• Moreover, a molecular-level understanding of iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis is crucial for understanding a variety of human diseases involving anemias, myopathies and ataxias that arise from defects in Fe-S cluster biogenesis proteins. (uga.edu)
  • Thus, it is now thought that all eukaryotes contain an organelle related to mitochondria, and its most conserved function is in Fe/S protein biogenesis, not ATP production. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • protein_coding" "AGT24181","N559_2495","Klebsiella pneumoniae","cytochrome C biogenesis protein transmembrane region [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • These include, not only the dedicated scaffold protein (Isu1) on which FeS clusters are synthesized, but also accessory FeS cluster biogenesis proteins frataxin (Yfh1) and ferredoxin (Yah1). (curefa.org)
  • Despite recent advances in understanding the biogenesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins, most studies focused on aerobic bacteria as model organisms. (hal.science)
  • Accordingly, multiple players have been proposed to participate in the Fe-S delivery step to apo-target proteins, but critical gaps exist in the knowledge of Fe-S proteins biogenesis in anaerobic organisms. (hal.science)
  • The IRE-binding activity of IRP1 depends on the presence of an iron-sulfur cluster (see "Mammalian iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis" below). (nih.gov)
  • Our goals in studying mammalian iron-sulfur biogenesis are to understand how iron-sulfur prosthetic groups are assembled and delivered to target proteins in the various compartments of mammalian cells, including mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • CSAs involve mutations in 1 of 3 mitochondrial pathways: heme synthesis, iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, and protein synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • The iron sulfur proteins contain iron-sulfur clusters, some with elaborate structures, that feature iron and sulfide centers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The formation of iron-sulfur clusters are produced by one of four pathways: Nitrogen fixation (NIF) system, which is also found in bacteria that are not nitrogen-fixing. (wikipedia.org)
  • The assembly of iron-sulfur clusters cluster begins with the production of the equivalent of a sulfur (sulfur atoms per se are not found in nature). (wikipedia.org)
  • The sulfur atom from the cysteine substrate is transferred to residue Cys-328 of IscS, forming a persulfide: L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine The persulfide functional group R-S-S-H functions as a source of "inorganic sulfur" that will be incorporated into Fe-S clusters. (wikipedia.org)
  • nature of the iron-sulfur clusters. (degruyter.com)
  • Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential cofactors present in all known forms of life and required by hundreds of proteins to perform their function. (curefa.org)
  • Fe-S clusters are present in more than 300 different types of enzymes or proteins and play crucial roles in fundamental life processes such as respiration, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. (uga.edu)
  • Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are protein cofactors that are essential for life. (pasteur.fr)
  • The biosynthesis of Fe-S clusters is a vital process involving the delivery of elemental iron and sulfur to scaffold proteins via molecular interactions that are still poorly defined. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Among the most ROS-sensitive molecules of cells are components of certain proteins, termed iron-sulphur (FeS) clusters. (ukri.org)
  • Nevertheless FeS clusters are essential, and that essentiality appears to rest on the requirement organisms have for the FeS protein Rli1p. (ukri.org)
  • The hypothesis is that the FeS clusters of Rli1p can become disabled during stress, leading to loss of protein function, and so loss of viability. (ukri.org)
  • In mitochondria cysteine desulfurase (Nfs1) plays a central role in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur (FeS) clusters, cofactors critical for activity of many cellular proteins. (curefa.org)
  • Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins are a subclass of the soluble P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase superfamily (P-loop NTPase) known to bind and transfer Fe-S clusters in vitro. (hal.science)
  • CF27-specific gene clusters which have been analyzed were expressed by both ferrous iron-grown and sulfur-attached cells, indicating that they are not pseudogenes and may play a role in both situations. (frontiersin.org)
  • The ABCB7 protein is also involved in the formation of certain proteins containing clusters of iron and sulfur atoms (Fe-S clusters). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers suspect that the ABCB7 protein transports Fe-S clusters from mitochondria, where they are formed, to the surrounding cellular fluid (cytosol), where they can be incorporated into proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ancient cofactors that participate in numerous cellular processes, such as electron transfer, enzyme catalysis, redox sensing, DNA repair and gene regulation. (bgsu.edu)
  • To achieve high degree of regulation and control of free sulfide and iron ion three biosynthetic machineries were identified to assemble Fe-S clusters: ISC, SUF, and NIF. (bgsu.edu)
  • It must support the assembly of Fe-S clusters from constituent iron and sulfide species donated by other proteins followed by transfer of the nascent Fe-S clusters to other partners requiring clusters for their function. (bgsu.edu)
  • These two roles present an interesting conundrum, namely that scaffold proteins must initially exhibit robust affinity for Fe-S clusters as required for their assembly, and yet transfer of the Fe-S clusters to recipient proteins indicates lower affinity. (bgsu.edu)
  • A model explaining this apparent paradox is based on the ability of IscU, a well-known scaffold protein, to adopt two different conformational states with different affinities for Fe-S clusters and biosynthesis protein binding partners. (bgsu.edu)
  • During sequential steps of the Fe-S cluster biosynthesis cycle, IscU alternates its conformational state and affinity for Fe-S clusters, in order to accomplish Fe-S cluster assembly and transfer. (bgsu.edu)
  • L-Cysteine is ubiquitous in all living organisms and is involved in a variety of functions, including the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters and glutathione and the regulation of the structure, stability, and catalysis of proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Iron is an essential part of prosthetic groups such as heme and iron-sulphur clusters, which are involved in various redox reactions of central importance for life. (lu.se)
  • Two tightly regulated biochemical processes, metallation of porphyrin at the last stage of heme biosynthesis and the generation of iron-sulphur clusters (ISC), take place inside the mitochondrial matrix and utilise around 80% of the iron acquired by organisms. (lu.se)
  • Ferrochelatase catalyses iron insertion into protoporphyrin IX at the terminal step of heme biosynthesis, while IscU assists in the formation of iron-sulphur clusters. (lu.se)
  • b) They are conjugated proteins containing copper as prosthetic groups. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. (bvsalud.org)
  • Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis occurs in four steps: (i) the radical-mediated cyclization of nucleotide, guanosine triphosphate (GTP), to (8S)‑3',8‐cyclo‑7,8‑dihydroguanosine 5'‑triphosphate (3',8‑cH2GTP), (ii) the formation of cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) from the 3',8‑cH2GTP, (iii) the conversion of cPMP into molybdopterin (MPT), (iv) the insertion of molybdate into MPT to form Moco. (wikipedia.org)
  • The work presented as a whole, by establishing parallels to complex metal cofactor biosynthesis in nitrogenase, reveals unifying themes in complex metal cluster assembly and fundamental features of metalloenzyme evolution. (montana.edu)
  • Here, we report investigations of a novel atypical two-domain Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding protein named Mrp ORP associating a P-loop NTPase domain with a dinitrogenase iron-molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis domain (Di-Nase). (hal.science)
  • Iron-Dependent Regulation of Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis Genes in Escherichia coli. (mpg.de)
  • Subsequently, IscS transfers this "extra" sulfur to IscU. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to IscS and IscU, bacterial Fe-S assembly requires IscA, an 11 kDa protein of uncertain function. (wikipedia.org)
  • His mediates iron delivery to the [ 2Fe-2S ] assembly site of ISU/IscU scaffold proteins , but is not required for the binding of iron or cluster. (rsc.org)
  • Even though, the SufU protein shares high sequence similarity with above mentioned IscU, it exhibits important distinguishing feature of an extra 19 amino acids that is denoted as the Gram-Positive Region (GPR). (bgsu.edu)
  • Frataxin may either make iron available to ferrochelatase and IscU, thereby acting as an iron chaperone, or convert surplus iron in the mitochondrion to a mineral, providing a mechanism for iron storage and detoxification, similar to the mechanism of ferritin. (lu.se)
  • Human ABC7 transporter: gene structure and mutation causing X-linked sideroblastic anemia with ataxia with disruption of cytosolic iron-sulfur protein maturation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Iron-sulfur protein maturation in Helicobacter pylori:Identifying a Nfu-type cluster carrier protein and its iron-sulfur protein targets. (uga.edu)
  • We provide in vitro evidence that the P-loop NTPase domain of the Mrp ORP can efficiently transfer its Fe-S cluster to apo-target proteins of the ORange Protein (ORP) complex, suggesting that this novel protein is involved in the maturation of these Fe-S proteins. (hal.science)
  • Ingmundson, A., Alano, P., Matuschewski, K., and Silvestrini, F. (2014) Feeling at home from arrival to departure: Protein export and host cell remodeling during Plasmodium liver stage and gametocyte maturation. (mpg.de)
  • We recently reported that FDX1 is both a crucial regulator of copper ionophore induced cell death and serves as an upstream regulator of cellular protein lipoylation, a mitochondrial lipid-based post translational modification naturally occurring on four mitochondrial enzymes that are crucial for TCA cycle function. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Heterologous gene expression confirmed that proteins from the ISC and CDP-DAG pathways retain mitochondrial targeting sequences that are recognized by yeast mitochondria. (lu.se)
  • Mutation of a putative mitochondrial iron transporter gene (ABC7) in X-linked sideroblastic anemia and ataxia (XLSA/A). Hum Mol Genet. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cavadini P, Biasiotto G, Poli M, Levi S, Verardi R, Zanella I, Derosas M, Ingrassia R, Corrado M, Arosio P. RNA silencing of the mitochondrial ABCB7 transporter in HeLa cells causes an iron-deficient phenotype with mitochondrial iron overload. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A genome-wide association study identified variants in the ferredoxin fd ), apicoplast ribosomal protein S10 ( arps10 ), multidrug resistance protein 2 ( mdr2 ), and chloroquine resistance transporter ( crt ) genes as additional factors contributing to ART resistance, in which a missense fd mutation fd -D193Y) was the most frequent variant among resistant parasites [ 8 ]. (biorxiv.org)
  • 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain, 2Fe-2S ferredoxin-type iron-sulfur binding domain [InterProScan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • In the last steps of this process transfer of energy-conserving electrons beyond photosystem I (PSI) is performed by a small iron-sulphur protein ferredoxin (Fd). (nature.com)
  • These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation. (bvsalud.org)
  • protein_coding" "AGT23894","N559_2182","Klebsiella pneumoniae","putative ABC-type taurine transport system periplasmic binding component [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • protein_coding" "AGT24100","N559_2404","Klebsiella pneumoniae","putative ABC transporter substrate binding protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • protein_coding" "AGT25156","N559_3508","Klebsiella pneumoniae","putative short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Two putative protein export regulators promote Plasmodium blood stage development in vivo. (mpg.de)
  • By utilizing complementary gene data base searching with these structural studies, new insight is made known into the evolutionarily relationships between [FeFe]-hydrogenases present in microorganisms and the eukaryotic Nar1 family of proteins which function in iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. (montana.edu)
  • Like other mitosomes, this MRO is predicted to have reduced metabolic capacity and lack an organellar genome and function in iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) pathway-mediated Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. (lu.se)
  • Dynamic cellular events beyond genetic encodings, such as epigenetics, and intermolecular protein interaction, play critical roles in dictating cellular functions. (go.jp)
  • Ferredoxins are a family of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster proteins that serve as essential electron donors in numerous cellular processes that are conserved through evolution. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Here we show that FDX1 regulates protein lipoylation by directly binding to the lipoyl synthase (LIAS) enzyme and not through indirect regulation of cellular Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Together, our findings establish that FDX1 directly engages with LIAS, promoting cellular protein lipoylation, a process essential in maintaining cell viability under low glucose conditions. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Our preliminary data have uncovered a new role for the essential protein Rli1p, as a determinant of cellular stress resistance. (ukri.org)
  • The cofactor thus requires de novo biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • L -Aspartate oxidase catalyses the first step in the de novo biosynthesis of NAD + in some bacteria. (enzyme-database.org)
  • Cryptochrome proteins (Crys) along with a highly conserved Iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein (i.e. (bvsalud.org)
  • It may be no coincidence that, through evolution, Rli1p has been one of the most highly conserved proteins in biology. (ukri.org)
  • Our aim is to characterize cysteine desulfurase behavior and relevant activity in the presence or absence on the sulfide acceptor protein present in different conformations achieved by single point site-directed mutagenesis in highly conserved residues in the GPR. (bgsu.edu)
  • Evidence that MgATP accelerates primary electron transfer in a Clostridium pasteurianum Fe protein- Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe protein nitrogenase tight complex. (degruyter.com)
  • We also collaborate with other groups for Mossbauer, electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), X-ray absorption and X-ray crystallography studies of proteins prepared in our laboratory. (uga.edu)
  • The promiscuous nature of ferredoxins as electron donors enables them to participate in many metabolic processes including steroid, heme, vitamin D and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis in different organisms. (broadinstitute.org)
  • We suggest that this architecture is suitable to ensure concerted and protected transfer of potentially toxic iron and sulfur atoms to Isu1 during Fe-S cluster assembly. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This technique has frequently been applied to animal tissue slices for the purpose to map proteins, peptides , lipids, sugars or small metabolites to find disease specific bio-markers or to study drag metabolism. (go.jp)
  • Consequently the process of Fe-S cluster biosynthesis is essential to almost all forms of life and is remarkably conserved in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. (uga.edu)
  • Rli1p is essential to organisms because it is required for the process of protein synthesis. (ukri.org)
  • This finding is particularly exciting because Rli1 is a conserved FeS cluster protein which, alone, is thought to account for the essentiality of FeS cluster biosynthesis in organisms. (ukri.org)
  • Iron is a trace element and it is extremely important in carrying out various metabolic processes in all living organisms for their survival. (biomedres.us)
  • Iron is not easily available to organisms, mainly due to the extremely low solubility (around 10 -18 M) of its most common form, Fe 3+ . (lu.se)
  • Fe 2+ may also be toxic to organisms, since it can promote the generation of highly reactive oxygen species that are capable of causing severe damage to proteins and nucleic acids. (lu.se)
  • The enzyme participates in the menthol-biosynthesis pathway of Mentha plants. (enzyme-database.org)
  • Scaffold protein represents a centerpiece of the biosynthetic pathway with two important roles. (bgsu.edu)
  • Systematic experimental genetics of the apicoplast iron-sulphur cluster biosynthesis pathway of the Plasmodium parasite. (mpg.de)
  • [ 9 ] This development impairs the first crucial step in the heme synthesis pathway, the formation of δ-amino levulinic acid, resulting in anemia despite intact iron delivery to the mitochondrion and with a lack of heme in which iron is to be incorporated in the final step of this pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Iron-sulphur cluster biosynthesis [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • TIM barrel domain, Glyoxalase/fosfomycin resistance/dioxygenase domain, Glyoxalase/Bleomycin resistance protein/Dioxygenase superfamily [InterProScan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain [InterProScan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • These proteins are involved in the regulation of key components required for the establishment of photosynthetically active chloroplasts. (bvsalud.org)
  • We are studying the biosynthesis mechanism of sulfur-modification and its regulation mechanisms in order to develop new drugs. (go.jp)
  • d) It is highly significant in the liver and kid-neys of birds which excrete uric acid as the end product of purine metabolism and also of protein and amino acid catabolism. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • We aim to understand how mammals regulate intracellular and systemic iron metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • Iron-regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (IRP1 and IRP2) regulate the expression of numerous proteins of iron metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • To approach questions about the physiology of iron metabolism, we generated loss-of-function mutations of IRP1 and IRP2 in mice through homologous recombination in embryonic cell lines. (nih.gov)
  • In the absence of provocative stimuli, we observed no abnormalities in iron metabolism associated with loss of IRP1 function. (nih.gov)
  • The results presented here provide significant insight into the stepwise mechanism of H-cluster biosynthesis. (montana.edu)
  • Cell has got inbuilt mechanism to protect itself from oxidative stress-induced by iron. (biomedres.us)
  • Research on Fe-S cluster biosynthesis in the Johnson group currently involves investigating the molecular mechanisms of Fe-S cluster assembly on scaffold proteins and the subsequent intact cluster transfer to acceptor or carrier proteins. (uga.edu)
  • Thus, to maintain an adequate supply of iron, cells require molecular mechanisms to overcome both the limited bioavailability and the potential toxicity of this metal. (lu.se)
  • Nasu, S., Wicks, F.D. and Gholson, R.K. L -Aspartate oxidase, a newly discovered enzyme of Escherichia coli , is the B protein of quinolinate synthetase. (enzyme-database.org)
  • Here, based on the results of biochemical experiments involving purified wild-type and variant proteins, the authors report that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yah1 and Yfh1 share an evolutionary conserved interaction site on Nfs1. (curefa.org)
  • We reconstituted a stable, functional complex consisting of the iron donor, Yfh1 (yeast frataxin homologue 1), and the Fe-S cluster scaffold, Isu1, with 1:1 stoichiometry, [Yfh1]24[Isu1]24. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In each center, conserved amino acids known to be involved in sulfur and iron donation by Nfs1 and Yfh1, respectively, are in close proximity to the Fe-S cluster-coordinating residues of Isu1. (elsevierpure.com)
  • has been shown to consist of at least seven species, all of which derive energy from the oxidation of elemental sulfur and reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) to support their growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • In a thermophilic bacteria, activated sulfur which bond to a sulfur-carrier protein TtuB [Fig. 2] is transferred to tRNA by a sulfur transferase. (go.jp)
  • The glutathione, glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartic acid transaminase, and alanine aminotransaminase levels were estimated in the liver of iron treated mice after 30 days post-iron treatment. (biomedres.us)
  • The feeding of different concentrations of iron for 30 days led to an increase in the oxidative stress as indicated by a decline in the glutathione concentration, and glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities accompanied by the rise in the lactate dehydrogenase, aspartic acid transaminase, and alanine aminotransaminase levels. (biomedres.us)
  • Treatment of hesperidin for 5 days before iron overload elevated the activities of glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione concentration, whereas the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartic acid transaminase, and alanine aminotransaminase and lipid peroxidation declined significantly. (biomedres.us)
  • Our study demonstrates that pre-treatment of hesperidin for five days reduced the iron induced oxidative stress indicated by the reduction in lipid peroxidation, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartic acid transaminase, and alanine aminotransaminase activities and a rise in the glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione contents in the mice liver. (biomedres.us)
  • In this case, the tungsten-selenium pair has been speculated to function analogously to the molybdenum-sulfur pairing of some molybdenum cofactor-requiring enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Iron is essential constituent of numerous enzymes, including iron-sulphur and heme proteins of the respiratory chain, as well as ribonucleotide reductase, which catalyses the rate-limiting step in DNA synthesis [9,10]. (biomedres.us)
  • Haussig, J.M., Matuschewski, K., and Kooij, T.W.A. (2014) Identification of vital and dispensable sulphur utilization factors in the Plasmodium apicoplast. (mpg.de)
  • The active site of [FeFe]-hydrogenases, the Hcluster, exists as a [4Fe-4S]-subcluster bridged by a protein thiolate ligand to a 2Fesubcluster which contains biologically unique CO and CN- ligands and a dithiolate ligand. (montana.edu)
  • In addition, the iron can ligand up to six places that reduces it otherwise high reactivity. (biomedres.us)
  • Nfs1 functions both as a sulfur donor for cluster assembly and as a binding platform for other proteins functioning in the process. (curefa.org)
  • The excess of iron has been indicated in several diseases as it induces oxidative stress. (biomedres.us)
  • The present study was undertaken to understand the modulation of iron induce oxidative stress in mice by hesperidin. (biomedres.us)
  • Free" iron produces hydroxyl radicals from superoxide and hydrogen peroxide via Fenton chemistry inducing oxidative stress in the cells [4]. (biomedres.us)
  • Presence of iron is a double-edged sword, it is extremely indispensable to carry various important metabolic processes at the same time its slight excess induces oxidative stress due to production of free radicals, especially the hydroxyl radical which is highly reactive and provoke critical and even irreversible cell injury. (biomedres.us)
  • The mismanagement of iron in the cells is the principle cause of underlying pathogenic event in oxidative stress that is harbinger of several diseases [11,12]. (biomedres.us)
  • Iron and iron salts are poorly water soluble however, it is an essential micronutrient, which is required for numerous biological reactions including mammalian cell growth, heme and DNA biosyntheses, oxygen transport, cell proliferation, cytochrome p450 enzyme activity, and hypoxic response reactions [8]. (biomedres.us)
  • iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein IscA [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Over-reduction of PET chain can damage protein complexes and result in production of the excess amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 6 . (nature.com)
  • [ 7 , 8 ] ABC-7 is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent transporter protein involved in the cytosolic transfer of iron-sulfur complexes. (medscape.com)
  • Each of these mutations changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in the ABCB7 protein, slightly altering its structure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Defects involving incorporation of iron into the heme molecule result in sideroblastic anemia. (medscape.com)
  • Iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) system, in bacterial and mitochondria Sulfur assimilation (SUF) system, in plastids and some bacteria In addition to those three systems, the so-called Cystosolic Iron-Sulfur Assembly (CIA) is invoked for cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • The ABCB7-Like Transporter PexA in Rhodobacter capsulatus Is Involved in the Translocation of Reactive Sulfur Species. (mpg.de)
  • The required sulfur atom is obtained from free cysteine by the action of so-called cysteine desulfurases. (wikipedia.org)
  • This dissertation is focused on the effect of conformational change of the scaffold protein SufU on the kinetic activity of its binding partner cysteine desulfurase SufS from Streptococcus mutans. (bgsu.edu)
  • Introduced mutations were shown to alter SufU structural conformation and biological function as the enhancer of cysteine desulfurase activity indicating the GPR region importance in structural variability and presumably in the protein-protein interactions. (bgsu.edu)
  • We further demonstrated that S-methylcysteine is synthesized from methanethiol and O-acetylserine by cysteine synthase, which was previously considered to be involved in sulfur-assimilatory L-cysteine biosynthesis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Environmental sequences of ten novel plastid lineages and structural innovations in plastid proteins confirm that plastids in apicomplexans and their relatives are widespread and share a common, photosynthetic origin. (elifesciences.org)
  • Rapid Identification of Protein-Protein Interactions in Plants. (mpg.de)
  • IRP2 is homologous to IRP1 but undergoes iron-dependent degradation in iron-replete cells. (nih.gov)
  • iron-sulfur cluster insertion protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • the next seven years showing that the mitosome functions in the biosynthesis of essential cytosolic and nuclear Iron/Sulphur (Fe/S) proteins . (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Iron is an essential element, which is abundant in the red blood cells and plays a key role during oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of all cells. (biomedres.us)