PhosphorylationGlycolysisMetabolic pathwaysGluconeogenesisNucleotideBile acid biosynthesisMetabolismTyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesisTerpenoid-quinone biosynthesisCitric acidNADPHNecessary for the biosynthesisGlucuronate interconversionsSynthesisLeucine and isoleucineIntermediatesReductive biosynthesisGlucoseDifferent pathwaysLipidPurineAnabolic pathwaysCitrateSugarsGSEACell proliferationCellularSteroidProgressionFatty acidsMannoseLysineHexosesGeneticArginineStressCarbohydrate
Phosphorylation9
- Hexokinase (HXK) is a glycolytic regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible phosphorylation reaction of D-hexoses at the sixth carbon using ATP-Mg 2+ as a phosphate donor. (biomedcentral.com)
- Pyruvate is definitely channeled into the mitochondria and completely oxidized to generate ATP through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Fig. 1) and oxidative phosphorylation. (irjs.info)
- He found that, even in the presence of ample oxygen, cancer cells prefer to metabolize glucose by glycolysis, a seeming paradox as glycolysis, when compared to oxidative phosphorylation, is a less efficient pathway for producing ATP (Warburg, 1956). (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
- Oxidative phosphorylation 16 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
- by contrast, interleukin-4 (IL-4)-activated macrophages mainly use oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation to generate energy. (nature.com)
- To achieve the above target, cancer cells preferentially use aerobic glycolysis, otherwise known as the Warburg effect, over oxidative phosphorylation. (kdwis.com)
- Some of the impairments in glycolytic pathway, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation that contribute to cancer cell growth, development, progression, survival and malignancy would be critically discussed. (kdwis.com)
- B) they may use oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. (testbankcapital.com)
Glycolysis6
- In scientific terms, the PPP is an essential metabolic pathway that functions concurrently with glycolysis , presenting itself as a quintessential player in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its diligent role in generating NADPH, pentoses, and ribose 5-phosphate. (microbiologynote.com)
- The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that produces NADPH, pentoses (5-carbon sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
- Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis 1 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Six major pathways have been studied in immune cells in detail: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism. (nature.com)
- Here, we provide a brief refresher course on six of the major metabolic pathways involved (specifically, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism), giving specific examples of how precise changes in the metabolites of these pathways shape the immune cell response. (nature.com)
- Figure 3: Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway in immunity. (nature.com)
Metabolic pathways11
- Navigating through the biochemical intricacies of the PPP provides a splendid panorama of how cells masterfully exploit metabolic pathways, in a manner that is attuned to their physiological, biosynthetic, and defensive needs, thereby maintaining a harmonious cellular and systemic physiological state. (microbiologynote.com)
- In essence, the PPP is a testament to nature's biochemical prowess, revealing how metabolic pathways, through eons of evolutionary fine-tuning, have been sculpted into multifaceted biochemical networks, proficiently catering to the myriad metabolic and defensive demands of the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
- Hexokinase (HXK) is the only plant enzyme that phosphorylates glucose (Glc), so it is key to fueling several metabolic pathways depending on their substrate specificity, metabolite regulatory responses and subcellular localization. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, poorer prognosis in cancer patients who display a glycolytic phenotype characterized by metabolic alterations, such as obesity and diabetes, is now well established, providing another link between metabolic pathways and cancer progression. (springer.com)
- Four metabolic pathways and one oxidative stress pathway were identified in the miPPSPC, whereas linoleic acid metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway were identified in the mPPSPC. (aging-us.com)
- Metabolic alterations can be the consequence of genetic changes in metabolic pathways, but they also reflect control of enzymatic activities by signaling pathways, catabolism (including membrane turnover) and competitive inhibition or activation by small molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
- Immunometabolism describes the changes that occur in intracellular metabolic pathways in immune cells during activation. (nature.com)
- In recent years a substantial number of findings have been made in the area of immunometabolism, by which we mean the changes in intracellular metabolic pathways in immune cells that alter their function. (nature.com)
- Figure 2: Six major metabolic pathways. (nature.com)
- High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
- Is the Subject Area "Metabolic pathways" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
Gluconeogenesis1
- generate hexoses from pentoses (gluconeogenesis) - 3. (studylib.net)
Nucleotide2
- Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism 43 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- 17.Nucleotide biosynthesis. (unizg.hr)
Bile acid biosynthesis2
- Primary bile acid biosynthesis 13 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- which exhibited low transcriptional activity, especially of genes involved in secondary bile acid biosynthesis and neuroendocrine signaling (i.e., production of neurotransmitters, indoles and ligands for cannabinoid receptors). (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolism30
- Embarking on an exploration into cellular metabolism, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) commands particular attention, not merely for its role in glucose metabolism but also for its crucial involvement in cellular biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. (microbiologynote.com)
- A genetic aberration in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a pivotal enzyme in the PPP, can disrupt this biochemical harmony, underscoring the pathway's indispensability in cellular metabolism and defense mechanisms. (microbiologynote.com)
- Although our emphasis on the Warburg effect reflects the focus of the field, we would also like to encourage a broader approach to the study of cancer metabolism that takes into account the contributions of all interconnected small molecule pathways of the cell. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
- Advantages (C-E). The altered metabolism of cancer cells is likely to imbue them with several proliferative and survival advantages, such as enabling cancer cells to execute the biosynthesis of macromolecules (C), to avoid apoptosis (D), and to engage in local metabolite-based paracrine and autocrine signaling (E). Potential Liabilities (F and G). This altered metabolism, however, may also confer several vulnerabilities on cancer cells. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
- Key factors of the pentose phosphate pathway and linoleic acid metabolism, G6PD and CYP2C8/9/18/19, respectively, are related to the survival of PC patients according to our tissue microarray. (aging-us.com)
- Fructose and mannose metabolism 5 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Galactose metabolism 6 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism 7 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Purine metabolism 18 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Caffeine metabolism 19 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Pyrimidine metabolism 20 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism 21 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism 22 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Cysteine and methionine metabolism 23 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Arginine and proline metabolism 26 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Histidine metabolism 27 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Tyrosine metabolism 28 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Phenylalanine metabolism 29 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Tryptophan metabolism 30 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- beta-Alanine metabolism 32 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism 33 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism 34 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Selenocompound metabolism 35 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism 36 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Glutathione metabolism 37 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Starch and sucrose metabolism 38 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Partial breakdown into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 Note: Bacteria have many different pathways for carbohydrate metabolism based on the enzymes they are able to produce. (studylib.net)
- In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
- Effector T cells are highly glycolytic whereas memory T cells have an oxidative metabolism. (nature.com)
- Metabolites, such as succinate and citrate, and enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and enolase, have roles outside of metabolism that promote specific events during immune cell activation. (nature.com)
Tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis1
- Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis 31 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis1
- Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis 14 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Citric acid1
- amino acid synthesis from intermediates of citric acid cycle and other major pathways. (unizg.hr)
NADPH5
- The PPP showcases its role by executing two meticulously orchestrated phases: the oxidative phase, where glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose 5-phosphate, and the non-oxidative phase, which is engaged in the synthesis of 5-carbon sugars, contributing significantly to the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. (microbiologynote.com)
- Notably, NADPH generated through the oxidative phase is pivotal for counteracting oxidative stress and facilitating reductive biosynthesis, such as fatty acid synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
- Conversely, in tissues where the biosynthetic activities, particularly those related to fatty acid and sterol synthesis, are in full swing, the NADPH produced by the PPP is channeled to support these reductive biosynthetic pathways. (microbiologynote.com)
- Furthermore, cells like erythrocytes, which are persistently exposed to oxidative stress, exploit the PPP to generate NADPH, maintaining a cellular environment that is conducive to combating oxidative damage. (microbiologynote.com)
- G6P is also metabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway to generate NADPH (Fig. 1). (irjs.info)
Necessary for the biosynthesis2
- Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
- Cancer cells are known to proliferate uncontrollably and therefore, have greater demand for energy and a ready supply of the building blocks necessary for the biosynthesis of macromolecules such as nucleotides, proteins and lipids). (kdwis.com)
Glucuronate interconversions1
- Pentose and glucuronate interconversions 4 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Synthesis4
- In the biological realms of reductive biosynthesis, particularly in the synthesis of fatty acids, sterols, and combating oxidative stress, the PPP is an unsung hero, diligently orchestrating cellular anabolic and antioxidant processes. (microbiologynote.com)
- BACKGROUND & AIMS: Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo serine synthesis pathway (SSP), has been implicated in the carcinogenesis and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because of its excessive expression and promotion of SSP. (bvsalud.org)
- Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies 11 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
- Synthesis of pyrimidine ring from aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate. (unizg.hr)
Leucine and isoleucine1
- Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation 24 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Intermediates2
- The enzymes and intermediates of major catabolic and anabolic pathways. (sfu.ca)
- Concurrently, the PPP can transmute the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into intermediates apt for glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways, thereby enabling the cell to adeptly navigate through the metabolic intricacies and adapt to varying physiological contexts. (microbiologynote.com)
Reductive biosynthesis1
- Important coenzyme used by cells for reductive biosynthesis - 5. (studylib.net)
Glucose1
Different pathways1
- The production of hexose 6 phosphate is a key node in different pathways that are required for a successful germination. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipid1
- This suggests that therapeutic approaches targeting lipid biosynthesis for cellular membranes might be a promising approach in breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Anabolic pathways1
- When integrated with MSI, the combination of ion mobility, desorption electrospray ionization, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization reveals alterations in multiple anabolic pathways. (biomed.news)
Citrate1
- Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) 2 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Sugars1
- Dietary pentose sugars, a derivative of nucleic acid digestion, can be intertwined with the PPP, thereby revealing another layer of metabolic flexibility and adaptability provided by this pathway. (microbiologynote.com)
GSEA3
- Gene set variation analysis (GSVA), a functional enrichment analysis method similar to gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), allows the assessment of underlying pathway activity variation in each sample by pre-inputting a selected gene set [ 11 ]. (aging-us.com)
- Those genes are differential expressed highly significantly between LAM nodules and normal tissues and they are subject to GSEA, network and pathway analysis. (uc.edu)
- B ) Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) for immune pathways in the adrenal cortex of LPS versus PBS mice. (elifesciences.org)
Cell proliferation1
- To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
Cellular4
- The latter acts as a cellular guardian, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and thereby safeguarding the cell against oxidative damage. (microbiologynote.com)
- It plays a crucial role in both cellular biosynthesis and the defense against oxidative stress. (microbiologynote.com)
- The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) primarily resides within the cytosol of cells, which is the aqueous component of the cytoplasm, a matrix in which various cellular organelles are suspended and numerous metabolic reactions transpire. (microbiologynote.com)
- With numerous illustrations and tables, each of the nearly 300 sections of the Guide describes genes involved in a specific pathway, process, or structure from the molecular and cellular levels to developmental and physiological processes. (cshlpress.com)
Steroid1
- Steroid biosynthesis 12 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Progression1
- The metabolic and oxidative stress pathways may participate in PC progression. (aging-us.com)
Fatty acids1
- In hepatocytes, free fatty acids are esterified with glycerol-3-phosphate to generate triacylglycerol (TAG). (irjs.info)
Mannose1
- Mannose type O-glycan biosynthesis 42 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Lysine1
- Lysine degradation 25 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Hexoses1
- generate pentoses from hexoses - 2. (studylib.net)
Genetic2
- Genome resources and identified genetic variation, especially those genes related to the biosynthesis of phytochemicals and cold stress response, will be helpful for the introduction, domestication, utilization, and further breeding of Dalbergia species. (bvsalud.org)
- promoting abnormal regulation of signalling pathways involved in cell cycle regulation, genetic stability, apoptosis and cell differentiation. (kdwis.com)
Arginine1
- Arginine biosynthesis 17 of 317 pathways' ## [1] 'Querying. (tu-dortmund.de)
Stress1
- mTORC1-Driven Tumor Cells Are Highly Sensitive to Therapeutic Targeting by Antagonists of Oxidative Stress. (uc.edu)
Carbohydrate1
- Intriguingly, many of these mechanisms utilize the same molecular pathways that are altered through calorie and/or carbohydrate restriction. (springer.com)