SerotypeOrbivirusCattleSheepStrain of bluetongue virusSerotypes of bluetongue virusStrainsInfectionRuminantsIsolatesCulicoidesVaccineAntibodiesPathogensGenomeCORE PARTICLEOutbreaksEndemicEpidemiologyEtiological agentMidgesEpizootic hemorrh1979BovineInfectReoviridae1998VirologyAntigenGenusMolecularRuminantOrbivirusesMosquito cellsVeterinaryFarmsReplicationSerumVaccinesArthropod-borneArbovirusIsolationDsRNAProteinExperimentally infectedClinicalAcuteDetectAvianHumansInfluenzaInfectiousVectors
Serotype8
- All Bluetongue serotypes share a common antigenic determinant called antigen protein P7, while the antigen protein Ps is variable and is used to determine the specific serotype of a virus (1-25). (purdue.edu)
- Each BTV serotype (20 μl of inoculum containing 1 × 105 tissue culture infectious dose [TCID]50/ml of virus) was inoculated intracerebrally into 3-day-old mice, while a control group was inoculated with mock-infected cell culture medium. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- The outbreaks in France have been caused by serotype eight of the bluetongue virus, whereas the agricultural outbreaks in other countries have been caused by serotype four. (thebeefsite.com)
- The samples were tested by viral isolation and typing and serotype 3 of bluetongue virus was identified in one animal, serotype 18 in another and serotype 14 in another. (thebeefsite.com)
- Bluetongue (BT) virus serotype 2 (BTV 2) was first confirmed in Tunisia in February 2000 and has since spread northward and westward, infecting several other countries and islands, including Corsica, where clinical disease was reported in October 2000. (vetres.org)
- The baculovirus-expressed core protein VP7 of African horse sickness virus serotype 4 (AHSV-4) has been purified to homogeneity and crystallized in the presence of 2.8 M urea. (ox.ac.uk)
- Breard E, Sailleau C, Nomikou K, Hamblin C, Mertens PP, Mellor PS, El Harrak M, Zientara S (2007): Molecular epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotype 4 isolated in Mediterranean Basin between 1979 and 2004. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Genomic Analysis Illustrated a Single Introduction and Evolution of Israeli Bluetongue Serotype 8 Virus Population 2008-2019. (cdc.gov)
Orbivirus4
- Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a Sedoreoviridae dsRNA virus part of the genus Orbivirus. (wikipedia.org)
- Bluetongue is an orbivirus which cross-reacts with many antigenically related viruses including Palyam virus and the viruses that cause epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer and African Horse sickness. (purdue.edu)
- Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne World Organization for Animal Health (founded as the OIE) listed disease, primarily affecting ruminants, caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV), which belongs to the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae (OIE 2019). (scielo.org.za)
- In order to overcome serological cross-reactions among orbivirus serogroups, which can hinder the accurate diagnosis of bluetongue virus (BTV) infection of livestock, a blocking ELISA (B-ELISA) incorporating a monoclonal antibody (20E9B7G2) with specificity for the BTV serogroup was developed. (ox.ac.uk)
Cattle6
- Bluetongue virus (BTV) is endemic in some areas with cattle and wild ruminants serving as reservoirs for the virus. (purdue.edu)
- In Montenegro , three new outbreaks of bluetongue in cattle on backyard holdings have been reported. (thebeefsite.com)
- Croatia has reported one outbreak of bluetongue on a cattle farm in Osijecko-Baranjska province. (thebeefsite.com)
- To estimate seroprevalence of bluetongue virus (BTV) and the geographic distribution of seropositive cattle herds in Illinois and western Indiana. (singerepidemiology.org)
- Cattle may be infected with the virus but rarely show disease. (wa.gov.au)
- Objective -To create a stochastic model to quantify the risk that shipments of cattle from regions within the United States would contain animals seropositive for bluetongue virus and to determine shipment-level accuracy of serologic testing by use of a competitive ELISA (c-ELISA). (avma.org)
Sheep9
- They are keeping a close eye on their flocks after the appearance of the bluetongue virus in sheep in the Netherlands. (newscientist.com)
- The virus causes high fever and swelling of the tongue in ruminants, and can kill up to 30 per cent of infected sheep. (newscientist.com)
- Epizootics of Bluetongue virus killing approximately 179,000 sheep within 4 months have threatened the livestock industry in recent years. (purdue.edu)
- Dr Joe Henry, chair of the Ruminant Health & Welfare bluetongue working group and president of the Sheep Veterinary Society, says: "This new emerging strain has been spreading rapidly in Europe in recent months, and with no current vaccine for this BTV-3 strain, we are pleading with farmers to remain vigilant. (farmersguardian.com)
- The bluetongue virus first identified on four Dutch sheep farms earlier this month has now been identified on 319 farms nationwide , according to data collected by food and product safety board NVWA. (topnews.media)
- Koumbati M, Mangana O, Nomikou K, Mellor PS, Papadopoulos O (1999): Duration of bluetongue viraemia and serological responses in experimentally infected European breeds of sheep and goats. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Bluetongue virus can infect all ruminants but it usually only causes serious disease in sheep. (wa.gov.au)
- The National Sheep Association (NSA) is urging all sheep farmers to be vigilant to signs of disease, following confirmation of a bluetongue virus (BTV 3) outbreak. (nationalsheep.org.uk)
- Serious animal pathogens include bluetongue virus of sheep and African horse sickness virus. (medscape.com)
Strain of bluetongue virus1
- A case of an emerging strain of bluetongue virus (BTV-3) has been confirmed in a cown on a farm near Canterbury, Kent, the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) have announced. (freepressseries.co.uk)
Serotypes of bluetongue virus1
- The present work was aimed to know the serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) circulating in western region of Cuba. (edu.cu)
Strains10
- In recent years, numerous atypical Bluetongue virus (BTV) strains have been discovered all around the world. (mdpi.com)
- Finally, were obtained virus isolates for an in-depth characterization of the circulating virus strains by molecular biology techniques such as next-generation sequencing, using high-tech equipment. (edu.cu)
- In our previous studies, we generated replication-deficient (disabled infectious single-cycle [ DISC ]) virus strains for a number of serotypes and reported preliminary data on their protective efficacy in animals. (sciensano.be)
- Our data support and validate the suitability of these virus strains as the next-generation vaccines for BTV. (sciensano.be)
- We targeted an essential gene to develop disabled virus strains as vaccine candidates. (sciensano.be)
- The results presented in this report further substantiate our previous evidence and support the suitability of these virus strains as the next-generation BTV vaccines. (sciensano.be)
- This is a report of the complete genome sequences of plaque-selected isolates of five virus strains included in bottle A of the South African Onderstepoort Biological Products commercial live attenuated bluetongue virus vaccine. (edu.au)
- There was some divergence between the nucleotide sequences of segment 10 obtained from the wild-type and vaccine virus strains. (vetres.org)
- Mertens PPC, Maan NS, Prasad G, Samuel AR, Shaw AE, Potgieter AC, Anthony SJ, Maan S (2007): Design of primers and use of RT-PCR assays for typing European bluetongue virus isolates: differentiation of field and vaccine strains. (ankara.edu.tr)
- The genome sequence analyses of these viruses revealed that both the eastern and western topotypes as well as their reassortant strains are present in India. (elis.sk)
Infection12
- Bluetongue virus (BTV) is neurotropic in nature, especially in ruminant fetuses and in-utero infection results in abortion and congenital brain malformations. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- AI refers to the disease caused by infection with avian influenza Type A viruses. (maine.gov)
- When these proteins sense higher acidity caused by proximity to the target cell, the virus unfurls a protein structure that penetrates the outer membrane of the cell and anchors to it, causing infection. (ucla.edu)
- However, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the infection caused by each virus is distinct, as are the diseases they cause. (bionity.com)
- Cell macromolecular synthesis may be controlled after CoV infection by locating some virus proteins in the host cell nucleus. (bionity.com)
- Exosomes released from virus-infected cells may contain RNA and proteins facilitating infection spread. (bvsalud.org)
- The purpose of our study was to analyze how the small RNA content of exosomes is affected by infection with the influenza A virus (IAV). (bvsalud.org)
- Multiple viruses, including pathogenic viruses, bacteriophages, and even plant viruses, cause a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion whereby a currently infected cell is resistant to secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus. (bvsalud.org)
- By artificially expressing Sindbis virus (SINV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP2 in mosquito cells and transgenic mosquitoes, we demonstrated a reduction in both SINV and CHIKV viral replication rates in cells following viral infection as well as reduced infection prevalence, viral titers, and transmission potential in mosquitoes. (bvsalud.org)
- Infection of the vertebrate host with these viruses is enhanced by mosquito saliva, a complex mixture of salivary-gland-derived factors and microbiota. (bvsalud.org)
- Instead, the Aedes gene product sialokinin mediated the enhancement of virus infection through a rapid reduction in endothelial barrier integrity. (bvsalud.org)
- Therapeutic strategies targeting sialokinin have the potential to limit disease severity following infection with Aedes-mosquito-borne viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Ruminants6
- Bluetongue is an acute, subacute, and possible chronic virus disease of wild and domestic ruminants (3,10). (cdc.gov)
- Bluetongue is a non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral disease of both domestic and wild ruminants. (purdue.edu)
- According to Kahrs, bluetongue is a major obstacle to exportation of U.S. ruminants and ruminant products and probably affects the United States more than most countries. (purdue.edu)
- Bluetongue (BT) is a debilitating and in many cases lethal disease that affects ruminants of economic importance. (sciensano.be)
- Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a vector-borne disease of ruminants disseminated in the tropics and sub-tropics. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Bluetongue (BT) is an insect borne (Culicoides) viral disease of small ruminants in India. (elis.sk)
Isolates3
- The molecular relationship between isolates of the BTV 2 Corsican wild-type viruses from 2000 and 2001, and the attenuated BTV 2 vaccine were determined by comparing corresponding sequences of genome segments 2, 7 and 10 with each other and with already published sequences available in the genome database. (vetres.org)
- Nikolakaki SV, Nomikou K, Koumbati M, Mangana O, Papanastassopoulou M, Mertens PPC, Papadopoulos O (2005): Molecular analysis of the NS3/NS3A gene of Bluetongue virus isolates from the 1979 and 1998-2001 epizootics in Greece and their segregation into two distinct groups. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Large-scale analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike-glycoprotein mutants demonstrates the need for continuous screening of virus isolates. (cdc.gov)
Culicoides1
- Virus isolations worldwide have incriminated several species from different Culicoides subgenera but many previous isolations are inconclusively labelled because of taxonomic problems within species complexes. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine1
- Based on these differences, primers were selected that could be used in RT-PCR to differentiate between the wild-type and the vaccine viruses. (vetres.org)
Antibodies2
- Bluetongue virus antibodies were distributed heterogeneously in this region. (singerepidemiology.org)
- Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody blocking ELISA for the detection of group-specific antibodies to bluetongue virus in experimental and field sera. (ox.ac.uk)
Pathogens1
- Note the virus list is broken down to genus level classification and only contains BSL2 and BSL3 non select agent pathogens. (cdc.gov)
Genome3
- A surge in new approaches to produce highly attenuated, safer vaccines was evident after the development of the BTV reverse-genetics system that allows the introduction of targeted mutations in the virus genome. (sciensano.be)
- Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. (bionity.com)
- Whole-genome sequencing of the viruses on two of the farms showed that they were related to a virus identified in humans in the same region 2 years before (B.1.1.307 lineage). (bvsalud.org)
CORE PARTICLE1
- In these cases, the virus enters the cell by endocytosis, the outer capsid is removed, and the core particle undergoes transcription. (medscape.com)
Outbreaks2
- The threat of decreased trade associated with Bluetongue outbreaks has become an even bigger threat to the livestock industry than the actual disease itself. (purdue.edu)
- GLOBAL - In the last few weeks, various countries around the world have reported bluetongue outbreaks. (thebeefsite.com)
Endemic3
- Bluetongue virus ( BTV ) is endemic in many parts of the world, often causing severe hemorrhagic disease in livestock. (sciensano.be)
- Israel is endemic to bluetongue virus (BTV). (huji.ac.il)
- Since the first report of BT in 1960s the country became endemic for the disease and most of the BT virus (BTV) serotypes (22 out of 27 worldwide) have been reported. (elis.sk)
Epidemiology1
- Gibbs EP, Greiner EC (1994): The epidemiology of bluetongue. (ankara.edu.tr)
Etiological agent2
- Classical vaccines that afford protection against bluetongue virus, the etiological agent, are not free from secondary and undesirable effects. (sciensano.be)
- The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the arboviral etiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), considered to be one of the most important tick-borne viral diseases in Europe and Asia. (bvsalud.org)
Midges3
- Transmitted by midges, the virus usually occurs in warm, wet areas, and has never been seen so far north. (newscientist.com)
- The predisposing risks for this disease spreading include, infected midges being carried over from infected areas by the wind, infected animals, blood, or germinal products (semen, ova and embryos) being imported from countries where bluetongue is prevalent. (freepressseries.co.uk)
- Bluetongue is spread by midges, not by direct contact between animals, and farmers have been told to use insect repellents to stop the disease from spreading. (topnews.media)
Epizootic hemorrh1
- Here, we report additional data on affects in midguts 2d following an EHDV (epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus) feeding, as well in head/salivary glands at 3d pI. (usda.gov)
19791
- This Bluetongue Virus antibody Test Kit is an agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay that takes place in agarose using the 7-well standard procedure described by Pearson and Jochim (American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, 22nd Annual Proceedings, 463-471, 1979). (vmrd.com)
Bovine2
- Brewer AW, MacLachlan NJ (1992): Ultrastructural characterization of the interaction of bluetongue virus with bovine erythrocytes in vitro. (ankara.edu.tr)
- DeMaula CD, Leutenegger CM, Jutila MA, MacLachlan NJ (2002): Bluetongue virus-induced activation of primary bovine lung microvascular endothelial cells. (ankara.edu.tr)
Infect3
- These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species, but rarely infect humans. (maine.gov)
- Many other viruses in this genus infect animals, but the above are the most commonly recognized. (medscape.com)
- avian influenza viruses can directly infect humans. (bionity.com)
Reoviridae2
- The virions of Reoviridae family viruses measure 60-80 nm in diameter and possess 2 concentric capsid shells, each of which is icosahedral. (medscape.com)
- Reoviruses (which also are called orthoreoviruses to avoid confusion with the family Reoviridae) are nonenveloped viruses. (medscape.com)
19982
- The purpose of this study is serotypic identification of local Bluetongue viruses (BTV) isolated between 1998 and 2005. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Mellor PS, Wittmann EJ (2002): Bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean Basin 1998-2001. (ankara.edu.tr)
Virology2
- As part of a research project on diseases in cervids in the ecological reserve, samples were sent to the Research Laboratory on Animal Virology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais and tested negative for epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus and positive for bluetongue virus. (thebeefsite.com)
- In 2016, 2018, and 2020, we organized international virology conferences, held in Basel, Switzerland (2016) and Barcelona, Spain (2018 and 2020), and we are currently planning the Viruses 2022 conference, to be held virtually. (mdpi.com)
Antigen1
- Soluble bluetongue virus antigen is placed in the center well and positive reference serum is placed in three alternating peripheral wells. (vmrd.com)
Genus1
- Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototypic member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. (bionity.com)
Molecular3
- In Cuba, only we have knowledge about circulation of the virus by serological evidence and viral isolation but it has not been possible to carry out its molecular typing. (edu.cu)
- This represents a key piece in the puzzle and a significant step forward for understanding molecular structures and mechanisms in this family of viruses. (ucla.edu)
- In addition research into animal viruses has made an important contribution to our understanding of viruses in general, their replication, molecular biology , evolution and interaction with the host. (bionity.com)
Ruminant1
- Bluetongue (BT) is an insect-transmitted viral disease of ruminant species. (edu.cu)
Orbiviruses2
- However, because of BTV s wide pathogenic variability and the fact that cross-reaction may occur between other orbiviruses (especially EHD), a positive result on Bluetongue group test does not mean clinical signs seen were caused by BTV itself. (purdue.edu)
- A similar problem was encountered previously with bluetongue virus (BTV) VP7 (whose structure has been reported), showing that the connections between the top and the bottom domains are rather weak for these two distinct orbiviruses. (ox.ac.uk)
Mosquito cells1
- Guirakhoo F, Catalan JA, Monath TP (1995): Adaptation of bluetongue virus in mosquito cells results in overexpression of NS3 proteins and release of virus particles. (ankara.edu.tr)
Veterinary2
- The study of animal viruses is important from a veterinary viewpoint and many of these viruses cause diseases that are economically devastating. (bionity.com)
- albopictus are the main vectors of mosquito-borne viruses of medical and veterinary significance. (bvsalud.org)
Farms1
- Bluetongue does not pose a threat to human health or food safety, but the disease can impact livestock farms, and cause productivity issues," Ms Middlemiss added. (farmersguardian.com)
Replication2
- Replication-Deficient Particles: New Insights into the Next Generation of Bluetongue Virus Vaccines. (sciensano.be)
- Exogenously provided, e.g. transgene encoded, small RNAs could be used to inhibit virus replication, breaking the transmission cycle. (bvsalud.org)
Serum1
- Attempts to modify bluetongue-virus-induced malformations with cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte serum. (johnshopkins.edu)
Vaccines3
- Scientists hope to use this information to aid in the creation of vaccines and drug treatments for bluetongue disease. (ucla.edu)
- We hope it will enable the design of specific antiviral agents and new and efficient vaccines for the control of bluetongue and related viral infections of animals and humans. (ucla.edu)
- It further revealed that some of these viruses are very close to live vaccines used in other countries. (elis.sk)
Arthropod-borne1
- Sialokinin is unique within the insect world as having a vertebrate-like tachykinin sequence and is absent from Anopheles mosquitoes, which are incompetent for most arthropod-borne viruses, whose saliva was not proviral and did not induce similar vascular permeability. (bvsalud.org)
Arbovirus1
- Defining predictors for insect-transmitted virus (arbovirus) disease cycles requires an understanding of the interactions between the virus and vector insect. (usda.gov)
Isolation3
- Virus isolation from blood of a viremic animal is the most definitive means of BTV diagnosis. (purdue.edu)
- Currently, PCR is taking over previous methods of virus isolation. (purdue.edu)
- The virus isolation followed by identification by electron microscopy is gold standard test, but it is time consuming and not easily available in all the laboratories. (elis.sk)
DsRNA1
- Mertens PPC (2004): dsRNA viruses. (ankara.edu.tr)
Protein3
- The scientists confirmed this mechanism by lowering the acidity around the virus, which caused the protein structure to detach and refold. (ucla.edu)
- Han Z, Harty RN (2004): The NS3 protein of bluetongue virus exhibits Viroporin-like properties. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Hyatt AD, Gould AR, Coupar B, Eaton BT (1991): Localization of the non-structural protein NS3 in bluetongue virus-infected cells. (ankara.edu.tr)
Experimentally infected1
- The aim of the present study was to compare the neuropathogenicity of major Indian BTV serotypes 1, 2, 10, 16 and 23 by gross and histopathological lesions and virus distribution in experimentally infected neonatal BALB/c mice. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Clinical1
- Few reports of clinical Bluetongue virus (BTV) infections have been described in dogs. (scielo.org.za)
Acute1
- Orungo virus, isolated in Africa, has been implicated in an acute illness with myalgias and headache. (medscape.com)
Detect2
Avian1
- Avian Influenza (AI) is a type A influenza virus naturally found in certain waterfowl and shorebird species. (maine.gov)
Humans1
- The virus is transmitted between ticks, animals, and humans. (bvsalud.org)
Influenza1
- Within-host evolutionary dynamics of seasonal and pandemic human influenza A viruses in young children. (cdc.gov)
Infectious1
- The double-shelled particle is the complete infectious form of the virus. (medscape.com)
Vectors1
- Vaccination against all serotypes is necessary to protect susceptible animals and to prevent onward spread of the virus by insect vectors. (sciensano.be)