may prevent infectious diseases. (petmd.com)
  • 8. Chemotherapy is sometimes used to treat diseases other than cancers. (webmd.com)
  • JAK2 positive individuals should have periodic evaluations to monitor for possible disease onset or progression. (cdc.gov)
  • Bone marrow fibrosis is also detected in the spent phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia and polycythemia vera. (medscape.com)
  • While it is well established that HSCs are influenced by the bone marrow in their natural environment including MSCs and their progeny, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the reciprocal relationship. (europa.eu)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of aberrant Aβ peptide plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles in pathology [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cutaneous porphyrias are dermatologic diseases that may or may not involve the liver and nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • In the classical sense, acute graft-versus-host disease is characterized by selective damage to the liver , skin (rash), mucosa , and the gastrointestinal tract . (wikipedia.org)
  • Over time, excessive storage of fats can cause permanent cellular and tissue damage, particularly in the brain, peripheral nervous system (the nerves from the spinal cord to the rest of the body), liver, spleen, and bone marrow. (nih.gov)
  • Serum elevations of ALT activity are rarely observed except in parenchymal liver disease, since ALT is a more liver-specific enzyme than aspartate aminotransferase (AST). (cdc.gov)
  • It is currently the most sensitive enzymatic indicator of liver disease, with normal values rarely found in the presence of hepatic disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The goal of this study is to specify the interventions, implementation strategies and control conditions from the Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium (SCDIC) using a mixed-methods approach to study site materials and conduct semi-structured qualitative interviews with site representatives (N=3 per site). (nih.gov)
  • To participate in this study, you must be at least 18 years old, have sickle cell disease, and have not been on a chronic exchange transfusion program for at least 2 months. (nih.gov)
  • This study investigates better ways for emergency departments (EDs) to manage vaso-occlusive episodes, or pain crises, in people with sickle cell disease. (nih.gov)
  • This study is incorporating "Individualized Pain Plans" into patients' electronic health records to allow for faster and more accurate treatment in the ED. To participate in this study, you must be between the ages of 18 and 45 and have sickle cell disease. (nih.gov)
  • You must also have had at least one visit to a participating ED in the past 90 days due to pain from a vaso-occlusive episode and at least one visit at the study site sickle cell disease clinic within the past 12 months. (nih.gov)
  • To participate in this study, you or your child must have sickle cell disease and pain that requires medical attention. (nih.gov)
  • The hypothesis of the current proposal is that only when taking both tissues and their mutual crosstalk into account, we will be able to understand how the regenerative potential of blood and bone is impaired in disease and how it can be re-established with novel treatment strategies. (europa.eu)
  • The clinical treatment of Alzheimer's disease remains a challenge since the pathogenesis is not fully understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the results also suggest that certain patients with intermediate-risk disease can receive less aggressive adjuvant treatment, or perhaps forego it altogether. (news-medical.net)
  • Compiled for your convenience are articles on bone marrow failure research and treatment from the world's major journals on hematology / oncology. (aamds.org)
  • Treatment depends on the primary condition that led to pancytopenia, as it is essential that the primary disease be diagnosed and treated first. (petmd.com)
  • When acute myeloid leukemia is first diagnosed, it appears as an overwhelming disease in need of immediate and aggressive treatment. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • This is accomplished by removal of blood through periodic phlebotomy and drug treatment to suppress red blood cell production by the bone marrow. (cdc.gov)
  • In some families, inheritance of exceptionally short telomeres is linked to specific diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or bone marrow failure. (cdc.gov)
  • Congenital Heart Disease GEnetic NEtwork Study (CHD GENES). (nih.gov)
  • and Computer Science and Applied Mathematics and Dr. Ido Amit from the Department of Immunology to look at the genetic and epigenetic regulation networks involved in these diseases. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Not to be confused with Host-versus-graft disease . (wikipedia.org)
  • Mouse colon impacted by acute graft-versus-host disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Micrographs of grades of skin graft-versus-host disease: Ranging from grade I GvHR (with minimal vacuolization in the epidermis) to grade II GvHR (with vacuolization and dyskeratotic bodies) to grade III GvHR (with sub epidermal cleft formation) and finally to grade IV GvHR (with separation of the dermis from the epidermis). (wikipedia.org)
  • In the clinical setting, graft-versus-host disease is divided into acute and chronic forms, and scored or graded on the basis of the tissue affected and the severity of the reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • [6] Chronic graft-versus-host disease also attacks the above organs, but over its long-term course can also cause damage to the connective tissue and exocrine glands . (wikipedia.org)
  • Every year, September 21 is observed as World Alzheimer's Day to raise awareness about the disease globally and challenge the stigma around it while empowering both caregivers and patients. (wn.com)
  • The health-care facility environment is rarely implicated in disease transmission, except among patients who are immunocompromised. (cdc.gov)
  • Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)
  • En outre, il y avait une aug- mentation significative de la forme soluble du c-kit dans le sérum des patients atteints de pemphigus vulgaire actif par rapport aux témoins. (who.int)
  • Anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease. (medscape.com)
  • Tests for bone marrow diseases include blood and bone marrow tests. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Blood and bone are closely intertwined. (europa.eu)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Iclusig (ponatinib) to treat adults with chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), two rare blood and bone marrow diseases. (news-medical.net)
  • Pancytopenia does not actually refer to a disease, but rather to the simultaneous development of a number of blood-related deficiencies: non-regenerative anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia. (petmd.com)
  • The frequency of CBC checks depends on how severely low the cat's blood-cell and platelet counts were and are, as well as the underlying cause of the disease. (petmd.com)
  • Q: My friend says his uncle is being treated for a disease where he has too much blood and he gets "bloodletting'" every other day, like in the Middle Ages . (wn.com)
  • In fact, in individuals with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease, the etiology of anemia tends to be multifactorial (eg, decreased RBC production due to lack of erythropoietin, increased RBC destruction due to hemolysis [intravascular or extravascular], as well as increased blood loss due to multiple venipunctures for an array of indications). (medscape.com)
  • Anemia of chronic illness and anemia of chronic kidney disease(CKD) both fall under the category of decreased RBC production. (medscape.com)
  • When the classification of anemia is based on the morphology of the RBCs, both anemia of chronic illness and chronic kidney disease usually fall under the classification of normochromic, normocytic anemia. (medscape.com)
  • For patient education information, see Anemia and Chronic Kidney Disease. (medscape.com)
  • See the Medscape Reference articles Anemia and Chronic Kidney Disease for more complete information on this topic. (medscape.com)
  • However, in anemia of chronic kidney disease, males have a 30% greater risk of developing anemia as compared to their female counterparts. (medscape.com)
  • Although males have higher hemoglobin values, they also have higher rates of advanced chronic kidney disease. (medscape.com)
  • There is also a greater prevalence of anemia of chronic kidney disease in those older than 60 years, as compared to those aged between 46 and 60 years (see Anemia in Elderly Persons). (medscape.com)
  • This is probably secondary to the greater rate of chronic kidney disease in older individuals, as well as the lower estimated glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) that are associated with aging. (medscape.com)
  • Black individuals have not only a 4-fold increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease relative to white persons[11] but also an increased prevalence of anemia. (medscape.com)
  • Re-establishing the regenerative potential is the key to cure these diseases by regenerative medicine. (europa.eu)
  • Nowadays, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The focus of this report is the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (i.e., bacteremia, meningitis, or infection of other normally sterile sites) through the use of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat (greater than 38) on the short arm of chromosome 4, resulting in loss and dysfunction of neurons in the neostriatum and cortex, leading to cognitive decline, motor dysfunction, and death, typically occurring 15 to 20 years after the onset of motor symptoms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expanded and unstable CAG trinucleotide repeat that results in a progressive degeneration of neurons, primarily in the putamen, caudate nucleus, and cerebral cortex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • GSD type I, also known as Von Gierke disease, is an autosomal recessive disorder, divided into two subtypes: type Ia and type Ib. (medscape.com)
  • VLADIMIR Putin's war dog Ramzan Kadyrov is said to be battling a kidney disease amid swirling rumours about his deteriorating health. (wn.com)
  • Did you ever wonder why kidney diseases that didn't appear to be inflammatory when you biopsied and looked at them under the microscope responded clinically to immunosuppressives? (medscape.com)
  • uPAR and suPAR: How Are They Linked to Kidney Disease? (medscape.com)
  • Much attention has focused on suPAR, in that prior studies have identified that high levels of suPAR are associated with states of poorer kidney function and can predict progression of disease. (medscape.com)
  • There are multiple components of this paper that serve to change one variable at a time, introducing and pulling back different potential contributors of the pathway of suPAR production to kidney disease, and ultimately providing firm evidence for the "what" and "from where" in the story behind suPAR and FSGS. (medscape.com)