• Many of the target genes by the newly identified miRNAs were associated with plant growth and development, stress response, defense and hormone signaling, and oil synthesis pathways. (springeropen.com)
  • Recent research has shed light on the hormone response pathways involved in the identification of sex-determining genes, specifically the cytokinin (CK) and ethylene response pathways. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the DEGs were mainly implicated in energy metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, and carbohydrate metabolism related pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For triterpene saponin biosynthesis, we found the genes in MVA and non-MVA pathways were differentially expressed among three examined tissues, indicating the parallel but compartmentally separated biosynthesis pathways of IPP and DMAPP in A. mongolicus . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further research will identify new genes and useful pathways that can be engineered into plants. (istudy.pk)
  • Additionally, some DAPs involved in the phenolic phytoalexin and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic pathways accumulated much more in H471 than in HHZ after the inoculation with PXO99 A , suggesting that phytoalexin and SA production was induced faster in H471 than in HHZ. (researchsquare.com)
  • Genome and transcriptome enabled understanding of pathways of secondary metabolite producing genes. (thapar.edu)
  • Cytokinins act in concert with auxin, another plant growth hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the "direct inhibition hypothesis", these effects result from the ratio of cytokinin to auxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • When cultured with auxin but no cytokinin, they grow large but do not divide. (wikipedia.org)
  • When cytokinin and auxin are both added together, the cells expand and differentiate. (wikipedia.org)
  • When cytokinin and auxin are present in equal levels, the parenchyma cells form an undifferentiated callus. (wikipedia.org)
  • A higher ratio of cytokinin induces growth of shoot buds, while a higher ratio of auxin induces root formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stem cell maintenance in the shoot is under the control of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop, which is tightly integrated with hormone function, in particular auxin and cytokinin that promote cell differentiation and proliferation, respectively 2 . (nature.com)
  • My additional independent research on ER localisation and splicing in auxin biosynthesis showed for the first time ER-localisation for an auxin biosynthetic protein. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Olive explants included of pieces of young stems which were divided into nodal explants cultured on MS media supplemented with cytokinins and auxin. (ikprress.org)
  • The evidence that the tRNA-mediated pathway might be mainly responsible for biosynthesis of isoprenoid cytokinins in Physcomitrella is strongly supported by the recent release of the Physcomitrella genomic sequence where only tRNA-IPTs but no adenylate- IPTs are present. (cas.cz)
  • Genes coding for enzymes of the lipid degradation pathway are repressed by anoxia, mostly at the level of lipases, while the genes encoding b-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle genes are unaffected or moderately induced by anoxia. (ristudypost.com)
  • The microarray results highlight the strong induction of two sucrose synthase genes, which, together with the repression of neutral invertase (At1g35580) and the activation of an invertase inhibitor, suggests that a sucrose-synthase pathway predominates for sucrose utilization under anoxia, as previously proposed for rice seedlings. (ristudypost.com)
  • The effects of anoxia on starch synthesis genes are limited, and the pathway of starch degradation is not induced under anoxia in Arabidopsis thaliana. (ristudypost.com)
  • The detection of the same seven CKs across all fungi suggested the existence of a common CK biosynthetic pathway and dominance of the tRNA pathway in fungi. (trentu.ca)
  • This updated version should ease evolutionary studies leading to a better understanding of MIA biosynthetic pathway evolution. (univ-tours.fr)
  • 2021. Complexity of gene paralogues resolved inbiosynthetic pathway of hepatoprotective iridoid glycosides in a medicinal herb, Picrorhiza kurroathrough differential NGS transcriptomes. (edu.in)
  • Thus, golden rice expresses the biosynthetic pathway for vitamin A precursors. (istudy.pk)
  • Progress on plant genes involved in biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research,2011,31(5):633-640. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • A total of 159 genes were differentially expressed between male and female flowers at all development stages. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Some of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed male bias, including serine/threonine-protein kinase ( STPK ), THUMP1 homolog and other genes. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Among the panel, 3,696 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the Pb treated (1000 mg/L) and untreated samples. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In total, RNA-seq identified 692, 1076, 648, and 934 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specific to HP1/LP1 and HP2/LP2 under P-stress and control conditions, respectively, while 761 and 860 DEGs common for HP1/LP1 and HP2/LP2 under both conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, cytokinins have been described to induce resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this review, we describe some classical aspects of the physiology of plants under limited oxygen availability, highlighting new evidence of gene modulation by anoxia arising from recent microarray experiments using Arabidopsis seedlings. (ristudypost.com)
  • In this strains, the endogenous cytochrome P450 reductase gene (CPR) was replaced by the Arabidopsis thaliana reductases AtR1 or AtR2 (for WAT11 and WAT21 respectively) under the control of the GAL10-CYC1 promoter. (bestpfe.com)
  • 6. Pelletier M K,Murrell J R,Shirley B W. Characterization of flavonol synthase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase genes in Arabidopsis (further evidence for differential regulation of 'early' and 'late' genes)[J]. Plant Physiology,1997,113(4):1437-1445. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • A wild-type transgenic line with cytokinin deficiency due to heterologous cytokinin oxidase/ dehydrogenase overexpression (AtCKX2) also exhibited enhanced PpIPT1 expression levels, indicating that cytokinin deficiency might upregulate tRNA-mediated cytokinin biosynthesis. (cas.cz)
  • Among these genes, we find those involved in alcoholic fermentation such as alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and pyruvate decarboxylase. (ristudypost.com)
  • Conversely, cytokinin dehydrogenase 6 ( CKX6 ) was found to be up-regulated in male flowers of T. fortunei , suggesting that a lower concentration of CK is more conducive to male flower development [ 6 ]. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Another challenge to using transgenic plant technology in citrus is the long juvenile phase of immature tissues that ranges from 5 to 20 years, which greatly delays analysis of the effects of candidate genes. (springer.com)
  • In this study, six genes ( BnaA04g23490D, BnaA09g08440D, BnaA09g04320D, BnaA09g04350D, BnaA09g04930D, BnaA09g09290D ) that showed differential expression were identified as promising candidate genes for the target traits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 11 QTL clusters and 12 candidate genes associated with root and development under LP stress were identified in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, genome analysis of this strain suggested the presence of gene clusters involved in iron acquisition ( fhuABD , afuABC , fbpABC , and fepCDG ) and phosphate solubilization ( pstABCHS , phoABHLU , and phnCDEP ) and other phytohormone biosynthesis genes, including indole-3-acetic acid ( trpABCDEFG ), in the genome. (springeropen.com)
  • It was hypothesized that cytokinin may affect enzymes that regulate protein synthesis and degradation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A focus on Yocum and collaborator work who have developed an outstanding approach based on the anchoring of biosynthetic enzymes to the peroxisomal membrane. (univ-tours.fr)
  • Furthermore, gene-gene and gene-metabolite network analyses discovered that the light-responsive expression of genes encoding bHLH, MYB, WRKY, NAC, and MADS-box transcription factors, and proteins involved in genetic information processing and epigenetic regulation such as nucleosome assembly and histone acetylation, showed a high positive correlation with grape berry phenolic accumulation in response to different light regimes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed eight genes encoding various metabolic proteins involved in BPH resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analysis of global changes in genes and proteins expression is an approach to learn about the molecular responses happening rice cultivars during BPH stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overexpression of ZmWUS1-B is due to multimerized binding sites for type-B RESPONSE REGULATORs (RRs), key transcription factors in cytokinin signaling. (nature.com)
  • It is successful with both gene gun, and Agrobacterium and inplanta transformation has made it a routine activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, compared to the common transcriptional response to Pb stress in both cultivars, the regulation of numerous genes including those involved in zeatin biosynthesis, limonene and pinene degradation, phagosome was exclusive to one cultivar. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytokinin biosynthesis in organisms aside from plant species has often been viewed as a byproduct of tRNA degradation. (trentu.ca)
  • High transformation efficiency of citrus is of great importance for large scale characterization of gene functions and also cultivar development via transgenic and genome editing technologies. (springer.com)
  • The invention furthermore relates to novel nucleic acid sequences which code for the Δ6-desaturases used in the method, gene constructs comprising these nucleic acid sequences, a vector and transgenic plants comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence or a gene construct. (rothamsted.ac.uk)
  • While cytokinin action in vascular plants is described as pleiotropic, this class of plant hormones specifically induces the transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in moss protonema. (wikipedia.org)
  • The maize homeobox gene knotted1 ( kn1 ) encodes an AP2/ERF transcription factor (Hake et al. (springer.com)
  • Cytokinins have been shown to slow aging of plant organs by preventing protein breakdown, activating protein synthesis, and assembling nutrients from nearby tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • A flower‐specific Myb protein activates transcription of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes. (google.fr)
  • Recombinant expression of one of these genes (gCYTb5-I), results in a protein (17-kDa) that is isolated with noncovalently bound heme. (trentu.ca)
  • Next, VirA transfers the phosphate to the DNA-binding protein, VirG, which activates transcription of the vir genes of the Ti plasmid. (istudy.pk)
  • This thesis examines the importance of cytokinins, a group of phytohormones involved in plant cell division and differentiation as well as the phytohormone abscisic acid, involved in plant response to environmental factors, and their presence and role in fungi. (trentu.ca)
  • In the CZ, WUS activates the CLV3 gene, encoding a short signaling peptide perceived by a series of leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like complexes, among which are complexes containing CLV1 and CLV2. (nature.com)
  • The effects of a maize knotted1 ( kn1) gene under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter on genetic transformation efficiencies of six citrus genotypes were tested. (springer.com)
  • With all six genotypes of citrus tested including Eureka lemon, a cultivar difficult to be transformed, our results demonstrate that the kn1 gene may provide an effective molecular tool to enhance genetic transformation efficiencies of various citrus varieties. (springer.com)
  • Genetic engineering provides one such possibility (bringing genes from unrelated species) whereby the focus is on improving various traits that lead to high yields, tolerance to salinity, drought, pests, weeds, and sustainable agricultural traits such as higher water use efficiency (WUE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • So far, most successful genetic engineering of plants has relied on inserting one or a few genes that supply simple, yet useful, properties. (istudy.pk)
  • Scientists have exploited this genetic transfer in order to get genes with desired properties into plant cells. (istudy.pk)
  • Although the activation of the alcoholic fermentation will likely mitigate the excessive buildup of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH), activation of other genes able to compensate for the redox imbalance could be of importance. (ristudypost.com)
  • Non-symbiotic hemoglobin (Ahb1, At2g16060) is the most induced gene in the group of redox genes, while a class 2 nonsymbiotic hemoglobin (At3g10520) is repressed. (ristudypost.com)
  • The finding that the major free cytokinins are, albeit with altered proportions, also major forms in tRNA is compatible with the hypothesis of a strong tRNA-mediated biogenesis of cytokinins in this plant. (cas.cz)
  • The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs with an approximate length of 18-22 nucleotides and involved in the regulation of gene expression in transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. (springeropen.com)
  • These small non-coding RNAs derived from their precursor sequences, bind to their target mRNAs and negatively mediate the gene expressions in pre-transcriptional or post-transcriptional stages by impeding mRNA translation [ 12 , 13 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Published in Nature Plants, this review focuses on translational, transcriptional, epigenetic and chromatin-based regulation and evolution of specialized metabolism genes, a new and forefront research filed. (univ-tours.fr)
  • During grain development the expressions of these genes varied at the transcriptional and translational levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hypersensitivity to cytokinin causes stem cell overproliferation and major rearrangements of Bif3 inflorescence meristems, leading to the formation of ball-shaped ears and severely affecting productivity. (nature.com)
  • Fungi and Cytokinins: Investigating the impact of cytokinins on fungal development and disease progression in the Ustilago maydis- Zea mays pathosystem. (trentu.ca)
  • Besides the long-standing role of cytokinins (CKs) as growth regulators, their current positioning at the interface of development and stress responses is coming into recognition. (frontiersin.org)
  • Incorporating BPH resistance genes in rice germplasm into susceptible but otherwise preferred cultivars can be an effective and environmentally friendly approach toward controlling damages caused by BPH [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Grant from BBRSC Community Resource for Wheat and Rice Transformation to transform rice with pMMO genes. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • This bud induction can be pinpointed to differentiation of a specific single cell, and thus is a very specific effect of cytokinin. (wikipedia.org)
  • To study cytokinin biosynthesis, we characterized a temperature-sensitive cytokinin-overproducing mutant, oveST25, of the moss Physcomitrella patens with respect to changes in cytokinin content during thermal induction in comparison to wild type. (cas.cz)
  • This strain has a disarmed Ti plasmid pAL4404 plasmid, which only contains the T-DNA vir region (genes responsible for vir gene induction and T-DNA transfer), and is a widely used for plant transformation. (bestpfe.com)
  • Promoters play critical roles in controlling the transcription of genes and are important as tools to drive heterologous expression for biotechnological applications. (arizona.edu)
  • The same inducers activate expression of the virulence genes on the Ti plasmid that are responsible for DNA transfer to the plant. (istudy.pk)
  • Metabolic novelty originating from horizontal gene transfer is essential for leaf beetle survival. (mpg.de)
  • There are two types of cytokinins: adenine-type cytokinins represented by kinetin, zeatin, and 6-benzylaminopurine, and phenylurea-type cytokinins like diphenylurea and thidiazuron (TDZ). (wikipedia.org)
  • The first naturally occurring cytokinin was isolated and crystallised simultaneously by Miller and D.S. Lethum (1963-65) from the milky endosperm of corn (Zea mays) and named Zeatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The analysis of cytokinins from whole-culture extracts of wild type revealed 56% of iP-type, 32% of cZ-type, and 11% of trans-zeatin (tZ)-type forms. (cas.cz)
  • Cambium and other actively dividing tissues also synthesize cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, a global transcriptome analysis on A. mongolicus tissues was performed to identify the genes essential for the metabolism and to profile their expression patterns in greater details. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This allows us to generate the first biologically-informed gene expression map of this leaf, with the entire developmental gradient from meristematic to fully differentiated cells captured. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, transcriptome sequencing with Illumina and Pacific BioSciences (PacBio) single-molecule real-time (SMRT) platforms were used to investigate gene expression differences between male and female T. fortunei plants. (beds.ac.uk)
  • To estimate genes related to Pb response and the molecular mechanism associated with Pb tolerance and accumulation, we analyzed the transcriptome of tall fescue in response to Pb treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2021.Transcriptome profiling reveal key hub genes in co-expression networks involved in Iridoid glycosides biosynthetic machinery in Picrorhiza kurroa. (edu.in)
  • Also in context of biological control of plant diseases cytokinins seem to have potential functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • A knowledge graph of biological entities such as genes, gene functions, diseases, phenotypes and chemicals. (edu.sa)
  • In addition to core transcription factor-binding motifs that assist in the binding of RNA polymerases, there are specific nucleotide sequences in a promoter region to allow regulation of gene expression. (arizona.edu)
  • The GM cotton introduced in 1996 was simple Bt cotton that expressed a single Cry1Ac gene, the later generation carried multiple Cry genes along with the genes controlling herbicide tolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, resistance to the herbicide glyphosate is due to a single gene. (istudy.pk)
  • A distinct ZmFCP1-FEA3 ligand-receptor combination, originally identified in maize, prevents WUS gene expression in the region below the OC (also called rib zone, RZ), thus confining WUS expression within the OC of meristems 6 . (nature.com)
  • Cytokinin moves from the roots into the shoots, eventually signaling lateral bud growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • The allene oxide synthase (AOS) gene family are cytochrome P450s that are responsive to a variety of environmental stress, making them good candidates for the discovery of inducible promoters. (arizona.edu)
  • Finding the genes responsible is difficult, because multiple interacting genes usually control such traits. (istudy.pk)
  • This technique seems to fail when gene(s) responsible for trait improvement is only present in unrelated species and it is not possible to bring such genes through crossings. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functional identification and promoter preliminary analysis of Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase genes in turnip[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research,2015,35(4):572-582. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Poplar Allene Oxide Synthase 1 Gene Promoter Drives Rapid and Localized Expression by Wounding. (arizona.edu)
  • The response of plants to anaerobiosis is characterized by a dramatic change in gene expression. (ristudypost.com)
  • The mutants of multiple type-A ARR genes exhibit improved basal and acquired thermotolerance and, altered response to oxidative stress in our physiological analyses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Sex ratio of mirid populations shifts in response to hostplant co-infestation or altered cytokinin signaling. (mpg.de)
  • Below ground regulation of stress response genes in hybrid poplar. (arizona.edu)
  • Time-Ordered Gene Co-expression Network (TO-GCN) analysis revealed that MADS2 and MADS26 may play important roles in the development of female and male flowers T. fortune plants, respectively. (beds.ac.uk)
  • The expression patterns of 16 randomly selected genes were in consistent with that from the Solexa analysis using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An integrated approach of GWAS, weighted co-expression network, and differential expression analysis identified 12 genes associated with root growth and development under LP stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Biosynthetic and functional color-scent associations in flowers of Papaver nudicaule and its impact on pollinators. (mpg.de)
  • Polymorphic analyses of IbANR gene from sweetpotato[J]. Journal of Jiangsu Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2017,35(1):31-33. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Our RT-PCR-based studies on the expression of the tRNA-IPT gene, PpIPT1, revealed enhanced transcription levels in the cytokinin-overproducing oveST25 mutant at the inducing temperature of 25 C, but not at noninducing conditions (15 C). (cas.cz)
  • Cytokinins are involved in many plant processes, including cell division and shoot and root morphogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinins have recently been found to play a role in plant pathogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plant Gene. (edu.in)
  • The first step in genetically engineering a plant is to identify a gene that will confer a specific desirable trait on the plant. (istudy.pk)
  • In addition, such genes may play other roles in plant physiology or development. (istudy.pk)
  • As more research into plant physiology occurs, more genes can be identified that increase the value of a crop. (istudy.pk)
  • Our results demonstrate that expression of the kn1 gene enhances transformation efficiencies from 3 to 15 fold compared to a control vector, 3-11 fold relative to the highest transformation efficiencies reported for these citrus genotypes. (springer.com)