AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
Retinal Ganglion CellsGangliaRetinaGanglia, SpinalGanglia, SympatheticGanglia, AutonomicBasal GangliaOptic NerveGanglia, SensoryTrigeminal GanglionGanglia, ParasympatheticOptic Nerve InjuriesAmacrine CellsAxonsSpiral GanglionGlaucomaVisual PathwaysStellate GanglionNodose GanglionCell CountNeuronsRod OpsinsAction PotentialsTranscription Factor Brn-3BSuperior ColliculiPhotic StimulationNerve CrushTranscription Factor Brn-3AAxotomyDendritesSuperior Cervical GanglionStilbamidinesRetinal Bipolar CellsGanglia, InvertebrateVision, OcularAxonal TransportAutonomic Fibers, PreganglionicGeniculate GanglionUrodelaCatsIntraocular PressureElectroretinographyOptic ChiasmRetinal Cone Photoreceptor CellsRetinal DegenerationNerve RegenerationAmbystomaLightVisual FieldsLight Signal TransductionBasal Ganglia DiseasesSynapsesOcular HypertensionTranscription Factor Brn-3GoldfishOptic Nerve DiseasesNeurons, AfferentPhotoreceptor CellsPhotoreceptor Cells, VertebrateHorseradish PeroxidaseChick EmbryoAdaptation, OcularImmunohistochemistryCell SurvivalSynaptic TransmissionNerve FibersElectrophysiologyFluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectRetrograde DegenerationRats, Sprague-DawleyGeniculate BodiesRetinal DiseasesMacaca fascicularisDark AdaptationAnimals, NewbornRetinal NeuronsNerve Tissue ProteinsDenervationAminobutyratesTranscription Factor Brn-3CMice, Inbred C57BLNerve Growth FactorsMembrane PotentialsModels, NeurologicalOptic Atrophy, Autosomal DominantEyeTime FactorsElectric StimulationDisease Models, AnimalIn Situ HybridizationCell DeathPatch-Clamp TechniquesEvoked Potentials, VisualNerve DegenerationRats, Long-EvansCells, CulturedNeurofilament ProteinsReflex, PupillaryAlbinismBrain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
RetinaNeuronsPhotoreceptorsSynapsesAxonsGroup of ganglion cellsMouse retinalAmacrine cellPhotoreceptor cellsRGCsPostsynapticSynapticSynapseOpticRetina'sSubtypesRetinasStimulateDorsalMorphologyDendriticDendritesInputsBasalPresynapticMembraneConesApoptosisNeuralAxon terminalTransduceDifferentiationDysfunctionSignalsReceptive fieldPopulations1974DisorderTerminalsTypesJunctionsMacularExpressionBodiesProcessesKolbVisualLayerInduced plurMolecular and Cel
Retina42
  • Superior retina contained cells with strong S+/M− and M+/S− opponency, whereas inferior retina contained cells with weak opponency. (jneurosci.org)
  • In superior retina, the opponent cells had well-balanced M and S weights, while in inferior retina the weights were unbalanced, with the M weights being much weaker. (jneurosci.org)
  • Opponent cells were found in both superior and inferior retina. (jneurosci.org)
  • This study investigated the effect of low-intensity blue light on the albino Wistar rat retina, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). (mdpi.com)
  • The retina is a complex tissue in the back of the eye that contains the rod and cone photoreceptor cells. (berkeley.edu)
  • In particular, for retinal gene therapy it would be highly advantageous to transduce a single cell type that spans the entire retina after an intravitreal injection of a gene delivery vehicle for the subsequent secretion of a general neuroprotective factor throughout the retina. (berkeley.edu)
  • Hence electrical stimulation of the remaining intact ganglion cells by placing micro electrodes onto the retina can in principal lead to visual sensation. (medgadget.com)
  • Here a silicon chip generates bipolar current pulses that stimulate the intact ganglion cells of the retina via three-dimensional micro electrodes. (medgadget.com)
  • The addition of heparinase III or chondroitin ABC lyase greatly enhanced transduction of the retinal ganglion cell layer and increased the depth of transduction into the outer retina. (molvis.org)
  • This delivery method creates a temporary separation bleb between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium, providing gene delivery to neighboring cells. (molvis.org)
  • 2009 ) Parallel ON and OFF cone bipolar inputs establish spatially coextensive receptive field structure of blue-yellow ganglion cells in primate retina. (neurotree.org)
  • 2008 ) Effects of pH buffering on horizontal and ganglion cell light responses in primate retina: evidence for the proton hypothesis of surround formation. (neurotree.org)
  • Receptor cells in the retina responsible for night vision and perception of brightness. (freezingblue.com)
  • Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision. (freezingblue.com)
  • The place on the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells leave the eye where there are no receptors. (freezingblue.com)
  • We use large-scale multi-electrode recording from the retina to study normal light-evoked activity in hundreds of retinal ganglion cells of multiple types simultaneously, and then evoke similar patterns of activity by electrical stimulation. (stanford.edu)
  • Rod photoreceptors and rod-connected nerve cells through the retina are responsible for pathways concerned with night vision and increased sensitivity of our visual system under what is called scotopic conditions (conditions of very little ambient light). (utah.edu)
  • Both Golgi impregnation of single rod bipolar cells (Fig. 6) and immunocytochemical staining of rod bipolar cell populations with protein kinase C (PKC) (Fig. 7) show the characteristic morphology of the rod bipolar cell type in mammalian retina (Kolb et al. (utah.edu)
  • Two amacrine cells are key in the rod pathway circuitry through the mammalian retina (Fig. 10). (utah.edu)
  • The Retina is given as a complex transparent tissue that consists of many layers, only one of which has light-sensitive photoreceptor cells. (vedantu.com)
  • The inverted Retina of vertebrates is characterized as having light-sensing cells in the back of the retina, requiring light to pass through layers of capillaries and neurons before reaching the cones and rods. (vedantu.com)
  • thus, the optic nerve should cross via Retina en route to the brain. (vedantu.com)
  • The neural Retina has the retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), which give rise to seven Retina's cell types. (vedantu.com)
  • The Retina can be divided into layers, each with its own set of cellular compartments or cell types, each with its own metabolism and nutritional requirements. (vedantu.com)
  • What we have done," Roska said, "is show that the retina creates a stack of image representations, how these image representations are formed and that they are the result of cross-talk between layers of cells in the retina. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Over a period of nearly three years, Roska painstakingly measured signals from more than 200 ganglion cells in the rabbit retina as he flashed pictures of a featureless square or circle. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The computer model precisely mimics the output of the ganglion cells of the retina, vividly showing the difference between the world we see and the information that actually is sent to the brain. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Goldberg and colleagues have demonstrated through a series of interventions in mice with optic nerve injury that they can successfully regenerate retinal ganglion cells axons, which form the optic nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. (nih.gov)
  • They expect their studies to identify a list of small molecules and candidate genes that contribute to the ability of photoreceptor cells to home in on their appropriate target cells in the retina, known as bipolar cells. (nih.gov)
  • At week 15, GFAP expression was upregulated in inner retina and on Müller cells. (arvojournals.org)
  • E-G: Electron micrographs of rod (E) and cone (F) photoreceptor, and rod bipolar cell (G) ribbon synapses from +/+ and 2/2 retina. (calcimimeticagent.com)
  • John Dowling's The Retina , published in 1987, quickly became the most widely recognized introduction to the structure and function of retinal cells. (nhbs.com)
  • Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output neurons of the retina. (org.es)
  • In the retina, RGCs synapse with bipolar and amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) to receive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs respectively. (org.es)
  • The last synaptic element to link photoreceptors in the outer retina and RGCs in the inner retina is the synaptic connection between bipolar cells and RGCs (Fig. 5A) (Stone et al. (org.es)
  • Introduction The mammalian retina contains six major neuronal and one glial cell types. (medicalconsultingcenter.com)
  • The outer layer of the optic cup produces the layer of hexagonal pigment cells of the retina. (co.ma)
  • The cells of the inner layer produce the tissues of the retina proper. (co.ma)
  • The synaptic inputs to a subtype of gamma cell with dendrites ramifying in the outer sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the rabbit retina were identified in a retinal connectome developed using automated transmission electron microscopy. (marclab.org)
  • The synaptic inputs rsuggest that gamma cells in rabbit retina would have light responses like their homologs in mouse retina, OFF responses to small stimuli in the receptive field center that are suppressed by a variety of larger stimuli. (marclab.org)
  • Light-sensitive cells in the retina - the rod and cone photoreceptors - capture incoming photons. (cotelab.org)
  • There are five major classes of neurons in the retina: photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells. (cotelab.org)
Neurons16
Photoreceptors11
  • Retinal bipolar cells convey light-evoked potentials from photoreceptors to ganglion cells and mediate the initial stages of visual signal processing. (nih.gov)
  • Inherited forms of retinal degeneration, which afflict 1 in 3000 people worldwide, arise primarily from mutations in transcripts expressed in rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. (berkeley.edu)
  • In retinitis pigmentosa patients a slow and progressive degeneration of photoreceptors is observed, while about 30% of the retina's ganglion cells remain intact. (medgadget.com)
  • As was pointed out in a previous section, only one morphological type of bipolar cell has been found to make connections with the rod photoreceptors. (utah.edu)
  • These cells process the photoreceptors' inputs before they reach ganglion cells, which send retinal signals to the brain. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Although the overlying neural tissue is partially transparent, and the accompanying glial cells have been represented to act as fiber-optic channels to transport the photons directly to the photoreceptors, light scattering does take place. (vedantu.com)
  • Ganglion cells, cone photoreceptors, horizontal cells and amacrine cells were produced and initiated differentiation. (biologists.com)
  • Light that enters the eye activates rod and cone photoreceptors, which then activates retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
  • In humans, visual signals from 126 million photoreceptors funnel down to one million ganglion cells that convey at least a dozen representations of a visual scene to higher brain regions. (nhbs.com)
  • These are followed by the synaptic formation between photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the OPL. (org.es)
  • Retinal bipolar cells (BCs) connect with photoreceptors and relay visual information to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (bvsalud.org)
Synapses9
  • In addition, outer hair cells form reciprocal synapses onto Type II spiral ganglion cells, suggesting that the Type II cells have both afferent and efferent roles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Opponent cells injected with Lucifer yellow restricted their dendrites to the ON stratum of the inner plexiform layer and provided sufficient membrane area (∼2.1 × 10 4 μm 2 ) to collect ∼3.9 × 10 3 bipolar synapses. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the 15 um thick slab of tissue studied by EM, the Toh-IR cell and related processes received mostly amacrine synapses (red) in all strata of the IPL, and a few bipolar ribbon synapses (green) to the main tiers of dendrites in stratum 1, strata 2/3 and 4/5 borders. (molvis.org)
  • Electron microscopy of the rod bipolar cell axons in the inner plexiform layer shows that they make ribbon synapses only upon amacrine cell profiles (Fig. 8). (utah.edu)
  • Complex interconnections (which are called synapses) within and between the retinal cell layers assemble these impulses into the coherent pattern that, in turn, is carried out through the optic nerve to the brain's visual centers, at which they are further organized and interpreted. (vedantu.com)
  • RGC feature selectivity arises from their synapses with a specific subset of amacrine (AC) and bipolar cell (BC) types, but how RGC dendrites arborize and collect input from these specific subsets remains poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
  • Generating appropriate synapses between photoreceptor and bipolar cells is an essential step in restoring vision through photoreceptor transplantation. (nih.gov)
  • Because different subtypes of bipolar cells (Fig 1) (Euler and Wässle, 1995) and amacrine cells (Fig. 2) (MacNeil and Masland, 1998) have their axonal/dendritic terminals in the specific sublaminae of the IPL, it is crucial that dendrites of individual RGCs are also confined to specific strata in order to synapses with them. (org.es)
  • The synapses of amacrine cells in the IPL appear first. (org.es)
Axons7
Group of ganglion cells2
  • The rudiment of the cochlear nerve appears about the end of the third week as a group of ganglion cells closely applied to the cephalic edge of the auditory vesicle. (wikipedia.org)
  • One group of ganglion cells, for example, only sends signals when it detects a moving edge. (sciencedaily.com)
Mouse retinal2
Amacrine cell3
  • Most commonly the output of the rod bipolar ribbon is to a dyad of amacrine cell processes, one of which is known as AII and the other as A17, a reciprocal amacrine (Figs. 8 and 9). (utah.edu)
  • in 6 instances, the bipolar cells presynaptic to the gamma cell or their electrically coupled neighbors also provided input to an amacrine cell that inhibited the gamma cell. (marclab.org)
  • The other amacrine cell inputs to the gamma cell should have a much greater impact on the light responses because they are far more numerous. (marclab.org)
Photoreceptor cells4
  • The inherited retinal degenerations are typified by retinitis pigmentosa (RP), which results in blindness from destruction of photoreceptor cells, and the RPE. (berkeley.edu)
  • Light can pass through overlying layers to enter photoreceptor cells, which are divided into two groups: rods which cones, and are functionally and structurally distinguished by their response to different types of light. (vedantu.com)
  • Zack, Gamm, and their teams plan to study precursor photoreceptor cells derived from human stem cells to determine what factors help coax them into becoming fully developed and connected photoreceptor cells. (nih.gov)
  • In a healthy eye, bipolar cells receive signals from photoreceptor cells across a synapse and then transmit this information either directly or indirectly to retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
RGCs3
  • 2009. See also RGCs of human, cat and rabbit retinas in the ganglion cell chapter in Webvision ). (org.es)
  • RGCs differentiate first followed by amacrine cells, cones and horizontal cells. (org.es)
  • Results statement the first observation that RGCs selectively influence the genesis of subsequent retinal cell types. (medicalconsultingcenter.com)
Postsynaptic2
  • Postsynaptic ganglion cell dendrites costratified in the three main dendritic tiers of the Toh-IR cell. (molvis.org)
  • The gamma cell was always postsynaptic in the IPL, confirming its identity as a ganglion cell. (marclab.org)
Synaptic3
  • This allows for both divergence of the rod signal and collection (convergence) of signals from many rods and rod bipolars, by means of these amacrine cells, before synaptic output to ganglion cells. (utah.edu)
  • 6.4 Development of retinal ganglion cell dendritic structure and synaptic connections. (org.es)
  • One such group, the gamma cells, was identified more than 40 years ago, but their synaptic inputs have never been described. (marclab.org)
Synapse2
  • The A17 is characterized by always making a return synapse known as a reciprocal synapse to the rod bipolar axon terminal. (utah.edu)
  • It typically received only one synapse per bipolar cell from at least 4 types of OFF bipolar cells. (marclab.org)
Optic3
  • These ganglion cells are connected to the visual cortex of the brain via the optic nerve. (medgadget.com)
  • Moreover, it has recently been shown that mouse and human ES cells can develop into a three-dimentional (3D) optic cup in culture that remarkably resembles the embryonic vertebrate eye 20 , 21 . (nature.com)
  • Ganglion cells are the eye's output cells, forming the optic nerve connecting it to the brain. (sciencedaily.com)
Retina's2
  • The wireless retinal implants convert light transmitted from special glasses into electrical current, which stimulates the retina's bipolar cells. (medicalxpress.com)
  • These electrical pulses then stimulate the retina's bipolar cells , triggering a neural cascade that reaches the brain. (medicalxpress.com)
Subtypes2
Retinas1
  • 1994). The immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy is now the most illustrative way of seeing the rod bipolar cells in mammalian retinas (Cuenca personal communication) (Fig. 7). (utah.edu)
Stimulate1
Dorsal1
  • Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)
Morphology3
  • To clarify the nature of color vision in a nonprimate dichromatic mammal, we studied the morphology and physiology of opponent ganglion cells in guinea pig. (jneurosci.org)
  • The complementary use of AOSLO to characterize morphology of these cells provides clues to their activation status and potential role in tissue maintenance and repair. (stanford.edu)
  • There are at least 30 distinct types of mammalian retinal ganglion cells, each sensitive to different features of the visual environment, and these can be grouped according to their morphology. (marclab.org)
Dendritic2
  • Then we replaced the recording electrode with a sharp electrode and filled the cell with Lucifer yellow to reveal the dendritic arbor. (jneurosci.org)
  • the dendritic arbor, the cell body, and the axon. (nih.gov)
Dendrites3
  • Therefore, we asked whether the S+/M− ganglion cells bistratify (as in primate), sending dendrites to both ON and OFF layers of the IPL. (jneurosci.org)
  • Reconstruction of a Toh-IR cell body and main dendrites in S1 and passing to S2/3 and S4/5. (molvis.org)
  • Other Toh-IR dendrites in the tissue were studied but did not necessarily get traced to the Toh-IR cell body. (molvis.org)
Inputs1
Basal1
  • Загальні відомості про рухові та мозочкові розлади Voluntary movement requires complex interaction of the corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts, basal ganglia, and cerebellum (the center for motor coordination) to ensure smooth, purposeful movement. (msdmanuals.com)
Presynaptic1
  • Toh-IR stained profiles were presynaptic to amacrine and ganglion cell processes (blue, yellow). (molvis.org)
Membrane5
  • The eyecup was cut radially and flattened onto a membrane filter with ganglion cells up. (jneurosci.org)
  • The major observation considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of retinal lesions is abnormalities in the internal limiting membrane formed by Müller cells, which is corresponding to the glia limitans formed by astrocytes in the brain. (intechopen.com)
  • One potential limit to the efficacy of intravitreal viral injection stems from the physical barriers formed by the vitreous, internal limiting membrane (ILM), retinal extracellular matrix (ECM), and cell surface proteoglycans. (molvis.org)
  • This invaginating contact is known to bear metabotropic glutamate receptors in the bipolar dendrite membrane (Fig. 5). (utah.edu)
  • Through a complex biochemical pathway, the energy of a photon is amplified into a change in the electrical properties of the photoreceptor cell membrane. (cotelab.org)
Cones1
  • CAR affects both rods and cones, whereas MAR is typically characterized by antibodies directed toward bipolar cells that interfere with rod function. (medscape.com)
Apoptosis3
  • In the past decades, a number of animal models of glaucoma have been developed, 3 - 5 all of which aim to induce chronic ocular hypertension (OHT) and selective ganglion cell apoptosis. (arvojournals.org)
  • Inactivation of Lhx4 causes the apoptosis of BCs and cell fate switch from some BCs to ACs, whereas Lhx4 overexpression promotes BC genesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pituitary-specific Isl1 deletion causes hypopituitarism with increased stem cell apoptosis, reduced differentiation of thyrotropes and gonadotropes, and reduced body size. (bvsalud.org)
Neural1
  • By stimulating bipolar cells, the implant takes advantage of important natural properties of the retinal neural network, which produces more refined images than the devices that skip these cells. (medicalxpress.com)
Axon terminal1
  • They do not fire Na(+)-dependent action potentials (APs) but the Mb1 class of goldfish bipolar cell exhibits Ca(2+)-dependent APs and regenerative potentials that originate in the axon terminal. (nih.gov)
Transduce1
  • Intravitreal injection has been used to transduce retinal ganglion cells and bipolar cells, but at present this approach produces relatively low efficiency retinal transduction. (molvis.org)
Differentiation2
  • The differentiation starts with the retinal ganglion cells and concludes with the production of Muller glia. (vedantu.com)
  • These studies support a model whereby expression of ISL1 in pituitary progenitors drives differentiation into thyrotropes and gonadotropes and without it, activation of FOXA1 and FOXJ1 permits development of an oral epithelial cell fate with mucinous cysts. (bvsalud.org)
Dysfunction3
  • The ganglion cell dysfunction was associated with RNFL thinning and cell loss in the ganglion cell layer. (arvojournals.org)
  • This model produces preferential ganglion cell dysfunction and RNFL reduction. (arvojournals.org)
  • A decrease in N1-P1 amplitude was observed in glaucomatous eyes in relation to a reduction in macular vessel density in the deep retinal layer, which suggests that ischemia-induced bipolar cell dysfunction may be involved in the intermediate retinal dysfunction associated with glaucoma. (arvojournals.org)
Signals1
  • what visual signals are transmitted by the diverse ganglion cell types to the brain? (stanford.edu)
Receptive field1
  • This finding suggests that many types of stimuli in the receptive field surround or outside of the classical receptive field would provide potent inhibition to the gamma cell. (marclab.org)
Populations1
  • From these, he and Werblin determined that there are about a dozen different populations of ganglion cells, each spanning the full visual space and producing a different movie output. (sciencedaily.com)
19741
  • The one is a small-field, bistratified cell given the name AII in its original description, to compare with the other amacrine common at the rod bipolar ribbon dyad, known then as as AI (Kolb and Famiglietti, 1974). (utah.edu)
Disorder1
  • The malignancy most commonly associated with this disorder is small-cell lung cancer, followed by gynecologic (uterine and cervical) and breast cancers. (medscape.com)
Terminals2
  • I have examined the properties of Ca(2+)-dependent APs in isolated bipolar-cell terminals in goldfish retinal slices. (nih.gov)
  • Protons released via exocytosis may therefore be a significant modulator of Ca(2+)-dependent currents and regenerative potentials in bipolar-cell terminals. (nih.gov)
Types5
  • These measurements, however, do not link the physiologically opponent cells to morphologically defined cell types. (jneurosci.org)
  • To date, adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been the most effective vector for retinal gene delivery because it elicits minimal immune response and can mediate long-term transgene expression in a variety of non-dividing retinal cell types. (molvis.org)
  • Here we report that hiPSC can, in a highly autonomous manner, recapitulate spatiotemporally each of the main steps of retinal development observed in vivo and form three-dimensional retinal cups that contain all major retinal cell types arranged in their proper layers. (nature.com)
  • how can retinal cell types be recognized and separately targeted by the implant? (stanford.edu)
  • Although every cell type varies from the RPCs in sequential order, there is a considerable overlap in timing, where the individual cell types vary. (vedantu.com)
Junctions2
  • The AII is characterized by making gap junctions with neighboring cone bipolar or other AII profiles (Figs. 8 and 9). (utah.edu)
  • Briefly, IgSFs are adhesion molecules that bind to themselves (homophilic) or compatible IgSFs (heterophilic) across cell-cell junctions. (elifesciences.org)
Macular2
  • Many common eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, put these cells at risk. (nih.gov)
  • 11 Moreover, other OCTA studies have shown changes in the superficial retinal VD in the macular area, where retinal ganglion cells are distributed. (arvojournals.org)
Expression3
  • Therefore, we asked whether this region contains color-opponent ganglion cells at all, and if so, whether the strength of opponency reflects the gradient of opsin expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • Molecular and cellular study data suggest that UA and US597 modulate expression of cell adhesion molecules within focal adhesion signaling pathway leading to cancer cell motility. (medicalconsultingcenter.com)
  • We confirmed expression of FOXA1, FOXJ1, and stem cell markers in human Rathke's cleft cyst tissue, but not craniopharyngiomas, which suggests these transcription factors are useful, pathological markers for diagnosis of Rathke's cleft cysts. (bvsalud.org)
Bodies1
  • The spiral (cochlear) ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the modiolus, the conical central axis of the cochlea. (wikipedia.org)
Processes1
  • Numerous cells are carried along with the cell processes in their course, and these have been described as being concerned in the formation of the ciliary ganglion. (co.ma)
Kolb1
  • Electron microscope investigation of Golgi-impregnated rod bipolar cells first showed that the rod bipolar dendrite penetrates into the rod spherule to make an invaginating ribbon related type of contact (Fig. 4) (Kolb, 1970). (utah.edu)
Visual1
  • 1 , 2 It is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and visual field impairment. (arvojournals.org)
Layer2
  • Without the addition of enzymes, transduction was limited to occasional cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer. (molvis.org)
  • The rod bipolar collects input from between 15 and 30 rod spherules in the outer plexiform layer (Fig. 3). (utah.edu)
Induced plur1
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great potential for the modelling of these diseases or as potential therapeutic agents. (nature.com)
Molecular and Cel1
  • Even though we think we see the world so fully, what we are receiving is really just hints, edges in space and time," said Frank S. Werblin, professor of molecular and cell biology in the College of Letters & Science at UC Berkeley. (sciencedaily.com)