• Aflatoxin B1 is an aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. (wikipedia.org)
  • While toxicity of its products, aflatoxins, are explored throughout this article, Aspergillus flavus itself also exerts pathogenic effects through aspergillosis, or infection with the mold. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spatio-temporal patterns of Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis on maize kernels probed by SWIR hyperspectral imaging and synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy. (usda.gov)
  • Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is a carcinogenic metabolite produced by certain Aspergillus species. (scirp.org)
  • C. Tzanidi, C. Proestos and P. Markaki, "Saffron ( Crocus sativus L. ) Inhibits Aflatoxin B 1 Production by Aspergillus parasiticus ," Advances in Microbiology , Vol. 2 No. 3, 2012, pp. 310-316. (scirp.org)
  • F. Olojede, G. Engelhardt, P. R. Wallnofer and G. O. Adegoke, "Decrease of Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus parasiticus Caused by Spices," WJ Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 9, No. 5, 1995, pp. 605-606. (scirp.org)
  • The effect of certain food additives on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus has been studied in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • Aspergillus flavus is a common fungus causing bread spoilage by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. (bvsalud.org)
  • Aspergillus flavus and its toxic aflatoxins secondary metabolites contaminate food and grains, posing a severe threat to human health and leading to liver cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Aflatoxins, highly carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, frequently contaminate crops such as peanut, corn, wheat and sesame leading to irreversible loss in the quality and yield of agricultural products and posing serious threats to food safety. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because sterigmatocystin (ST) is an intermediate of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway and is produced by the BSL-1 organism Aspergillus nidulans, it serves as a model for studying regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). (wikipedia.org)
  • Aspergillus nomius is a potent producer of aflatoxins B and G and is one of the most common species of fungi found in Brazil nuts. (researchgate.net)
  • Therefore, assessment of the response of aflatoxigenic species to different temperatures is important to add information about the understanding of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus nomius and may help in the development of new strategies to prevent aflatoxin contamination. (researchgate.net)
  • associated with cashew from the regions of Riyadh, Dammam, and Abha were isolated and three different culture media were used to qualitatively measure aflatoxin production by Aspergillus via UV light (365 nm), which was expressed as positive or negative. (hindawi.com)
  • The aflatoxins are a group of chemically similar toxic fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) produced by genus Aspergillus . (hindawi.com)
  • The aims of the recent study were therefore to evaluate the effect of essential oils on the dry weight and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus spp. (hindawi.com)
  • Aspergillus -derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. (frontiersin.org)
  • Aflatoxins (AFs) are predominantly produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Effect of individual and combined essential oils of Cymbopogan caesius and C. nardus on growth of aflatoxin producing fungus Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production was investigated in vitro. (environcj.in)
  • Black olives as substrate for Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin B1 production. (environcj.in)
  • Cycloleucine inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production highlights its potential as an agent for removing mycotoxins in environmental pollution. (bvsalud.org)
  • The polysaccharide coating of yeast has a high adsorption capacity for high molecular weight mycotoxins (such as T-2 toxin, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, and Deoxynivalenol), while it has limited adsorption of low molecular weight mycotoxins (such as Fumonisins and Aflatoxin B1). (bionte.com)
  • The acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, and metabolism of sterigmatocystin has been compared with those for aflatoxin and several other hepatotoxic mycotoxins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Fumonisin B1 (FB1), potentially cytotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins are common contaminants of agricultural commodities in South Africa and thus could be detrimental to the human immune system. (ukzn.ac.za)
  • A large proportion (69%) of the imported foods tested in this study were contaminated with one or several mycotoxins, including zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and aflatoxins. (usda.gov)
  • Turmeric and curcumin were also found to reverse the aflatoxin induced liver damage produced by feeding aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (5 micrograms/day per 14 days) to ducklings. (nih.gov)
  • LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) on day seven, demonstrating mycotoxin variabilities in infected wheat. (bvsalud.org)
  • Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is essentially the most poisonous mycotoxin, inflicting dangerous results on human and animal well being, and the speedy and delicate detection of AFB1 is very demanded. (cdna-clone.com)
  • As mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety, the current review provides an updated overview of the (co-)occurrence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides and (co-)contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize. (usda.gov)
  • The potent hepatotoxin and carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common mycotoxin contaminant of grains used in animal feeds. (mdpi.com)
  • Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major metabolite of AFB1 in mammals, being partially excreted into milk, and is a possible human carcinogen. (mdpi.com)
  • Mutagenicity and genotoxicity assessment of the emerging mycotoxin versicolorin A, an aflatoxin B1 precursor. (inrae.fr)
  • Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent carcinogen and is the major mycotoxin produced by A. flavus. (mountainenvironmentals.com)
  • Extracts of turmeric (Curcuma longa), garlic (Allium sativum) and asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida) inhibited the aflatoxin production considerably (more than 90%) at concentrations of 5-10 mg/ml. (nih.gov)
  • In our study, 'monitoring aflatoxin concentrations and its bioaccumulation in organisms' has been conducted. (bvsalud.org)
  • It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aflatoxin B1 induced increased levels of apoptosis and necrosis in isolated lymphocytes while treatment with the FB1 resulted in increased levels of apoptosis at both concentrations. (ukzn.ac.za)
  • Maximum concentrations of total aflatoxin and B1 were detected in nuts stored at 97% r.h. and at temperatures of 25-30 °C. Shelled half-nuts contained the highest total (6817 ng/g) and B1 (4483 ng/g) aflatoxin. (researchgate.net)
  • WIS nuts contained the least total and B1 toxin with maximum concentrations of 93 and 49 ng/g, respectively. (researchgate.net)
  • Sweetcorn kernels inoculated with AF + strains only, AF − strains only, and co-inoculated with AF + + AF − strains were investigated for aflatoxin concentrations. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Different concentrations (50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm) of essential oils significantly inhibited fungal growth and total aflatoxin content in Mycological broth as compared to that of control. (environcj.in)
  • It possesses antibiotic, bacteriostatic, antifungal and antiprotozoal properties [5-8] reported occurrence of aflatoxin B1, citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice variety raised in five provinces of the central region of Vietnam. (crimsonpublishers.com)
  • Several sampling and analytical methods including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), among others, have been used to test for aflatoxin B1 contamination in foods. (wikipedia.org)
  • While aflatoxin B1 contamination is common in many staple foods, its production is maximized in foods stored in hot, humid climates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central Kenya. (environcj.in)
  • 2016). Temperature is a key environmental factor that may favor the growth of these fungi and aflatoxin production (Arrus et al. (researchgate.net)
  • Biodeterioration of some herbal raw materials by storage fungi and aflatoxin and assessment of Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil and its components as antifungal. (environcj.in)
  • From this point on the biosynthetic pathway of aflatoxin B1 becomes much more complicated, with several major skeletal changes. (wikipedia.org)
  • PCR was used with four sets of primer pairs for nor-1, omt-1, ver-1 , and aflR genes, enclosed in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • The results demonstrated that aflatoxin production in A. flavus was completely blocked after cycloleucine treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • The obtained data showed that six isolates of A. flavus and four isolates of A. parasiticus were positive for aflatoxin production, while all isolates of A. niger were negative. (hindawi.com)
  • Five commercially essential oils (thyme, garlic, cinnamon, mint, and rosemary) were tested to determine their influence on growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus and A. parasiticus by performing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (hindawi.com)
  • The results showed that the tested essential oils caused highly significant inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus and A. parasiticus . (hindawi.com)
  • Health Effects: In addition to the carcinogenic effect of aflatoxins, A. flavus is the second leading cause of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. (mountainenvironmentals.com)
  • The m6A sites of several key genes involved in the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway were significantly enriched in the coding sequence and around the stop codon, resulting in their downregulation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, m6A methylation on genes related to the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway led to reduced mRNA stability. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, we demonstrated that inhibition of aflatoxin was linked to N6-methyladenosine methylation of multiple genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Isolates were subsequently screened for aflatoxin production using yeast extract sucrose medium. (researchgate.net)
  • The cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 on cultured human cells. (ukzn.ac.za)
  • Fumonisin B1 is a competitive inhibitor of sphingosine and sphinganine N aceyltransferase, which are key components in the pathways for sphingolipid biosynthesis. (ukzn.ac.za)
  • This strategy effectively suppresses the indigenous aflatoxigenic strains and reduces aflatoxin accumulation in sweetcorn. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The extent of the inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production was dependent on the type and concentration of essential oils applied. (hindawi.com)
  • Combinations of essential oils had synergistic inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production as compared to their individual oil. (environcj.in)
  • Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production by cinnamon and clove oils, cinnamic aldehyde and Eugenol. (environcj.in)
  • Detection of aflatoxin B1 in single peanut kernels by combining hyperspectral and microscopic imaging technologies. (usda.gov)
  • Aflatoxin was not detected (detection limit of 1.75 ng/g) in nuts maintained at either 10 °C (97% r.h.) or at 30 °C (75% r.h.) for up to 60 d. (researchgate.net)
  • Three different media (potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek agar (CZ), and malt extract agar (MEA)) were used for detection of aflatoxin based on fluorescence [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A signal-on electrochemical aptasensor for rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 based on competition with complementary DNA. (cdna-clone.com)
  • The results of the present study suggest that the synergistic effect of plant extracts can be used for control of fungal growth and aflatoxin production. (environcj.in)
  • For Prime domain review and s home, Several and second mycological effects grow used for aflatoxins( Rahmani et al. (testshoppy.de)
  • Occupational exposure to aflatoxin B1 has also been reported in swine and poultry production. (wikipedia.org)
  • Curcumin, the antioxidant principle from Curcuma longa did not have any effect on aflatoxin production. (nih.gov)
  • Notably, cycloleucine inhibited aflatoxin B1 production via multiple targets. (bvsalud.org)
  • By applying high molecular weight chitosan coatings and MAP conditions, PV and AV values, microbial growth, aflatoxin B1 production, and weight loss values were inhibited, as well as kernel firmness reduction and hull color deterioration during storage were controlled. (springeropen.com)
  • Results of this study indicate that the limiting moisture content and aW values required to control aflatoxin production () in SW and WIS stored at 30 °C for up to 60 d are 4.5, 0.68, 5.0, and 0.75, respectively. (researchgate.net)
  • Overall, increasing the relative humidity and temperature during storage resulted in an increase in aflatoxin and these were shown to be the most significant variables influencing toxin production in Brazil nuts. (researchgate.net)
  • Temperature is considered a major abiotic factor that influences fungal colonization and aflatoxin production in nuts during pre- and post-harvest. (researchgate.net)
  • Many factors are influencing aflatoxin production during storage such as moisture, storage temperature, availability of oxygen, and lipids content [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Many approaches investigated to manage aflatoxin production using essential oils [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Aflatoxin production is inhibited by selected herbal drugs. (environcj.in)
  • Aflatoxin B1 is mostly found in contaminated food and humans are exposed to aflatoxin B1 almost entirely through their diet. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aflatoxins has also been linked to developmental delays and liver cancer in humans. (bvsalud.org)
  • Destruction of ergosterol, mitochondrial-membrane-potential, ions leakage, deformities in methylglyoxal biosynthesis, and in-silico interaction of carvone with Afl-R protein emphasized the antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic mechanisms of action. (bvsalud.org)
  • While some Toxins for the market of Metathesis cell may run in halogenase in to:1 marinas, also, in Magazine to fasten or constitute bran of suspected swimming pictured for innovation and at available literatures as instantly never like Aflatoxins from the clear studies of regions, grasping foodstuffs can participate some of these proportions was Sibly. (testshoppy.de)
  • The biosynthesis begins with the synthesis of hexanoate by the FAS, which then becomes the starter unit for the iterative type I PKS. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we demonstrated that cycloleucine blocked aflatoxin B1 synthesis by inhibiting N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification of messenger RNA (mRNA). (bvsalud.org)
  • Total aflatoxin (B1+B2+G1+G2+M1) was analyzed using an immunoassay technique while the presence of aflatoxin was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography. (researchgate.net)
  • citation needed] In animals, aflatoxin B1 has also been shown to be mutagenic, teratogenic, and to cause immunosuppression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antimicrobial activity of the heterocytous cyanobacterium Westiellopsis prolifica and assessment of its microcystin-LR biosynthesis. (livedna.net)
  • Aflatoxins may be present in a wide range of many food commodities, as nuts [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Dermal exposure to this aflatoxin in particular environmental conditions can lead to major health risks. (wikipedia.org)
  • In animal studies, pathological lesions associated with aflatoxin B1 intoxication include reduction in weight of liver, vacuolation of hepatocytes, and hepatic carcinoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a division of the United Nations, the worldwide maximum tolerated levels of aflatoxin B1 was reported to be in the range of 1-20 μg/kg (or .001 ppm - 1 part-per-billion) in food, and 5-50 μg/kg (.005 ppm) in dietary cattle feed in 2003. (wikipedia.org)