• The cyclooxygenase pathway is specifically inhibited by aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Harris and his colleagues analyzed these data to determine whether the long term use of NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or aspirin, helped reduce the risk of breast cancer. (imaginis.com)
  • Examples of NSAIDs include Aspirin , indomethacin ( Indocin ), ibuprofen ( Motrin ), naproxen ( Naprosyn ), piroxicam ( Feldene ), and nabumetone (Relafen). (medicinenet.com)
  • Up to 20% of the asthmatic population is sensitive to aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and present with a triad of rhinitis, sinusitis, and asthma when exposed to the offending drugs. (medscape.com)
  • The attacks may be precipitated following the ingestion of small amounts of aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). (medscape.com)
  • Some common NSAIDs are aspirin and ibuprofen. (indiahospitaltour.com)
  • NSAIDs also include Celebrex* and Vioxx, so-called COX-2 inhibitors that block an enzyme known to cause an inflammatory response. (indiahospitaltour.com)
  • They are the most common medications prescribed for arthritis, but most people are familiar with the OTC NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen. (ivanhoe.com)
  • Some NSAIDs, most commonly aspirin, could protect against heart disease, but it can also cause you to bruise more easily. (ivanhoe.com)
  • NSAIDs prevent the enzyme known as cyclooxygenase, or COX, from doing its job. (ivanhoe.com)
  • NSAIDs work by preventing an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX) from making hormone-like chemicals called prostaglandins. (arthritis.org)
  • Traditional NSAIDs block an enzyme called COX-1.3 COX-1 has role in pain and inflammation. (symptoma.com)
  • Acetaminophen is the medicine most often used for fever and pain relief for people who cannot take aspirin and NSAIDs. (symptoma.com)
  • Aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen and other NSAIDS help stop pain and fever because they block an enzyme called cyclooxygenase that is critical in creating other chemicals that cause inflammation. (symptoma.com)
  • Common NSAIDs include ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin. (questgpt.info)
  • While using over-the-counter drugs like Aspirin, NSAIDs, and other prescription medicines is common for pain relief, it raises the question, " can dogs take aspirin and other OTC drugs? (city-dog.cz)
  • On the topic of NSAIDs, Aspirin is the most common OTC drug taken to relieve pain, and they work by blocking COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. (city-dog.cz)
  • The reason for that is the mechanism of action of NSAIDS, which is the inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) which takes part in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators known as prostanglandins and tromboxanes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Long term use of ibuprofen and aspirin may help prevent women from developing breast cancer, according to the results of a recent study. (imaginis.com)
  • In the study, ibuprofen was more effective than aspirin at preventing breast cancer, but the use of low-dose aspirin (less than 100 mg twice a week) had no effect on breast cancer risk reduction. (imaginis.com)
  • The common anti-inflammatory drugs (like Aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen) all act by blocking the action of both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. (medicinenet.com)
  • Doctor Srour also says Aspirin is an NSAID, but there is far less documentation that it causes kidney failure in comparison to ibuprofen. (ivanhoe.com)
  • What is especially interesting about frankincense is that it blocks a pathway to inflammation that is not covered by the basic drugs against inflammation, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, Motrin, Celebrex or the drug recently pulled from the market, Vioxx. (lilipoh.com)
  • So, if you need to control pain or fever for someone who has an Aspirin and Asthma problem, see the individual pages on Tylenol Side Effects and Ibuprofen Side Effects to get more details. (symptoma.com)
  • Those taking medications (such as ibuprofen, Naproxen) that interfere with the intended anti-clotting effect of aspirin. (targetwoman.com)
  • Pain medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen work by blocking the activity of these 2 enzymes. (ahealthyphilosophy.com)
  • Ginger blocks the inflammation and pain causing COX enzymes akin to the commonly used medicines aspirin and ibuprofen. (vegecravings.com)
  • One theory is aspirin blocks COX-2, an enzyme responsible for inflammation and pain. (jordannews.jo)
  • They work by blocking the production of certain enzymes that cause inflammation and pain. (questgpt.info)
  • This score shows the percentage of heart attack patients who received an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). (upmc.com)
  • Aspirin-induced asthma is a specific syndrome affecting asthmatic patients, consisting of chronic rhinosinusitis , nasal polyps , and asthma attacks caused by aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibiting drugs. (symptoma.com)
  • On study day 1, patients received aspirin to block the HCA2 downstream cyclooxygenase enzyme, followed by 3-OHB and placebo infusions in random order. (bvsalud.org)
  • At the biochemical leve l, CBDA raises anandamide levels, activates a serotonin receptor, acts as an antioxidant , regulates genetic transcription , and inhibits the COX-1 pathway (a pathway also used by aspirin). (cvresearch.info)
  • Aspirin irreversibly inhibits the enzyme COX, resulting in reduced platelet production of TXA 2 (thromboxane - powerful vasoconstrictor which lowers cyclic AMP and initiates the platelet release reaction). (wikidoc.org)
  • GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase) is a central enzyme in glucose metabolism, but plays additional roles in the cell. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The enzyme is called GAPDH, (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase), and is known for its role in the glucose metabolism. (gncdubai.com)
  • Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that relieves pain and reduces fever by blocking prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting an enzyme known as cyclo-oxygenase. (myvmc.com)
  • While blocking these enzymes reduces pain and inflammation, they also block prostaglandin and generate many side effects like GI ulceration. (city-dog.cz)
  • For example, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) induce the expression of the enzyme 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) in its active form in leucocytes, which catalyzes a step in the production cascade of a potent pro-resolving mediator named lipoxin A4 [2]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Evidence suggests that patients with AIA have increased activity of LTC 4 synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the cysteinyl LT synthesis, in their bronchial biopsy specimens, thereby tilting the balance in favor of inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a novel organic compound that does not occur in nature, and was first successfully synthesised in 1899. (wikipedia.org)
  • By 1899, Bayer created acetylsalicylic acid and named the drug 'Aspirin', going on to sell it around the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • After many years, it was synthesised as acetylsalicylic acid, now known as aspirin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acetylsalicylic Acid fights inflammation by blocking the action of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase. (targetwoman.com)
  • The bark of white willow contains salicin, which is a chemical similar to aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ). (answerlib.org)
  • No, Tylenol (acetaminophen) is not classified as a blood thinner-type of drug, but Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a blood thinner. (answerlib.org)
  • Cholesterol-lowering medications, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor) and simvastatin (Zocor), block the action of HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme involved in making cholesterol. (livescience.com)
  • Since the COX-2 enzyme does not play a role in the normal function of the stomach or intestinal tract, medications which selectively block COX-2 do not present the risk of injuring the stomach or intestines. (medicinenet.com)
  • When going for OTC medications like aspirin, it is always suggested to run them through your local vet, as all dogs are built differently. (city-dog.cz)
  • On the adult questionnaire, aspirin was moved to the non-prescription medications sections unless the strength or brand name reported was only available by prescription (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • Aspirin is technically an NSAID, but this article does not discuss the use of aspirin. (arthritis.org)
  • A specific type of NSAID, called a selective COX-2 inhibitor, blocks the COX-2 enzyme more than the COX-1 enzyme. (arthritis.org)
  • Every NSAID (except aspirin) increases your risk of heart attack, stroke and heart failure. (arthritis.org)
  • Protease inhibitors like saquinavir shut down an enzyme that would otherwise help HIV spread in the body. (livescience.com)
  • Newly developed drugs that selectively block the COX-2 enzyme are called COX-2 inhibitors. (medicinenet.com)
  • The COX-2 inhibitors represent a new class of drugs that do not affect COX-1, but selectively block only COX-2. (medicinenet.com)
  • Proton pump inhibitors can be combined with aspirin. (howmed.net)
  • Atorvastatin works by blocking an enzyme that is required for production of cholesterol. (medzone.org)
  • Therefore, blocking COX-1 relieves pain and reduces inflammation. (symptoma.com)
  • In the inflammatory pathway, the enzyme phospholipase causes the release of arachidonic acid. (medscape.com)
  • Another product of arachidonic acid breakdown involves the enzyme lipoxygenase, which alternately converts arachidonic acid to leukotriene, a chemotactic agent. (medscape.com)
  • By inhibiting the COX pathway, aspirin diverts arachidonic acid metabolites to the LO pathway. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to the use of aspirin and plavix for lower extremity arterial blockages, we also use it in patients who have had a stroke in order to help prevent them from having another stroke. (southbayvascular.com)
  • The weight-loss drug orlistat (Xenical or Alli) blocks the action of pancreatic lipase, reducing the amount of fat that is absorbed from food. (livescience.com)
  • In a recent study at the Ukrainian Rheumatology Center in Kiev, pancreatic enzymes relieved rheumatoid arthritis. (naturally.com)
  • In a second study from the Pediatric Clinic of the Institute of Rheumatology of the Russian Academy of Medical Science, 10 children with juvenile arthritis were given a preparation utilizing pancreatic enzymes. (naturally.com)
  • Medizym, a leading pancreatic enzyme preparation from the leaders in enzyme manufacturing, Marlyn Nutraceuticals, and other systemic enzyme preparations are nontoxic and regulated as a dietary supplement in the United States. (naturally.com)
  • Most health professionals recommend high potency enterically coated pancreatic enzymes such as Medizym. (naturally.com)
  • However, taking aspirin had no effect on a person's risk for getting several forms of the disease, including bladder, breast, gastrointestinal or pancreatic cancers, the researchers said. (upi.com)
  • Aspirin also did not reduce a person's risk for death from gastrointestinal or pancreatic cancer, they said. (upi.com)
  • Researchers at the Boyce Thompson Institute and John Hopkins University discovered that salicylic acid, the primary breakdown product of aspirin, binds to GAPDH, thereby stopping it from moving into a cell's nucleus, where it can trigger the cell's death. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Both are more effective than salicylic acid at blocking GAPDH's movement into the nucleus and the resulting cell death. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Low levels of salicylic acid block these pro-inflammatory activities, and the above mentioned salicylic acid derivatives are 40 to 70 times more potent than salicylic acid at inhibiting these pro-inflammatory activities. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • They investigated a breakdown product of aspirin called salicylic acid. (gncdubai.com)
  • Salicylic acid blocks a certain enzyme in the human body that plays a key role in diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. (gncdubai.com)
  • But there are many more natural anti-inflammatory agents if you wish to avoid the side effects of synthetic aspirin, such as ginger, garlic, turmeric (curcumin), aloe vera, and fish oil omega 3. (canceractive.com)
  • In addition to its role as an analgesic, aspirin is being increasingly used in the prophylaxis of ischemic heart disease and strokes. (medscape.com)
  • Apart from its analgesic and antipyretic properties, aspirin also possesses antiplatelet activity and is, therefore, used in the prophylaxis of thromboembolism, the prevention of transient ischemic attacks, and the reduction of the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with unstable angina and myocardial infarction. (medscape.com)
  • HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count) may complicate severe preeclampsia. (medscape.com)
  • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists block a receptor on the platelet for fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor. (wikidoc.org)
  • If patients are atopic, chronic rhinitis and asthma occur earlier in life, unlike aspirin intolerance and nasal polyps [3]. (symptoma.com)
  • Like aspirin, ginger works as a blood thinner which can prevent the formation of clots that can lead to heart attack or stroke. (answerlib.org)
  • A breakdown product of aspirin blocks cell death associated with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The team showed how the enzyme, phosphodiesterase 5, or PDE5A, involved in heart failure, slows down the breakdown of another vital compound called, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP), which is critical to cell growth and muscle contraction. (medindia.net)
  • Targeted drug therapies can now be developed and tested to work specifically on cysteine 181, to block the PDE5A enzyme, lower the breakdown of cyclic GMP, and potentially stall progression of heart failure and hypertrophy," she added. (medindia.net)
  • Aspirins breakdown product blocks the enzyme and thus stops the cell death. (gncdubai.com)
  • Other drugs that work by blocking inflammatory messenger chemicals ultimately reduce the body's immune defenses. (naturally.com)
  • Aspirin blocks the body's production of COX-2, an enzyme that may play a role in the progression of bladder and breast cancers, the researchers said. (upi.com)
  • 247-257 Aspirin sales revived considerably in the last decades of the twentieth century, and remain strong in the twenty-first with widespread use as a preventive treatment for heart attacks and strokes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Close to 26 million Americans or 20% of adults in USA take low-dose Aspirin daily to prevent heart attacks and strokes. (targetwoman.com)
  • The exact role of leukotriene in CME remains unclear, and, currently, no lipoxygenase specific blocking agents are approved for use in the treatment of CME. (medscape.com)
  • The inhibition of the so-called 5- lipoxygenase enzyme prohibits in turn the formation of the so-called leukotrienes. (lilipoh.com)
  • Common anti-inflammatory drugs like Aspirin block the function of the COX-1 enzyme along with another enzyme, COX-2 (see below). (medicinenet.com)
  • A study, published in the journal Clinics in Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology, based on data from around 33,000 people, found non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which include aspirin, reduce the likelihood of developing the condition by 16 percent. (jordannews.jo)
  • Antihistamines work by blocking the action of histamine, thus reducing the symptoms of allergies. (questgpt.info)
  • Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that the boswellic acids block the pathway to the formation of substances that ultimately cause inflammation. (lilipoh.com)
  • Rosutor-A works by blocking the action of a the enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase which the body needs to make cholesterol. (buy-pharma.md)
  • For older patients who are already taking aspirin for cardiovascular disease the drug may also provide additional protection against some cancers, but it not yet known whether the baby aspirin can achieve this, or if the full standard dose of 300mg/day will be needed. (canceractive.com)
  • Moreover, the Mayo Clinic said all this and more in 2002 when recommending an 81 mg dose of aspirin a day. (canceractive.com)
  • Low dose aspirin becomes essential. (targetwoman.com)
  • They also had a larger proportion of patients who were treated with beta blocking agents, but had a smaller proportion of patients who were taking aspirin (table 1). (hcplive.com)
  • Aspirin desensitization has a role in the management of AIA, especially in patients who need prophylaxis from thromboembolic diseases, myocardial infarction, and stroke. (medscape.com)
  • Even mild, intermittent asthma patients may have acute episodes induced by aspirin consumption and up to one-quarter of patients that need to be admitted to the hospital due to a crisis have ingested non-steroidal anti-inflammatories during the last 3 hours [5]. (symptoma.com)
  • In the early 2000s literature from interventional cardiology for minimally invasive heart procedures found that placing patients on aspirin and plavix together reduced the incidence of recurrent heart attacks as well as death. (southbayvascular.com)
  • Aspirin is a low strength blood thinner that patients can take orally as an 81 mg tablet once a day. (southbayvascular.com)
  • Studies have shown generally that patients with cardiovascular disease have a lower incidence of death, stroke, and heart attack over time than patients who do not take aspirin. (southbayvascular.com)
  • In general, I tend to make sure that all my patients who have peripheral vascular disease take aspirin as a general preventative measure. (southbayvascular.com)
  • Overall the large majority of my patients who receive procedures to fix blood flow to the foot are placed on aspirin and plavix. (southbayvascular.com)
  • In spite of a daily aspirin, patients with continued high levels of thromboxane are considered to be at increased risk of heart attack or stroke compared to patients without elevated levels. (targetwoman.com)
  • This score shows the percentage of heart attack patients who received an aspirin on arrival. (upmc.com)
  • We compared the results with those of a previous study in which patients received no aspirin. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients with type 2 diabetes from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II and on stable renin-angiotensin system blocking therapy were divided into those remaining untreated with a PPI (group 1, n = 686), on PPI therapy throughout (group 2, n = 174), and commencing (group 3, n = 109) or discontinuing regular PPI therapy (group 4, n = 67) during the 2 years between assessments. (medscape.com)
  • At the same time that systemic enzymes address joint health, they also benefit heart and circulatory health by helping the body to maintain lownormal inflammation levels. (naturally.com)
  • Overview of Stroke A stroke occurs when an artery to the brain becomes blocked or ruptures, resulting in death of an area of brain tissue due to loss of its blood supply (cerebral infarction). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Details about protein structure and function help scientists develop medicines that block proteins or otherwise interact with them. (livescience.com)
  • In many cases, the targets are enzymes, which are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. (livescience.com)
  • Some of the most widely prescribed drugs function by blocking proteins called G protein-coupled receptors, which play key roles in transmitting the signals that allow a cell to respond to its environment. (livescience.com)
  • Aspirin blocks the effects of the COX enzymes, proteins involved in inflammation and found at unusually high levels in several types of cancer. (canceractive.com)
  • It blocks the action of chemicals that produce blood clots. (targetwoman.com)
  • Could Aspirin Help Prevent Cell Death in Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases? (neurosciencenews.com)
  • A new study finds that a component of aspirin binds to an enzyme called GAPDH, which is believed to play a major role in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Could Aspirin Protect Against Alzheimer's And Parkinson's? (gncdubai.com)
  • It is important that people with aspirin sensitivity read labels of all over-the-counter drugs used to treat pain, colds and flu, and fever . (symptoma.com)
  • Aspirin in AtoTin-A-150 is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from conditions such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches. (medzone.org)
  • The enzyme GAPDH, long thought to function solely in glucose metabolism, is now known to participate in intracellular signaling," said co-author Solomon Snyder, professor of neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The new study establishes that GAPDH is a target for salicylate drugs related to aspirin, and hence may be relevant to the therapeutic actions of such drugs. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Co-author Solomon Snyder, professor of neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore said "The new study establishes that GAPDH is a target for salicylate drugs related to aspirin, and hence may be relevant to the therapeutic actions of such drugs. (gncdubai.com)
  • The association of aspirin sensitivity, asthma, and nasal polyposis was first described by Widal et al [ 1 ] in 1922. (medscape.com)
  • Most often, this sensitivity to aspirin develops in adulthood. (symptoma.com)
  • The test measures the thromboxane levels (higher levels indicate that aspirin is less effective). (targetwoman.com)
  • Aspirin is not only one of the best-documented medicines in the world, but also one of the most frequently used drugs of all times. (medscape.com)
  • These medicines block a hormone in the body that causes blood vessels to narrow, helping to lower blood pressure and reduce the heart's workload. (upmc.com)
  • LT-modifying drugs are effective in blocking the bronchoconstriction provoked by aspirin and are used in the treatment of this condition. (medscape.com)
  • In a detailed review of all the available evidence, Cancer Research UK scientists suggest that taking aspirin at an age before cancer begins to develop and for at least 10 years would maximise the drugs potential to prevent cancer. (canceractive.com)
  • These drugs have turned out to have significant side effects through their blocking an enzyme system called COX-2. (lilipoh.com)
  • How does Aspirin in AtoTin-A-150 work? (medzone.org)
  • They work by blocking the entry of calcium ions into the heart muscle cells, which slows down the electrical signals that cause them to contract. (atelectasias.com)
  • They work by blocking specific receptors on the heart muscle that respond to adrenaline, preventing them from overstimulating and causing an irregular heartbeat. (atelectasias.com)
  • This syndrome is referred to as aspirin-induced asthma (AIA). (medscape.com)
  • Aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) refers to the development of bronchoconstriction in asthmatic individuals following the ingestion of aspirin. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Aspirin and Asthma - Medscape - Nov 01, 2000. (medscape.com)
  • Women are twice more likely to be affected by aspirin-induced asthma. (symptoma.com)
  • Besides causing symptoms of asthma, aspirin can cause nasal congestion and abdominal pains in susceptible individuals. (symptoma.com)
  • Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is an enzyme which is normally present in a variety of areas of the body, including sites of inflammation and the stomach. (medicinenet.com)
  • When the COX-1 enzyme is blocked, inflammation is reduced, but the protective mucus lining of the stomach is also reduced, which can cause stomach upset, ulceration, and bleeding from the stomach and intestines . (medicinenet.com)
  • Another enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), also produces these chemical messenger molecules, but the COX-2 enzyme is located specifically in areas of the body that are responsible for inflammation and not in the stomach. (medicinenet.com)
  • Another enzyme cyclooxgenase-1(COX-1) is involved in maintaining the health of various organs such as the lining of your stomach . (ahealthyphilosophy.com)
  • The researchers said that their next step is to investigate how PDE5A affects where cyclic GMP is broken down or made, with the goal of determining if the enzyme also controls the known cell pooling of the compound. (medindia.net)
  • When used in concert with aspirin, the blood becomes thin enough to prevent the recurrent blockage of vessels that we have opened up. (southbayvascular.com)
  • Aspirin interferes with and stalls the formation of blood clots. (targetwoman.com)
  • With specific reference to the heart, blood clot formation can block the artery, the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue. (targetwoman.com)
  • If Aspirin is taken, it prevents artery-blocking blood clot formation and the risk is considerably reduced. (targetwoman.com)
  • One way to determine is through Aspirin resistance blood test. (targetwoman.com)
  • A blood test using a specific device is used to diagnose Aspirin resistance. (targetwoman.com)
  • If the blood sample shows that aspirin doesn't inhibit blood clotting as it should, the patient is deemed aspirin resistant. (targetwoman.com)
  • Is acetaminophen a blood thinner like aspirin? (answerlib.org)
  • For example, aspirin is a pain-reliever that has moderate blood-thinning effects. (answerlib.org)
  • However, if prescribed by a vet, these must only be given to your dog, as they block cyclooxygenase enzymes that manipulate internal processes like blood flow regulations and clotting. (city-dog.cz)
  • Aspirin can help break up blood clots, prevent new ones from forming, and possibly reduce the severity of a heart attack. (upmc.com)
  • These block only the actions of COX-2 enzymes, which stimulate inflammation. (ivanhoe.com)
  • Taking aspirin may help prevent future heart attacks. (upmc.com)
  • A PCI, or angioplasty, is the most effective method for opening blocked vessels that cause heart attacks. (upmc.com)
  • This theory may explain why acetaminophen, which does not block the COX-2 enzyme, does not prevent breast cancer. (imaginis.com)
  • The anti-Parkinson's drug deprenyl blocks GAPDH's entry into the nucleus and the resulting cell death. (neurosciencenews.com)