• Biosynthesis of biomolecules is initiated by expression of genes which encode RNAs and/or proteins, including enzymes that catalyse synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Individual genes are generally expressed via transcription into messenger RNA (mRNA) and translation into proteins, and the expression of each gene occurs to various different levels in a cell-type specific fashion (in response to gene regulatory networks). (wikipedia.org)
  • Levels of proteins, including Cyt C, Bcl-2/BAX, and Nrf2 /HO-1-associated proteins, were determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence. (sdbonline.org)
  • Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
  • high bacteria are as proteins of pathway ATM rise, either as acids for greenhouse initiation or for the dehydrogenase of binding eIF2 disorders. (evakoch.com)
  • L-783,281-induced activation of IRTK stimulates downstream signaling proteins, including insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), Akt, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K). L-783,281 also induces glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner from rat primary adipocytes and soleus muscle tissue from lean mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • First, RNA binding proteins (RBPs) bind the upstream and downstream introns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
  • tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (N2), proteasome subunit (EC 3.4.25.1) (N3), probable exosome complex RNA-binding proteins 1 (N4), huge ribosomal subunit proteins Retigabine tyrosianse inhibitor L37 Ae (N5) huge ribosomal subunit proteins L15electronic (N7), ribonuclease P (tRNA processing) proteins element 3 (EC 3.1.26.5) (N8), ribonuclease P protein element 2 (EC 3.1.26.5) (N9), prefoldin, chaperonin cofactor (N10), and a predicted exosome subunit containing the IMP4 domain within small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (N11). (cancercurehere.com)
  • This compound stimulates insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (IRTK) activity in CHO cells that overexpress human insulin receptors by binding to the β-subunit of the insulin receptor ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Free circulating insulin activates insulin receptors on the surface of target cells eliciting a signaling cascade initiated by the activation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS 1-4) followed by phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which manages metabolic response including PDK1 and Akt stimulation by phosphorylation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • APOBEC3F apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3F: Candida albicans enhanced the production of the CCR5-interacting chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, and stimulates the production of interferon-a and the restriction factors APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, and tetherin (BST2) in macrophages Rodriguez et al, 2013 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
  • BST2 bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (Tetherin): Candida albicans enhanced the production of the CCR5-interacting chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, and stimulates the production of interferon-a and the restriction factors APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, and tetherin (BST2) in macrophages Rodriguez et al, 2013 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
  • Insulin signaling affects multiple downstream pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which controls growth, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), which stimulates the synthesis of lipid and cholesterol as well as the family of Forkhead (FOXO) transcription factors regulating metabolism and autophagy [ 9 ] [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Insulin secreted upon refeeding-after-fasting stimulates Per2 and reduces Rev-erbα expression in hepatocytes [ 18 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The protein TOR, part of the TORC1 complex, is an important upstream regulator of translation initiation as well as ribosome biogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Insulin is a key regulator of glucose uptake and utilization in insulin-responsive tissues. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway utilizes up to 2-5% of glucose that enters a non-cancer cell and along with glutamine, acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) are used to produce the amino sugar UDP-GlcNAc [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The presence of high levels of tryptophan inhibits the activity of the enzyme as shown in the biosynthesis pathway below. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • Furthermore, a genome-wide RNAi screen for genes that regulate cellular clock functions in human cells identified the insulin signaling pathway as the most overrepresented pathway [ 15 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In addition, the activity of individual ribosomes can be increased to boost the global efficiency of mRNA translation via regulation of translation initiation factors, including the 'translational elongation initiation factor 4E' (eIF4E) complex, which binds to and caps the 5' end of mRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Consequently, we treated consistency of gene proximity in loci in evolutionary distant genomes as an indication of functional relatedness, which led to a prediction of SBDS protein involvement in initiation of translational wybutosine metabolism. (cancercurehere.com)
  • To drive cell growth, the global rate of gene expression can be increased by enhancing the overall rate of transcription by RNA polymerase II (for active genes) or the overall rate of mRNA translation into protein by increasing the abundance of ribosomes and tRNA, whose biogenesis depends on RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase III. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Myc transcription factor is an example of a regulatory protein that can induce the overall activity of RNA polymerase I, RNA polymerase II and RNA polymerase III to drive global transcription and translation and thereby cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • TOR is a serine/threonine kinase that can directly phosphorylate and inactivate a general inhibitor of eIF4E, named 4E-binding protein (4E-BP), to promote translation efficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • adaptor related protein complex 2 s. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • guanylate binding protein 2 [Source. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Four protein complexes in the inner membrane make up the electron transport chain (ETC, also known as the electron transport system), which converts the redox energy stored as NADH and FADH 2 into chemical energy in the form of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, its full range of functions in terms of protein scaffold and translation remain largely unexplored in the context of HCC. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nrf2 consists of six functional Neh domains (Neh1-Neh6), from which, the amino-terminal Neh2 domain controls binding Keap1-the inhibitor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, that is responsible for the cytosolic sequestration of Nrf2 under physiological conditions (Fig. 2 a). (springer.com)
  • A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • Spliced X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1s) is a protein that belongs to the cAMP-response element-binding (CREB)/activating transcription factor (ATF) b-ZIP family with a basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP). (mdpi.com)
  • The protein levels of phospho-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B, phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein-1 (p-4E-BP1), 4E-BP1 and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, in the liver of fish fed the 0.84% diet were higher than those in fish fed the 0.40% diet. (researchsquare.com)
  • In males, ACOT1 deficiency increased mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) protein abundance while reducing 4-hydroxynonenal, a marker of oxidative stress, in white adipose tissue and liver of HFD-fed mice. (jci.org)
  • Otto Warburg noticed that cancer cells utilize far more glucose than normal cells and reprogram their metabolism largely to glycolysis even in oxygen-rich conditions [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mitochondria most readily produce ATP by the oxidation of NADH and FADH 2 yielded from the breakdown of sugars such as glucose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes down-regulated in comparison of dendritic cells (DC) stimulated with Pam3Csk4 (TLR1/2 agonist) at 24 h versus DC cells stimulated with CpG DNA (TLR9 agonist) at 24 h. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Functionally related genes are commonly found clustered in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes,12C17 and predicting gene function based on physical proximity to other genes has been used successfully in a number of studies. (cancercurehere.com)
  • The vast majority of these co-happening genes are linked to RNA modification and degradation, ie, probable exosome complicated exonuclease 2 (EC 3.1.13. (cancercurehere.com)
  • Further, the postprandial release of insulin resets peripheral clocks by regulating the expression of core circadian genes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This is because a single cell with only one copy of the genome in the cell nucleus can perform biosynthesis and thus undergo cell growth at only half the rate of two cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cells can grow by increasing the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis such that production of biomolecules exceeds the overall rate of cellular degradation of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy. (wikipedia.org)
  • L-783,281, an antidiabetic fungal metabolite that has previously been shown to activate insulin signaling in CHO cells, was tested for its effect on intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) and insulin secretion in single mouse pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • L-783,281 also resulted in insulin secretion at single β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Since the HBP utilizes major macromolecules such as nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids to produce UDP-GlcNAc, cells may use it as a 'sensor' of energy availability that influences a large number of functional targets that contribute to cancer phenotypes (Fig. 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mammalian cells, most of the redox potential used for generating ATP arrives at the mitochondrion in the form of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH 2 ), reduced coenzymes generated by the acceptance of electrons derived from the breakdown of organic substances in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Single cells and organisms may adapt to harmful oxidative stress conditions, through stress-activated factors. (springer.com)
  • During PDA progression, pancreatic acinar cells lose activity of the ClassI/II bHLH factors that regulate quiescence. (oncotarget.com)
  • We previously found that promoting transcriptional activity of the Class I bHLH factor E47 in highly aggressive PDA cells induced stable growth arrest in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
  • Following food intake, increased blood glucose levels trigger pancreatic β-cells to secrete insulin. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • First, a pre-mRNA is spliced, causing the 3′-hydroxyl of the upstream exon to covalently bond to the 5′-phosphate of the downstream exon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The regulatory effects of circSTX6 and HNRNPD on activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) mRNA were determined by mRNA stability and RIP assays. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, muscular PEPCK and glycogen synthase, and hepatic glucose transporters 2 mRNA levels were induced by 1.28% methionine. (researchsquare.com)
  • First, the upstream intron pairs with the downstream intron. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Second, the 2′-hydroxyl of the upstream intron reacts with the 5′-phosphate of the downstream intron, followed by the 3′-hydroxyl of the 3′-exon reacting with the 5′-phosphate of the 5′-exon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Up-regulation of the expression of p27 is likely due to the activation of translation rather than transcription of p27 because (a) up-regulation is mediated by the 5'-untranslated region (-575) of the p27 gene and (b) the antibiotic actinomycin D, an inhibitor of transcription, did not attenuate the up-regulation of p27. (biomedcentral.com)
  • encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular redox balance and protective antioxidant and phase II detoxification responses in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell growth is primarily supported by growth factor-driven glucose and glutamine intake, which form building blocks for biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we briefly summarize the pathogenesis of NAFLD and factors that influence the progression of NAFLD, and focus on the potential mechanisms of BBR in the treatment of NAFLD. (mdpi.com)
  • Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that transient levels of the evolutionarily conserved factor RACK1 are critical for adult SC activation and proper skeletal muscle regeneration, favoring the efficient progression of SC from a committed to a fully differentiated state. (sdbonline.org)
  • Although the mechanisms of circular RNAs' generation and function are not fully clear, recent research has shown that circular RNAs may function as potential molecular markers for disease diagnosis and treatment and play an important role in the initiation and progression of human diseases, especially in tumours. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a significant role in the initiation and progression of various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (bvsalud.org)
  • RESULTS: CircSTX6 and its encoded 144 amino acid polypeptide, circSTX6-144aa, were highly expressed in HCC tumour tissues and served as independent risk factors for overall survival in HCC patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Insulin rapidly increases the expression of Per2 in insulin-sensitive tissues like the liver, muscle, or adipose tissue, but not the lung or brain [ 17 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This review summarizes our knowledge about Nrf2 and HO-1 across different phyla suggesting their conservative role as stress-protective and anti-aging factors. (springer.com)
  • Accordingly, the impact of CR on plasma IGF-1 and insulin level is compromised in mice deficient for Bmal1 [ 16 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Although defects from prenatal alcohol exposure can be replicated in mouse models [ 10 ], identifying genetic factors that contribute to susceptibility to FASD is virtually impossible in human populations since time, dose, and frequency of exposure are generally unknown, and manifestations of FASD are diverse and become evident long after exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function. (lookformedical.com)
  • The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host. (lookformedical.com)
  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) were first found in RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses as a viroid as early as 1976 [ 1 ] and were later found to be an endogenous RNA splicing product in eukaryotes in 1979 as well [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The HBP culminates in the production of an amino sugar uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) that, along with other charged nucleotide sugars, serves as the basis for biosynthesis of glycoproteins and other glycoconjugates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We determined a 2.76 -resolution crystal structure of a mycobacterial transcription initiation complex (TIC) with RbpA as well as a CarD/RbpA/TIC model. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. (lookformedical.com)
  • The crosstalk between the translation machinery and elements of the cytoskeleton provides an explanation as to how cell chemotactic defects may be caused by SBDS malfunction. (cancercurehere.com)