Bison and elk brucellosis. Medical search. Frequent questions

The shipment-to-slaughter program has been a controversial piece of Yellowstone's Interagency Bison Management Plan. (spokesman.com)
The government encourages hunters to kill the animals that venture beyond the park's borders into Beatty Gulch before they make it to nearby cattle ranches, as part of an Interagency Bison Management Plan developed in 2000. (courthousenews.com)
Slaughtering and transporting live bison to Native American tribes are both part of the Interagency Bison Management Plan . (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
Only 3,000 bison remain in Yellowstone today because of what the plaintiffs claim is "aggressive population control" implemented under the Interagency Bison Management Plan adopted nine years ago. (ens-newswire.com)
Tom Woodbury, Montana director for the plaintiff Western Watersheds Project, says the Interagency Bison Management Plan is broken. (ens-newswire.com)
In the last two years the Interagency Bison Management plan (IBMP) has killed almost 1,200 bison in 2018 and 1,300 in 2017. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Yellowstone and the other Interagency Bison Management Plan (IMBP) partners have stated that they want up to 900 wild bison killed this year. (ecowatch.com)
This capture marks the onset of the highly controversial Royal Teton Ranch (RTR) land lease experiment, an endeavor opposed by wild bison advocates and one that Interagency Bison Management Plan agencies incongruously tout as "increased tolerance" for wild bison in Montana. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Year after year, Yellowstone and Montana officials executing the ill-conceived Interagency Bison Management Plan forcibly prevent wild bison's natural migration with hazing, capture, slaughter, quarantine and hunting. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Clearly, the actions made by those involved with the Interagency Bison Management Plan qualify as the latter. (animalpeopleforum.org)
Under the voluntarily agreed to Interagency Bison Management Plan, Yellowstone National Park and the other IBMP agencies continue to operate under faulty assumptions and outdated information, in contravention of the agency's mandate to use the best available science to inform decision makers and the public. (thegayvegans.com)

Yellowstone bison are central to the tribal restoration effort: Animals from the park help populate herds like the Blackfeet's. (hcn.org)
But thanks to APHIS' successful eradication program, there's no longer any likelihood of brucellosis causing a livestock meltdown, which is perhaps why APHIS now is turning its attention to the Yellowstone bison. (motherjones.com)
In bison, however, the very limited research available suggests that transmission may occur via contaminated milk, and indicates that infected Yellowstone bison have a much lower abortion rate than cattle. (motherjones.com)
The genetically pure Yellowstone bison, numbering around 3,000 animals, stand out as a rarity. (nwf.org)
From a biological standpoint, having all the remaining genetically pure Yellowstone bison in one park's basket presented a real danger: An outbreak of disease or a natural disaster could spell the end of the species. (nwf.org)
The Yellowstone bison population includes America's last continuously wild herds, and is the last bison population that still follows its migratory instincts. (ens-newswire.com)
Yellowstone Bison. (theecologist.org)
Since 1985 some 8,634 Yellowstone bison have been sacrificed to the livestock industry. (theecologist.org)
The longstanding but controversial program is designed to lessen the risk of straying Yellowstone bison infecting cattle in Montana with brucellosis, a bacterial disease carried by many bison, also known as buffalo. (trust.org)
It is inconceivable that the government wants to waste even more money on a plan that even they say won't rid Yellowstone bison of brucellosis or bring more tolerance for wild bison by the livestock oligarchy of Montana. (thewildlifenews.com)
Keith Aune, the Wildlife Conservation Society, said that the difficulty with the Yellowstone bison is the stigma that is attached to them. (thevintagenews.com)
Yellowstone bison are used to being photographed not shot. (thewildlifenews.com)
A number of environmental organizations, Western Watersheds Project, The Buffalo Field Campaign, and Friends of Animals, have petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list the Yellowstone bison under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). (thewildlifenews.com)

Number of Brucella abortus -positive domestic cattle and ranched bison herds (combined) detected each year, Greater Yellowstone Area, USA, 1989-2012. (cdc.gov)
The depletion of Montana's wildlife, including the noticeable decline of elk herds on the landscape, during the 1800's and early 1900's inspired the beginning of Montana's conservation movement during the first half of the 20th Century. (mt.gov)
The potential for transmission to livestock has led FWP to investigate the status of brucellosis in some elk herds near Yellowstone National Park. (mt.gov)
It's been a big success: After a $3.5 billion campaign by private interests and state and federal authorities, APHIS expects the nation's cattle herds to be entirely brucellosis-free by the end of this year. (motherjones.com)
More than 30 million bison-some estimates range as high as 60 million-once roamed North America in colossal, nomadic herds. (nwf.org)
Although domesticated animals are of particular importance, brucellosis is also found in wild animals that exist in herds (eg, bison or elk in North America and wild boar in Germany). (medscape.com)
Wood Buffalo National Park was established in 1922 (the original area was 26,800 km 2 ) to protect declining herds of bison ( Bison bison ). (bisoncentre.com)
this resulted in significant long-term consequences for the existing bison herds. (bisoncentre.com)
According to the park's superintendent, Stephen Flemming, the disease that's found in Yellowstone's bison herds is known as Brucellosis, but the disease is actually absent from Canada's Elk Island herd. (thevintagenews.com)
Although such a transmission has never occurred, the Montana Department of Livestock (DOL) persecutes buffalo that leave Yellowstone: Agents round up and force, or haze, roaming herds back to the national park, capturing and testing animals for brucellosis and killing those that are infected. (joshuazaffos.com)
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Reducing the quarantine program requirements from over 900 days to 300 days would allow management of quarantined bison in coordination with seasonal movement of bison herds and triple the number of brucellosis-free bison available for distribution. (bvsalud.org)

Although bison inside Yellowstone were revered as a symbol of the Old West, when they crossed the park boundary Montana agriculture officials labeled them livestock and shot them, ostensibly because some bison carry brucellosis, a disease that causes cattle to abort fetuses. (nwf.org)
Elk, who also carry brucellosis and have transmitted the disease to livestock numerous times in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, are free to migrate from Yellowstone and are managed by hunting based on sustainable populations in available habitat in Montana. (ecowatch.com)
Also keep in mind that other animals also carry brucellosis. (theecologist.org)
Other wildlife, such as elk, also carry brucellosis and are known to have transmitted it, yet they are free to migrate, and even commingle with cattle with little or no consequence. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Elk also carry brucellosis, and are more likely to transmit the disease to both cattle and people. (yellowstoneinsider.com)

Governor Steve Bullock recently proposed a plan to allow bison to roam outside Yellowstone's western boundary, but that plan hasn't yet been finalized. (mtpr.org)
Ironically, experts believe Yellowstone's bison originally caught brucellosis from cattle, perhaps by ingesting infected cow's milk. (motherjones.com)
Yellowstone's slaughter of wild bison is as lacking in scientific reason as it is in public support," said Buffalo Field Campaign's Stephany Seay. (ecowatch.com)
This population target is a result of livestock industry pressure to address unfounded brucellosis fears and Yellowstone's false premise that there are "surplus" wild bison. (ecowatch.com)
Yellowstone's capture for slaughter operations adversely impact the wild population's natural immunity to introduced diseases, including brucellosis and increases the risk of more virulent and persistent strains arising in the wild population. (ecowatch.com)
Both the Buffalo Field Campaign and the Western Watersheds Project have petitioned to have Yellowstone's bison declared a threatened distinct population segment under the Endangered Species Act. (theecologist.org)
Like other migratory wildlife, bison cross Yellowstone's ecologically insignificant boundaries in order to access the habitat they need for survival. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Buffalo Field Campaign is a non-profit public interest organization founded in 1997 to stop the slaughter of Yellowstone's wild bison, protect the natural habitat of wild free-roaming bison and other native wildlife, and to work with people of all Nations to honor the sacredness of wild bison. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Bonnie Lynn, an activist who lives on the edge of Yellowstone Park, has produced a film that provides many voices (including me) discussing the tragic slaughter of Yellowstone's unique bison herd. (thewildlifenews.com)
There is no such thing as 'surplus' wild bison," said BFC executive director Dan Brister, "Yellowstone's target population cap of 3,000 animals is nothing more than a politically derived number that has nothing to do with carrying capacity. (thegayvegans.com)

Brucellosis is in infectious disease caused by bacteria in the genus Brucella . (medicinenet.com)
Commonly infected animals that are hunted that may contain Brucella are caribou, moose, wild hogs (feral hogs), elk, and bison. (medicinenet.com)
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria from the genus Brucella, and primarily affects ungulates (domestic livestock, bison, elk). (utah.gov)
Interest in brucellosis has been increasing because of the growing phenomena of international tourism and migration, in addition to the potential use of Brucella as a biological weapon. (medscape.com)
Wild bison and elk in the Greater Yellowstone Area are the last remaining reservoir of the bacterium Brucella abortus in the United States. (ens-newswire.com)
None of the exposed persons reported having previously had brucellosis or being unintentionally inoculated with Brucella vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Editorial Note: Brucellosis, also known as 'undulant fever' or 'Bangs disease,' is a systemic infection caused by Brucella sp. (cdc.gov)
Here, at the National Animal Disease Center, we study infections of livestock with species like brucella abortus, which causes brucellosis in cattle and bison, and E.Coli O157:H7 as shed from the intestinal tracks of cattle. (jove.com)
Brucellosis, a disease caused by the bacteria Brucella abortus that causes elk to abort, is known to be widespread and common in elk in the Greater Yellowstone area. (cowboystatenews.com)
Efficacy of single calfhood vaccination of elk with Brucella abortus s" by Thomas J. Roffe, Lee C. Jones et al. (lsu.edu)
Based on these data, single calfhood vaccination with S19 has low efficacy, will likely have only little to moderate effect on Brucella prevalence in elk, and is unlikely to eradicate the disease in wildlife of the GYA. (lsu.edu)
Methods for determining sero-reactivity of these potential diagnostic targets consisted of SDS-PAGE, electroblotting, and immunolabelling with anti-sera from goats, sheep, cattle, and elk infected with either of the three pathogenic Brucella spp. (uwyo.edu)

If you hunt certain kinds of wild animals, you may have an increased risk of brucellosis. (cdc.gov)

Animals that test positive for brucellosis exposure do not necessarily carry or spread the disease, but at one time were exposed to brucellosis and have developed antibodies that can be measured with blood tests. (rmef.org)
When livestock tests positive for brucellosis, a litany of regulations, restrictions and mandated control measures prove costly for beef producers within the affected state. (cowboyrevival.org)
Even though no cattle graze the area this time of year and only a few do so in the summer-after risk of infection has virtually disappeared-the DOL captured 24 bison and killed eight that tested positive for brucellosis. (joshuazaffos.com)

Critics point out there's never been a documented case of Brucellosis transmission in the wild between bison and domestic cattle. (mtpr.org)
But in another case argued before the Ninth Circuit this past February, Cottonwood Environmental Law Center says there has never been a documented case of brucellosis transmission between bison and cattle. (courthousenews.com)
There's never been a proven case of [brucellosis] transmission from wild bison to livestock but elk generate large amounts of revenue for the states and private outfitters," said Hurley. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)

Efforts to eliminate infectious diseases from elk populations, primarily by vaccination, have had mixed success. (wikipedia.org)
This report is based on a synthesis, conducted by the Wyoming Migration Initiative on behalf of The Pew Charitable Trusts, of the growing body of science regarding the migration of western North America's populations of mule deer, elk, pronghorn, and other ungulate species and identifies the most substantive threats to migrating wildlife. (pewtrusts.org)
Under the three alternatives that will be considered is one that maintains bison populations at 3,500 to 5,000 animals after calving season in the spring using hunting, slaughter and quarantine. (spokesman.com)
Consequently, bison are the only park animal whose wanderings are restricted and populations are controlled. (spokesman.com)
Sholly said the cooperative work of the agencies and tribes under the IBMP has successfully maintained bison populations, lessened conflicts with landowners and avoided brucellosis infections. (spokesman.com)
Today, Montana is home to one of the largest elk populations in the country. (mt.gov)
Managing Montana's elk populations at levels compatible with other land uses and meeting the current and future demand for hunting and other recreation has become increasingly complex, demanding increased comprehensive planning. (mt.gov)
In total, 29 cow elk in the Horseshoe Hills and 40 cow elk in the Ashland area received GPS collars in an effort to enhance our understanding of elk movement patterns within these populations, evaluate the risk elk may pose for brucellosis transmission to cattle or other elk, and improve overall elk population management. (mt.gov)
The goal of these operations is to evaluate the presence and understand the movement of brucellosis in Montana's elk populations. (rmef.org)
Epidemiologists speculate that brucellosis came to the U.S. with European cattle in the 1800s, gradually spreading to American cattle and swine and eventually to wildlife populations, including bison and elk. (motherjones.com)
Olsen and his team are working on developing new vaccines that can safely and easily be administered to domestic livestock and wildlife populations to help prevent the spread of brucellosis. (beefmagazine.com)
The civil action for judicial review targets the U.S. Forest Service for failing to manage the Gallatin National Forest in a way that would allow for healthy populations of bison, sage grouse, and other wildlife, and instead manages the national forest for "domestic cattle livestock industry interests. (ens-newswire.com)
We must now focus our efforts on eradicating brucellosis from the free-ranging elk and bison populations in the Greater Yellowstone Area in order to protect our national cattle herd against future outbreaks of this disease. (avma.org)
Worldwide, brucellosis usually occurs in geographic areas with large populations of these animal hosts (1,2). (cdc.gov)

Based on my many discussions with breeders over the years, there appears to be a great deal of misunderstanding about the bacterial disease brucellosis . (akc.org)
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease that infects cattle, bison and elk and can result in abortion or the birth of weak calves. (rmef.org)
Bovine TB is a bacterial disease most commonly found in cattle and other animals such as bison, elk, and deer. (fda.gov)
Brucellosis is another bacterial disease seen in livestock such as cattle, goats, and sheep, wild animals such as bison and elk, and other animals. (fda.gov)

The goal is to have a draft environmental impact statement regarding bison management out for public comment by this fall with a final document approved in 2023, Sholly said. (spokesman.com)

Elk, which are also infected with brucellosis, move freely within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. (spokesman.com)
Some elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) are also infected with brucellosis. (theecologist.org)
Presenters at the workshop offered their latest data on brucellosis, or Bang's disease, which originally found its way to the greater Yellowstone ecosystem via infected livestock. (cowboyrevival.org)
A second case of brucellosis has been found in cattle in the brucellosis surveillance zone near the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) in Montana. (thewildlifenews.com)

According to a new study published in the Nature Communcations journal, elk are much more likely to transmit brucellosis than bison. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
But there is extensive controversy over APHIS' assumption that wild bison and elk can transmit brucellosis to livestock. (motherjones.com)
These wild species can transmit brucellosis to domestic livestock, including those that are already immunized, causing animals to test positive on serologic (antibody) tests, which initiates regulatory actions. (beefmagazine.com)
But bison have never been known to transmit the disease to them. (theecologist.org)
First, only infected pregnant bison cows can potentially transmit brucellosis during the last trimester of pregnancy (February - April). (theecologist.org)
Do bison really transmit brucellosis to cattle? (theecologist.org)

That's about 2,000 more than what a multi-agency bison management plan called for when it was adopted in the year 2000. (mtpr.org)

Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection (meaning the disease occurs mainly in animals but is occasionally transferred to humans). (medicinenet.com)
Another way that brucellosis spreads to humans is by inhalation of the bacteria. (medicinenet.com)
Brucellosis is a contagious bacterial infection in domestic animals, wildlife and humans worldwide. (mt.gov)
It can cause disease in humans and the livestock industry fears bison will infect cattle. (mtpr.org)
The disease is highly contagious and can infect bison, elk, cattle, and even humans. (kbzk.com)
Because of the potential risk of spreading to humans and livestock, Montana has strict protocols in regards to brucellosis. (kbzk.com)
There is also a risk of transmitting brucellosis to humans. (beefmagazine.com)
When humans are infected, brucellosis can be a chronic, debilitating disease that does not have distinct symptoms, leading to difficulties in diagnosis. (beefmagazine.com)
Humans are accidental hosts, but brucellosis continues to be a major public health concern worldwide and is the most common zoonotic infection. (medscape.com)
Brucellosis causes cattle to abort their first fetus and is transmissible to humans as undulant fever. (theecologist.org)
Brucellosis is a concern for the livestock and bison, but also there is a fear of humans contracting the disease. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
Bison, in particular, are known to gore humans when humans get too close. (prindleinstitute.org)
It is where the bison hid from humans to survive extinction. (animalpeopleforum.org)

This winter, few bison have migrated into the basin, so only two have been shot by state hunters, according to Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. (spokesman.com)
Other animals that can be affected with brucellosis include livestock such as sheep, cattle, and goats, as well as wildlife, including bison, elk, and wild pigs. (akc.org)
As part of its multi-year Targeted Elk Brucellosis Surveillance Project, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks (FWP) conducted elk capture operations in both the northern portion of the Tendoy Mountains southwest of Dillon and in the southern portion of the Bangtail Mountains northwest of Livingston. (rmef.org)
Yellowstone Superintendent Dan Wenk says the long term goal is to manage the bison as any other wildlife, but adds that's not possible right now. (mtpr.org)
Mountain ridges and short stretches of wildlife-friendly fencing discouraged bison from leaving the 1,200 km 2 reintroduction zone while allowing other wildlife to pass freely. (canada.ca)
Protection difficult due to different host-bacterial species combinations, potential transmission from wildlife reservoirs, like elk, bison and feral swine. (beefmagazine.com)
Wildlife officials' experience with other species reintroductions in the West-including wolves, lynx, elk, moose and bighorn sheep-confirmed that having a full complement of species made for healthier landscapes. (nwf.org)
It is time to do what is right for the bison and treat them like we treat all other wildlife in Montana. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
An earlier attempt to get the bison listed in 1999 resulted in the Fish and Wildlife Service's refusal to consider the listing. (theecologist.org)
We will also recover tissue samples from wildlife species, like deer and elk. (jove.com)
They also questioned Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks' ability to monitor bison across an area as wide as Bullock's proposed tolerance areas. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks' Chief of Staff Mike Volesky tried to ease some committee-members' concerns that the bison population would be allowed to grow unchecked inside these proposed tolerance zones. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
We want to, just like all wildlife, manage these bison through hunting - and sometimes even outside the season. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
Blood samples were obtained from each captured elk and sent to the Game and Fish Wildlife Health Laboratory in Laramie to be tested. (cowboystatenews.com)
All elk tested negative for brucellosis on serological tests," said Wildlife Division Chief Brian Nesvik. (cowboystatenews.com)
According to Maine's Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife , deer at feed sites in their state have suffered outbreaks of demodectic mange, and University of Alberta researchers have reported elk at the National Elk Refuge in Wyoming have suffered outbreaks of psoroptic mange at winter feeding sites. (deerassociation.com)
Leaders from both the wildlife and livestock camps see two main obstacles to solving the brucellosis problem in the Yellowstone area. (cowboyrevival.org)
The Elk Foundation wants, and we believe healthy habitat can support, a coexistence of wildlife and livestock. (cowboyrevival.org)
In a recent blog post , Defenders of Wildlife is grossly misleading the public claiming that they have "saved the last wild bison" by participating in and supporting the quarantine of buffalo that originated as wild calves from Yellowstone. (thewildlifenews.com)
There is no benefit from quarantine to bison as wildlife. (thewildlifenews.com)

A six-hour drive south of the reservation, another herd of bison rambled through Yellowstone National Park, eating, on the move, unaware of where they should or shouldn't be. (hcn.org)
The Reintroduction Plan for Plains Bison included an adaptive, five-year phased pilot that began with a small herd of bison released on the eastern slopes of Banff National Park. (canada.ca)
Recently Yellowstone National Park announced its intention to cull (read kill) as many as a thousand of the park's genetically unique and only continuously wild herd of bison. (theecologist.org)

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), brucellosis is only weakly contagious because person-to-person spread of brucellosis is rare. (medicinenet.com)
Brucellosis is contagious as long as living bacteria are present in domestic and wild animals and/or their secretions, including milk products. (medicinenet.com)
Declines of such a high-profile resource, particularly in the presence of contagious bovine diseases, caused a major political debate on the future of the bison in the park (Gates et al. (bisoncentre.com)
Today, the area's elk and bison are the nation's last known reservoirs of the contagious disease. (cowboyrevival.org)

All elk tested negative for brucellosis and 30 animals were outfitted with radio collars to track their movement for one year. (rmef.org)
In addition, blood samples from 7 elk harvested during the shoulder season all tested negative for brucellosis. (rmef.org)
Fifty-three elk that were recently captured as part of an ongoing study to understand the ecology of brucellosis and elk in the Bighorn Mountains have tested negative for brucellosis. (cowboystatenews.com)

In early 2017, 16 healthy bison from Elk Island National Park were translocated to an enclosed pasture within the reintroduction zone located in Banff National Park's eastern slopes. (canada.ca)

Collars deployed this year collect eight locations per day, which will also help Game and Fish develop more precise models to understand brucellosis prevalence in elk and potential risk of transmission to livestock, as well as resource selection of elk. (cowboystatenews.com)

The State of Montana, to my knowledge have had two cases of brucellosis positive human cases. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
2 Today, that number is less than 2 percent in the U.S. 3 From 1930 to 1941, about 29,600 cases of brucellosis in people were reported in the U.S. 4 In 2020, the number of reported human cases in the U.S. was only 89. (fda.gov)

Direct person-to-person spread of brucellosis is extremely rare. (gov.hk)

What are the symptoms of brucellosis? (medicinenet.com)

What causes brucellosis? (medicinenet.com)

Elk is hunted as a game species, and their meat is leaner and higher in protein than beef or chicken. (wikipedia.org)
Elk were long believed to belong to a subspecies of the European red deer (Cervus elaphus), but evidence from many mitochondrial DNA genetic studies beginning in 1998 shows that the two are distinct species. (wikipedia.org)
Later, the species became known in Middle English as elk, elcke, or elke, appearing in the Latinized form alke, with the spelling alce borrowed directly from Latin: alces. (wikipedia.org)
Until recently, red deer and elk were considered to be one species, Cervus elaphus, with over a dozen subspecies. (wikipedia.org)
But mitochondrial DNA studies conducted in 2004 on hundreds of samples from red deer and elk subspecies and other species of the Cervus deer family, strongly indicate that elk, or wapiti, should be a distinct species, namely Cervus canadensis. (wikipedia.org)
The scientific name for the species is Bison bison , but many Native Americans use "buffalo," a remnant of the 17th-century French fur traders who likened the creatures to the buffalo found in Africa and Asia. (hcn.org)
APHIS bases its theory of bison-cattle brucellosis transmission mainly on a 1990 Texas A&M study, which the agency's Patrick Collins calls "the key scientific initiative" establishing transmissibility between the species. (motherjones.com)
As a species, the bison has endured much since the arrival of Europeans. (nwf.org)
Plus, bison once played a key role in prairie ecosystems, grazing and trampling the ground just enough to allow a wealth of other species-little bluestem grass and black-footed ferrets, kestrels and killdeer, wrens and western wheatgrass-to flourish. (nwf.org)
Eight tribal, state and federal agencies agreed to a 2018 Winter Plan that calls for a reduction of the park's herd population, due to fear of spreading diseases like brucellosis to other species during the animals' annual migration from the park to Montana. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)

This point is important because the cattle industry's complaint against bison roaming on lands outside Yellowstone National Park is the fear that bison could infect Montana cattle with the abortant disease brucellosis, threatening the state's commercially valuable brucellosis-free status. (ens-newswire.com)
Now, Montana and its cattle are certified as brucellosis-free and ranchers fear the buffalo will infect their livestock. (joshuazaffos.com)

The extinct Irish elk (Megaloceros) was not a member of the genus Cervus but rather the largest member of the wider deer family (Cervidae) known from the fossil record. (wikipedia.org)
1 Now, in the 21st century, science is uncovering fascinating new information about the amazing treks that mule deer, elk, and pronghorn make each year across the American West. (pewtrusts.org)
Banff National Park Bison Reintroduction Zone and Upper Red Deer Special Bison Area. (canada.ca)
Context map of the 1200 km 2 Bison Reintroduction Zone in the northeast quadrant of the larger Banff National Park, and the 240 km 2 Upper Red Deer Special Bison Area, Forestry Management Areas, Grazing Allotments and the Parks Canada-owned Ya Ha Tinda Ranch directly adjacent to it. (canada.ca)
CWD is expanding differently in elk than it is in deer. (wyofile.com)

Elk have been implicated in transmitting Brucellosis numerous times and they're free to roam. (mtpr.org)
Instead, Cottonwood said, transmission is coming from elk, which are allowed to freely roam the area. (courthousenews.com)
But Hurley wondered if elk, which have been proven to transfer brucellosis to livestock, can roam free then why can't bison? (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
All the focus of "disease management" is on the bison, who have never transmitted brucellosis, yet elk who have been blamed for giving brucellosis back to cows roam free. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
During a meeting of the Environmental Quality Council meeting, various council members voiced their opposition to a measure proposed by Governor Steve Bullock, which would permit select bison to roam in "tolerance areas" in parts of Montana north and west of Yellowstone . (yellowstoneinsider.com)
This will add up to over 4,000 square miles for the bison to roam. (thevintagenews.com)

Brucellosis is a disease that can cause cattle to abort fetuses. (ktvq.com)

Brucellosis is found in North-American wild animals (elk, bison) and is occasionally found in domesticated animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats). (medicinenet.com)
Although almost eradicated in domestic livestock in the United States through efforts by USDA-APHIS and state animal health agencies, brucellosis still a problem in wild bison and elk in the Greater Yellowstone Area of Wyoming and Idaho. (utah.gov)
Ranchers fear it-but do wild bison really give cattle the dread disease? (motherjones.com)
The trouble is, the agency's contention that wild bison can give brucellosis to cattle is based on just one scientific study and a half-dozen anecdotal reports-all of which have been largely discredited. (motherjones.com)
The clinical, pathological, and population effects of brucellosis in wild bison are poorly understood due to a lack of research, and may differ significantly from cattle. (motherjones.com)
The 2010 Banff National Park of Canada Management Plan committed Parks Canada to reintroducing a breeding population of plains bison to the park in support of the overall capacity of the park's ecosystems to adapt to climate change, while enabling Canadians to continue to learn about healthy, intact ecosystems and wild places and protect the natural heritage of Banff National Park. (canada.ca)
ARS researchers have developed an effective two-dose vaccine strategy for immunizing bison against brucellosis, but administering two separate inoculations to free ranging wild bison is a challenge. (beefmagazine.com)
In 1902, Yellowstone National Park officials counted just 23 remaining genetically pure bison in the park, the last known wild bison south of the Canadian border. (nwf.org)
MISSOULA, Montana , November 13, 2009 (ENS) - A coalition of conservation groups, Native Americans, and Montana residents is suing the National Park Service and the U.S. Forest Service over the agencies' role in slaughtering 3,300 wild American bison from Yellowstone National Park. (ens-newswire.com)
In their lawsuit filed in federal district court in Missoula on Monday, the plaintiffs claim that the Park Service is violating its statutory mission to preserve wild bison and "leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations. (ens-newswire.com)
The coalition is asking the court to prevent the U.S. Forest Service and National Park Service from continuing to participate in, allocate funding for, or permit the slaughter of wild bison on public lands, including trapping for transport to slaughter houses and quarantine facilities. (ens-newswire.com)
One of the twin aims of the bison plan was 'to ensure the wild and free-ranging nature of American bison'" said Woodbury. (ens-newswire.com)
Park rangers have begun capturing wild bison in the Stephens Creek trap within Yellowstone National Park . (ecowatch.com)
The National Park Service claims that they are reducing the wild bison population due to the threat of brucellosis, a livestock disease originally brought to North America by Eurasian cattle. (ecowatch.com)
There has never been a documented case of wild bison transmitting brucellosis to livestock. (ecowatch.com)
Buffalo Field Campaign habitat coordinator Darrell Geist says the state of Montana and Yellowstone National Park refuse to manage wild buffalo like wild elk, an alternative that would put the government out of the buffalo capture for slaughter business. (ecowatch.com)
The agencies aim to kill hundreds of wild bison every year until they drive the population-now estimated at 4,400-down to just 3,000 animals. (ecowatch.com)
There is no such thing as 'surplus' wild bison," said Brister. (ecowatch.com)
Yellowstone Park is home to America's last pure-bred wild bison, writes George Wuerthner. (theecologist.org)
The main justification given by the livestock industry for its continued support of the slaughter or hazing of wild bison is a disease known as brucellosis. (theecologist.org)
The wild bison in Yellowstone are not just any old bison herd. (theecologist.org)
They are the only completely wild bison left in the United States. (theecologist.org)
Wild bison are a national and international heritage asset. (theecologist.org)
Gardiner, Montana - Yellowstone National Park and Montana Department of Livestock officials captured twenty-three of America's last wild bison yesterday afternoon at the Stephens Creek bison trap, located inside Yellowstone National Park. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
It's a new phase in how Yellowstone and Montana aim to treat wild bison like livestock. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
According to Yellowstone National Park bison biologist Rick Wallen, confining wild buffalo at the Stephens Creek trap exacerbates the threat of brucellosis transmission between wild bison. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Brucellosis is the purported reason used by Montana livestock interests for the unjust and harsh treatment inflicted upon wild bison when they migrate into their native Montana. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
There has never been a documented case of wild bison transmitting the livestock disease to cattle. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
CUT already received $13 million tax dollars in 1998 that was supposed to benefit wild bison, yet more than 3,000 bison have since died for merely attempting to access this portion of their habitat. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Montana and Yellowstone both know that wild bison pose no economic nor disease threat to the state," Seay said. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
In fact, if protected, wild bison would enhance the ecological, economical and cultural health of the state, the nation, and Native American buffalo cultures. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
The wild bison of the Yellowstone region are America's last continuously wild population. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
During 2007-2008 more than 1,300 wild bison were captured in Yellowstone National Park and shipped to slaughter. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Nearly 3,800 wild bison have been eliminated from America's last wild population since 2000. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Bison once spanned the North American continent, but today, fewer than 3900 wild bison exist, confined to the man-made boundaries of Yellowstone National Park and consequently are ecologically extinct throughout their native range. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Opponents of the culling argue that the nation's largest remaining band of wild, pure-bred bison, which once thundered across the continent by the tens of millions, should not be rounded up and killed. (trust.org)
The war against wild buffalo has nothing to do with brucellosis and everything to do with the grass and who gets to eat it," it said. (trust.org)
The wrong actions made by Yellowstone National Park and other bison managers took the lives of 458 of the country's last wild buffalo this year. (animalpeopleforum.org)
That herd spawned the 4,200 or so wild bison that exist in the region today. (joshuazaffos.com)
Mike Mease, Buffalo Field Campaign, 406-646-0071 / [email protected] Yellowstone National Park - Park rangers have begun capturing wild bison in the Stephens Creek trap within Yellowstone National Park. (thegayvegans.com)
Results of this study reinforce the practicality of one or a number of these bacterial envelope proteins for use in a rapid serologic-based field assay for Brucellosis in wild and domestic animal hosts. (uwyo.edu)
OBJECTIVE: American bison (Bison bison) quarantine protocols were established to prevent transmission of brucellosis outside the Greater Yellowstone Area, while allowing for distribution of wild bison for conservation and cultural purposes. (bvsalud.org)

Since 1934, APHIS' Cooperative State Federal Brucellosis Eradication Program has labored to eliminate the disease from domestic livestock. (motherjones.com)
The main justification given for this carnage is the fear of brucellosis transmission to domestic livestock. (theecologist.org)

Person-to-person transmission of brucellosis is rare but may occur during sex, blood transfusions, transplacental transfer, or even in contact with menstrual blood. (medicinenet.com)
With dogs, the main mode of transmission of brucellosis is by direct contact with infected body fluids, such as semen, vaginal secretions, and urine. (akc.org)
They particularly want the agencies to take into account a new independent study concluding that the actual risk of disease transmission from free-roaming bison to cattle in Montana would be zero in most years, and limited to predictable "hot spots" in others. (ens-newswire.com)
Indeed all the instances of cattle infection seem to be the result of transmission from elk. (theecologist.org)
To date, there have been no recorded instances of bison to cattle brucellosis transmission. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
Traditionally, brucellosis (called Bang's Disease/Crimean Fever/Malta Fever in people) was spread to people via unpasteurized milk, improperly cooked meat, or fine transmission i.e. breathing blood vapor in a slaughterhouse or inadvertently infecting oneself through a botched vaccination. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
PINEDALE - A newly appointed statewide chronic wasting disease working group won't address disease-transmission at elk feedgrounds, a Wyoming Game and Fish Department regional supervisor said last week. (wyofile.com)

The previous bison management plan and development of the IBMP came after the state of Montana successfully sued the park to keep bison numbers low to ensure those infected with brucellosis don't transfer the disease to cattle in the state. (spokesman.com)
the cattle became infected and aborted, an outcome the agency claims demonstrates that "bison infected with [brucellosis] could spread the disease to cattle through contact. (motherjones.com)
Bison and elk in Yellowstone have developed antibodies against brucellosis, and a case of bison transmitting the disease to cattle has never been documented, even where cows and bison coexist, according to the field campaign. (trust.org)

If the test confirms brucellosis, your doctor will prescribe you medication (antibiotics) to treat the infection. (cdc.gov)
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection. (medicinenet.com)
There are no specific signs of brucellosis infection in an animal's appearance. (utah.gov)
Brucellosis is a regulated infection disease that most commonly affects the reproduction of animals and can cause late-term abortions. (kbzk.com)
The DEIS states that RB51 offers only a 15% reduction in infection for bison, there is no truly effective delivery system, and no way to permanently mark individuals who have been remotely vaccinated. (thewildlifenews.com)
Each year 20 to 30 adult bulls die from psoroptic mange, and infected elk serve as a reservoir for infection of a nearby population of bighorn sheep. (deerassociation.com)

Their lineage represents the last true North American bison, since ranchers interbred many bison with cattle in the following years. (hcn.org)
If brucellosis were left unchecked in cattle, the expenses of lost calves and brucellosis testing could pose a serious threat to the livelihood of many American cattle ranchers and dairy farmers-APHIS estimates that annual beef and milk production costs could rise by $80 million a year in less than ten years if brucellosis-eradication efforts were halted. (motherjones.com)
Torbit and his colleagues knew they were up against stiff opposition from ranchers, whose political power in Montana ensured for years that the state continued to slaughter bison that wandered outside the park. (nwf.org)
The ranchers and landowners near the reservations have strong opposition to the tribes' plans, driven by concerns over disease and the prospect of the bison competing with the cattle over grazing grass. (thevintagenews.com)

We summarized changes in the distribution and abundance of bison (Bison bison) in Wood Buffalo National Park from 1971 to 1998. (bisoncentre.com)
Based on annual aerial counts, a significant decline in bison abundance has occurred from approximately 11,000 animals in 1971 to 2,300 animals in 1998. (bisoncentre.com)
Through a long-term monitoring program of aerial counts, Parks Canada documented that the numbers of bison decreased from 12,000 to 15,000 in the early 1950s, to 11,000 by 1971, and to approximately 2,300 by 1998 (Parks Can. (bisoncentre.com)

Sholly said Yellowstone and the land around it is a lot different now than when the current bison plans were developed in 2000. (ktvq.com)
The original plan in 2000 assumed that bison would be the primary risk of transmitting brucellosis to cattle. (ktvq.com)
While the Park Service was sending over 1,400 bison to slaughter in 2008, a Congressional investigation was concluding that the agencies are no closer to ensuring free-roaming bison today then they were in 2000. (ens-newswire.com)
Elk calves, caught in January and February of 1999 and 2000 and acclimated to captivity for 3 weeks, were randomly assigned to control or vaccinate groups. (lsu.edu)

The movement study and hunter harvest information allows us to provide better information, relating to brucellosis in elk, to the livestock producers in the area. (cowboystatenews.com)

Reintroduced bison and their calves in the backcountry soft-release pasture where they were held for the first 18 months of the pilot. (canada.ca)
Yet bison bulls and calves are regularly slaughtered, so the killing of these animals demonstrates that brucellosis is not the primary reason for the containment of buffalo in the park. (theecologist.org)

The word "elk" originally referred to the European variety of the moose, Alces alces, but was transferred to Cervus canadensis by North American colonists. (wikipedia.org)
Members of the genus Cervus (and hence early relatives or possible ancestors of the elk) first appear in the fossil record 25 million years ago, during the Oligocene in Eurasia, but do not appear in the North American fossil record until the early Miocene. (wikipedia.org)
Elk (Cervus canadensis) are one of the largest terrestrial mammals in North America and an icon of big-game hunting and conservation. (mt.gov)
However, free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) that use feedgrounds in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) and bison (Bison bison) in Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks still have high seroprevalence to the disease and have caused loss of brucellosis-free status in Wyoming. (lsu.edu)

Cattle and domestic bison producers that utilize ground within the DSA are subject to additional testing and identification requirements to protect Montana's livestock industry. (rmef.org)
The suit would not affect the state of Montana's bison hunt, scheduled to begin November 15, 2009, nor would it affect Native American tribes that retain treaty rights to hunt bison on national forest lands. (ens-newswire.com)

The plains bison reintroduction pilot was built upon public, stakeholder, and Indigenous feedback which resulted in phasing the reintroduction as a five-year pilot, so that bison health, use of habitat, and movements were closely monitored and contained within the park. (canada.ca)

With the clang of a gate and the rumble of hooves on prairie grassland, 61 genetically pure Bison bison completed a long-awaited return to the Sioux and Assiniboine tribes. (nwf.org)
The relocation of the animals comes during a time of restoration of the genetically-pure bison to the West's grasslands and forests. (thevintagenews.com)
The efforts being made include the relocation of some genetically-pure bison from Yellowstone National Park to two Indian reservations in eastern and central Montana. (thevintagenews.com)

So why does APHIS think cows will catch it from bison on the open range? (motherjones.com)
The government says the hunt is necessary in part to prevent bison from infecting cattle with brucellosis, a disease accidentally imported from Europe that causes spontaneous abortions in cows. (courthousenews.com)

About 80 to 120 bison that test negative for exposure to brucellosis will be placed in quarantine for possible live transfer to the Fort Peck Reservation for eventual distribution to other tribes, once the animals pass rigorous testing. (spokesman.com)
All elk tested negative for exposure to brucellosis. (mt.gov)
Brucellosis causes reduced fertility, lesions in females' reproductive tracts and abortion of the first pregnancy after exposure. (joshuazaffos.com)

The Park's bison population has held steady at about 5,000 for the past couple of years. (mtpr.org)
The park's bison numbers have swelled to some 5,500 animals, well above the target population of roughly 3,000. (trust.org)

Many animals can have brucellosis. (cdc.gov)
In addition, predators such as bears and wolves may get brucellosis after they feed on infected animals. (cdc.gov)
If you hunt or trap these types of predatory animals, be aware of the risk for brucellosis and protect yourself. (cdc.gov)
Some animals may put hunters at risk for brucellosis, a disease that can cause severe illness. (cdc.gov)
Be sure to practice safe field dressing techniques, since it is still possible for animals that appear healthy to have brucellosis. (cdc.gov)
It is possible for animals that appear healthy to have brucellosis. (cdc.gov)
The third alternative would also attempt to move away from any shipping of bison to slaughter unless the population exceeds 8,000 animals. (spokesman.com)
The park's most recent bison population estimate was about 5,450 animals. (spokesman.com)
The disease can result in abortions in some pregnant animals, including domestic cattle, bison and elk. (mt.gov)
Surveillance for brucellosis across Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana has largely relied on collection of samples from hunter harvested animals. (mt.gov)
The bison will be killed using two methods: public and tribal hunting outside the park, and capturing some animals inside the park boundary. (mtpr.org)
These suppositions are based on conjecture about similarities between bison and cattle, or inferred from knowledge of the disease in farm animals, or largely anecdotal. (motherjones.com)
One of the steps in the finalization process is getting a sign-off from Montana State Veterinarian Marty Zaluski since the animals come from a habitat where brucellosis is present. (kbzk.com)
The bull bison, along with dozens more, have been in a years-long quarantine process as part of an effort to ship the animals to native communities rather than slaughtering them. (kbzk.com)
Because of the brucellosis fear, the bison herd has been kept between 3,500 and 5,000 animals through hunting, shipping bison to Native American tribes but mostly by sending the animals to slaughter. (ktvq.com)
The buffalo had ridden 500 miles from a quarantine facility just outside Yellowstone National Park for a homecoming laden with promise: for Plains Indian tribes that link the bison return to their own cultural revival, for conservation biologists who see the animals as a key to restoring healthy prairies and for nature enthusiasts who believe that wildness and the modern world can coexist. (nwf.org)
They agreed to do so under certain conditions, specifying in treaties that they would continue to be able to hunt bison and other animals in their usual hunting spots. (courthousenews.com)
A population of about 300 bison existed around the turn of the century (Graham 1923), and, after legal protection against hunting had been granted in 1893, the population increased to about 1,500 animals when WBNP was established. (bisoncentre.com)
SALMON, Idaho, Dec 2 (Reuters) - Yellowstone National Park plans to reduce its famed bison herd by at least 900 head this winter, culling stray animals outside the park in Montana by hunting and a program to round up and deliver wayward stock to Native American tribes for slaughter. (trust.org)
When you have a higher (bison) population level, there is greater likelihood that more animals will leave the park and potentially interact with cattle, exposing them to brucellosis," he said. (trust.org)
The Blackfeet have a commercial bison herd that was established in 1972 which numbers more than 400 animals. (thevintagenews.com)
The animals were then shipped by train from Ravalli, Montana to Elk Island. (thevintagenews.com)
People can become infected with both bovine TB and brucellosis by consuming contaminated, unpasteurized (raw) milk or dairy products and through direct contact with infected live animals or carcasses. (fda.gov)
UPDATE: Since I wrote this piece, the number of bison killed near Gardiner and elsewhere from all sources has exceeded 1024 animals. (thewildlifenews.com)
ANIMALS: All bison (n = 578) from Yellowstone National Park were corralled by the National Park Service and United States Department of Agriculture. (bvsalud.org)

The Montana Dept. of Livestock and the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) have worked together to perpetrate the idea that brucellosis poses a threat to the livestock industry. (theecologist.org)
We've seen it before where Texas and Illinois and Iowa and other places that feed out our cattle don't want to take them because of the threat of brucellosis and I don't think we can afford that any more than we can afford to get rid of a coal plant. (yellowstoneinsider.com)

Be aware that freezing, smoking, drying and pickling do not kill the bacteria that cause brucellosis. (cdc.gov)
The project also aims to isolate and analyze genetic strains of the brucellosis bacteria to help determine how it may have spread to the Bighorn Mountains. (cowboystatenews.com)
Seropositive test results indicate an individual elk has been exposed to the bacteria, but may or may not be infected with the disease. (cowboystatenews.com)

They are the most significant bison herd still free of cattle genes. (theecologist.org)
The lineage of the Elk Island's bison is free of cattle genes. (thevintagenews.com)

Eight tribes cooperate to hunt bison outside the park under their own regulations. (spokesman.com)
In the Tendoys, 99 female elk were captured with the aid of a helicopter in hunt districts 302 and 328 between Interstate 15 and Horse Prairie Creek. (rmef.org)
In the Bangtails, 49 female elk were captured in the southeast corner of hunt district 393 along Fleshman and Willow Creeks. (rmef.org)
There is no hunting within Yellowstone National Park, so in order for the public hunt and the tribal hunts to be successful, there has to be enough of a winter so that bison will move outside of the park. (mtpr.org)
In about an hour, these bison and 15 others were killed by Native Americans in an organized hunt. (courthousenews.com)
CN) - Annual bison hunts carried out by tribal members exercising their treaty rights will continue on public land adjacent to Yellowstone National Park, after a Ninth Circuit panel declined Tuesday to side with a neighbor who says the annual hunt poses a safety risk. (courthousenews.com)
Bonnie Lynn, founder of Neighbors Against Bison Slaughter, owns two cabins in a condominium complex along the Yellowstone River just across the road from where the annual hunt happens. (courthousenews.com)
Lynn's attorneys argued the government has allowed the hunt to grow as a method of controlling the bison population in the park, and that outdated ideas about how many bison the park can accommodate are another subject the government should reevaluate in the environmental review it's been putting off for over a decade. (courthousenews.com)
Tribal treaty hunters do not hunt bison within the boundaries of Yellowstone National Park or on private property outside of the park," the tribes say in their amici brief. (courthousenews.com)
Among elk, in contrast, Game and Fish has detected CWD in elk in about 20% of - 22 of 106 - elk hunt areas. (wyofile.com)

Millions of acres of habitat have been opened up for elk in what the IBMP call's the brucellosis Designated Surveillance Area, where cattle must be more thoroughly tested. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)

There are a number of veterinarians in the state of Montana and elsewhere that are infected with brucellosis, often times through self inoculation by accident during vaccination," said State Veterinarian Dr. Martin Zaluski. (yellowstoneinsider.com)

With help from conservation groups, the park is constructing new quarantine facilities to increase its capabilities from holding 80 to about 200 bison. (spokesman.com)
Quarantine standards require rigorous testing over 900 days which has led to the release of over 200 bison to Native American tribes. (bvsalud.org)
PROCEDURES: A statistical and management evaluation of the bison quarantine program was performed. (bvsalud.org)
the seroconversion model predicted 99.9% would seroconvert by day 294, and 12.8% of bison enrolled in quarantine would seroconvert over time. (bvsalud.org)
Using a 300-day quarantine period, it would take 30 years to potentially miss 1 seroreactor out of over 8,000 bison enrolled in the quarantine program. (bvsalud.org)

Elk are susceptible to several infectious diseases, some of which can be transmitted to livestock. (wikipedia.org)
Various factors (e.g., slaughters, cessation of wolf poisoning, roundups for disease control, floods, diseases, predation, and habitat changes) may have contributed to or precipitated major declines in the number of bison in WBNP. (bisoncentre.com)
Concentrations of elk by artificial feeding at Wyoming Feedgrounds is spreading diseases like Chronic Wasting Disease. (thewildlifenews.com)

BILLINGS - Emphasizing the importance of bison hunts outside the park and the transfer of live bison to tribes, Yellowstone National Park is developing a new bison management plan to update a 20-year-old document. (spokesman.com)
Fort Peck itself is one of many reservations that owns a "business herd" of genetically mixed bison managed for hunts and meat sales. (nwf.org)

Elk and bison are the primary reservoirs of the disease. (cowboystatenews.com)

In 2020, a citizens group assembled to provide overarching elk management guidance for the state of Montana, including a forthcoming update to the state's Elk Management Plan. (mt.gov)
During a public webinar Wednesday night, Yellowstone National Park Superintendent, Cam Sholly, called on everyone from environmental groups to state officials to work together to come up with a new bison management plan. (ktvq.com)
Based on the two lawsuits, the government agreed to voluntarily reassess its management plan for bison. (courthousenews.com)
The lawsuit alleges that both federal agencies have refused requests by plaintiffs and others to reconsider the bison management plan in light of new scientific information and changed circumstances related to bison. (ens-newswire.com)

Organisms15

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care1

Geographicals6

Interagency Bison Management Plan11

Yellowstone Bison13

Herds11

Carry brucellosis5

Yellowstone's10

Brucella12

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Positive for brucellosis3

Case of Brucellosis transmission3

Populations14

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20231

Greater Yellowsto4

Transmit6

Adopted in the1

Humans13

Wildlife20

Herd of bison3

Contagious4

Negative for brucellosis3

20171

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Spread of brucellosis1

Symptoms of brucellosis1

Causes brucellosis1

Species10

Infect2

Deer5

Roam6

Abort1

Wild42

Domestic livestock2

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Disease to cattle3

Infection6

Ranchers4

19983

20004

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Cervus4

Montana's2

Plains bison1

Genetically pure bison3

Cows2

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Park's bison2

Animals25

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IBMP1

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Hunts2

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Management plan4