Biology phase of the cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

the stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes are split and the sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell. (studystack.com)
The timeframe for completion of the entire cell cycle (the gap, synthesis, mitosis, and cytokinesis phases) varies depending upon the organism. (fsu.edu)
In contrast, mouse fibroblast cells in culture feature a cycle that lasts 22 hours, with mitosis being completed in only one hour. (fsu.edu)
Finally, in the G2 phase, cells continue to grow and prepare for mitosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
The two most important are S-phase when the cell's DNA is duplicated or replicated, and mitosis when the duplicated DNA is divided equally between the two daughter cells. (phys.org)
The new study shows that this protein-called RTEL1-plays an important role in both S-phase and mitosis. (phys.org)
The second feature is that RTEL1 promotes a process called MiDAS, which is very common in cancer cells and happens in mitosis," says Ying Liu, Associate Professor at the Center for Chromosome Stability (CCS), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. (phys.org)
Changes in intracellular calcium are necessary for the successful progression of mitosis in many cells. (hindawi.com)
In this study we explore the role of transmembrane voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV channels) as regulators of mitosis in the mouse corticotroph cell line (AtT-20). (hindawi.com)
These observations suggested that the AtT-20 cell could provide a useful model to examine the possible role for CaV1 channels in another cellular function, mitosis. (hindawi.com)
A role for calcium signaling in mitosis has been inferred for decades, yet the mechanism underlying calcium elevation during cell division has, to date, not been elucidated. (hindawi.com)
In this way we hope to understand how centromeres give rise to kinetochores in mitosis, the assembly pathways and design principles that accomplish this, and how it is subsequently prepared for replication in the next cell cycle. (universityofgalway.ie)
We demonstrate that these factors rapidly exchange on and off ribosomal DNA clusters and that the kinetics of exchange varies at different phases of mitosis. (rupress.org)
Cell size homeostasis is brought about by the co-ordination of cell division with cell growth and requires restriction of smaller cells from undergoing mitosis and cell division, whilst allowing larger cells to do so. (elifesciences.org)
CDK inhibitory phosphorylation works synergistically with PP2A to prevent mitosis in smaller cells. (elifesciences.org)
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK Cdc2 ) is the master regulator of mitosis and cell division, and therefore the propensity for smaller cells not to divide must ultimately feed into the regulation of CDK activity ( Coudreuse and Nurse, 2010 ). (elifesciences.org)
Which of the following phases correspond to the interval between mitosis and initiation of DNA replication? (zigya.com)
A plant cell has 12 chromosomes at the end of mitosis. (askfilo.com)

2008) APC/CFzr/Cdh1 promotes cell cycle progression during the Drosophila endocycle. (nih.gov)
Today the cell cycle is viewed as an orderly progression of distinct phases (G1, S, G2, M), with various cyclin/CDK combinations being essential in regulating this process. (medscape.com)
Down-regulation of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle genes blocks progression through the first mitotic division in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. (nih.gov)
Natural Product-Derived Modulators of Cell Cycle Progression and Viral Entry by Enantioselective Oxa Diels-Alder Reactions on the Solid Phase. (mpg.de)
A series of signal transduction events starting from the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) to binding of E2F -target transcription to phosphorylation of Rb helps maintain cell-cycle progression. (bdbiosciences.com)
Our results demonstrate a novel, isoform-specific localization of CaV1 channels during cell division and suggest a possible role for these channels in the calcium-dependent events underlying mitotic progression in pituitary corticotrophs. (hindawi.com)
Previous studies in hepatocyte-derived cell lines and the whole liver established that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) can disrupt G1-phase cell cycle progression following exposure to persistent AhR agonists, such as TCDD (dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin). (nih.gov)
Compared with wild-type mice, the absence of p21(Cip1) expression completely abrogated the TCDD inhibition, and accelerated hepatocyte progression through G1 phase during the regenerative process. (nih.gov)
Despite research progress, the lack of appropriate cell lines and large-scale clinical validation methods greatly hinders the exploration of biomarkers associated with the PSCC progression. (researchsquare.com)
c-Jun has been implicated in several areas of cell biology including cell cycle progression through the G1 phase, transformation and differentiation and has recently been linked to apoptosis. (biogenex.com)
Additionally, the study explores the diversity of CDK-cyclin interacting pairs, evaluating whether other CDKs have multiple cyclin partners as observed in CDK2, and the implications of these interactions on cell cycle progression. (nih.gov)
Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that several transcription regulators known for inhibiting cell cycle progression such as krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) and transducer of ERBB2, 1 (TOB1) were clustered together with cell cycle and migration genes. (uni-muenchen.de)
Overexpression of KLF4 in T cells not only inhibited G1/S phase progression of the cell cycle but additionally induced upregulation of CCR2 and CCR5. (uni-muenchen.de)
In conclusion, gene expression profiling of encephalitogenic T cells revealed interesting genome wide transcriptomic changes and established a correlation between cell cycle progression and cell migration. (uni-muenchen.de)
p21/CIP1 is a Cyclin/Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor that blocks progression from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle. (bio-techne.com)

9 Departments of Neurosurgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. (nih.gov)

Methods in Molecular Biology. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular Biology of the Cell. (nih.gov)
Accordingly, entry into S-phase is controlled by molecular pathways that facilitate a rapid, unidirectional shift in cell state. (wikipedia.org)
Biochemistry and molecular biology 2005. (mpg.de)
The results have been published in the scientific journal Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . (phys.org)
Our work integrates biochemistry, cell and molecular biology to study a key target of cancer chemotherapy: the dividing human cell. (universityofgalway.ie)
The mutant cells were transfected with high molecular weight (HMW) DNA from human KB cells, and several human DNA bands were found to be conserved through three cycles of ts + transformation. (elsevierpure.com)
How does a given cell convert molecular signals into a permanent decision? (unc.edu)
We are interested in attracting candidates with a strong background in molecular biology, experience with human cell culture and affinity to theory and computation. (unc.edu)
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J. (ipmnet.ru)
X-ray structure solution using molecular replacement with phased translation function uncovered unparalleled features not seen in other one-domain structures of related SIGLECs, including unusual conformation of variable loop C-C of the ligand-binding domain and a unique interdomain disulfide bond. (nih.gov)
These findings highlight a critical role for cell surface sheddases in HIV-1 release and reveal new antiretroviral strategies based on small molecular inhibitors targeted at metalloproteinases for viral release. (nih.gov)
Genetic marking and molecular approaches stem cells within the bulge typically cycle infrequently. (nih.gov)
It has been known for nearly a decade that that the transition from dormant to activated follicle stem cells involves changes in signaling by Wnts, BMPs, and other factors but the molecular details of the activation and commitment steps are still unfolding. (nih.gov)
In the Ciliberto and Tyson 2000 publication described here, * the authors develop a mathematical model based on the molecular * interactions underlying early embryonic cell cycle control (see * below). (nih.gov)
7. Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of bax, bcl-2 and p53 genes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. (nih.gov)

In contrast, fully Asc-restored cells lacked ATM activation by Cr(VI), and ATM silencing produced no significant effects on p53 stabilization, apoptosis, replication recovery, or clonogenic survival. (nih.gov)
Cells are also programmed for death at the genetic level as a response to DNA damages through the process of apoptosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Cell division, proliferation, and apoptosis and death are integral parts of life. (bdbiosciences.com)
The balance of cell proliferation and apoptosis is important for both development and normal tissue homeostasis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Apoptosis is an organized process that signals cells to self-destruct for cell renewal or to control aberrant cell growth. (bdbiosciences.com)
As cells become damaged or are no longer needed, they undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death, a normal physiological process that occurs during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Apoptosis controls the orderly death of damaged cells, whereas necrosis occurs as a result of tissue damage, causing the loss of both damaged and surrounding cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Methods for detecting apoptosis or dead cells (viability) by cell preparation type. (bdbiosciences.com)
However, some cell types do not display characteristic features of apoptosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
In those cases, multiple aspects of apoptosis might need to be analyzed to confirm the mechanism of cell death. (bdbiosciences.com)
We are especially interested in "irreversible" cell fates such as apoptosis, senescence, and differentiation. (unc.edu)
Knockdown of ESRG induces hPSC differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)
Further study showed that ESRG knockdown leads to MCM2 abnormalities, resulting in DNA damage and activation of the p53 pathway, ultimately impairs hPSC self-renewal and pluripotency, and induces cell apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)
8. Prognostic value of apoptosis-regulating protein expression in anal squamous cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
15. Spontaneous apoptosis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is independent of bcl-2 and bax protein expression. (nih.gov)
17. Apoptosis-associated markers and clinical outcome in human oral squamous cell carcinomas. (nih.gov)

Working primarily in human cells, we examine the assembly pathways of chromatin proteins in live cells and couple this with functional analysis of cells. (universityofgalway.ie)
The aim of the project was to characterize the functional properties of these migrating encephalitogenic T cells during the course of EAE and to identify biological pathways which determine their migratory behaviour and pathogenic potential. (uni-muenchen.de)

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. (studystack.com)
an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. (studystack.com)
Model Structure * * During normal mitotic cell division, eukaryotic cells will replicate * their DNA during the S-phase of the cell cycle, and then divide * during the M-phase. (nih.gov)
Marriotts Ridge, Maryland: What other eukaryotic cells besides red blood cells doesn't have a nucleus? (nih.gov)

Bertrand, E. 'The transcriptional cycle of HIV-1 in real-time and live cells' (2007) Journal of Cell Biology. (uba.ar)

J Cell Physiol (2016 Nov) 231:2353-60. (nih.gov)
The 2016 NIGMS Cell Day chat was held on Thursday, November 3, 2016, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. (nih.gov)
Good morning and welcome to Cell Day 2016! (nih.gov)

Courses not designed for biology majors (BIOL 111, 116, 201, 205, 206) cannot be used to satisfy major requirements. (plu.edu)
Independent study (BIOL 491) and internship (BIOL 495) may be used for no more than a total of four of the upper-division biology hours required for the B.S. degree, and for no more than a total of two of the upper-division biology hours required for the B.A. degree. (plu.edu)
Students who plan to apply biology credits earned at other institutions toward a PLU degree with a biology major should be aware that at least 14 hours in biology, numbered 300 or higher and including BIOL 499, must be earned in residence at PLU. (plu.edu)
J Cell Biol (2020 Feb 3) 219. (nih.gov)
Mol Biol Cell (2019 Jan 1) 30:131-145. (nih.gov)
Mol Biol Cell (2015 Dec 15) 26:4718-35. (nih.gov)
Curr Opin Cell Biol (2014 Feb) 26:79-86. (nih.gov)
J Cell Biol (2012 Mar 5) 196:550-1. (nih.gov)
J Cell Biol (2010 Dec 13) 191:1079-88. (nih.gov)
J Cell Biol (1969) 40 (2): 484-496. (rupress.org)
J Cell Biol (2005) 168 (1): 41-54. (rupress.org)
J. Cell Biol. (uba.ar)

Chromosomes are the complete units of genetic material that undergoes duplication during the S phase of interphase. (gradesaver.com)
a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase. (studystack.com)
The cell cycle has two major phases: interphase, the phase between mitotic events, and the mitotic phase, where the mother cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. (bdbiosciences.com)

We here report that overexpression of HEF1 leads to failure of cells to progress through cytokinesis, whereas depletion of HEF1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) leads to defects earlier in M phase before cleavage furrow formation. (temple.edu)
Inactivation of RhoA has long been known to be required for cytokinesis, whereas it has recently been determined that activation of RhoA at the entry to M phase is required for cellular rounding. (temple.edu)

In breast cancer, alterations in several cell cycle regulatory proteins have been described, including various cyclins, CDKs, and the RB gene product (pRb). (medscape.com)
We investigated the effects of Asc restoration in human lung H460 cells and normal human lung fibroblasts on the activation and functional role of ATM kinase, which controls DNA damage responses involving several hundreds of proteins. (nih.gov)
During the first stage called G1, cells monitor their environment and, when the requisite signals are received, the cells synthesize RNA and proteins to induce growth. (bdbiosciences.com)
Several cell cycle-associated proteins, such as Ki-67, are also used as indicators of cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
Therefore, much research is being done to identify the proteins that play key roles in the cell division of human cells. (phys.org)
We were investigating which proteins help cancer cells to use MiDAS. (phys.org)
Voltage-dependent calcium channels (CaV channels) are multisubunit transmembrane proteins that are mediators of entry of extracellular calcium ions into cells of nerve, muscle, and endocrine tissues [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
In a recent study we examined the cellular distribution of CaV1 channels and SNARE proteins in AtT-20s cells and found colocalization of CaV1.2, but not CaV1.3, with components of the synaptic machinery and releasable peptide [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
The cell breaks down and destroys old, damaged, or abnormal proteins and other substances within its cytoplasm , including bacteria and viruses . (nih.gov)

Yerby Visitin g professorship in bioinformatics and computational biology. (nih.gov)

RAB20, a member of the RAS GTPase oncogene family, promotes tumorigenesis in several cancers with poor survival outcomes but its role in penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) remains unclear. (researchsquare.com)
2. p53 and cyclin D1 as prognostic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. (nih.gov)
3. Prognostic significance of p53/bcl-2 co-expression in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
6. Expression of p53 protein and the apoptotic regulatory molecules Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. (nih.gov)
11. Prognostic significance of Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 expressions in cervical squamous cell carcinoma treated by radiotherapy. (nih.gov)
12. Deregulated p21(WAF1) overexpression impacts survival of surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. (nih.gov)

Cell proliferation is an increase in the number of cells as a result of growth and division. (bdbiosciences.com)
A number of techniques are used to assess cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
Using analogs to these nucleosides provides a way to measure cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
Fluorescent or nonfluorescent cytoplasmic proliferation dyes can also be used as a measure cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
BD Biosciences offers BD Horizon™ Violet Proliferation Dye 450 and BD Horizon™ CFSE for the detection of cell proliferation with the violet laser and blue laser, respectively, which facilitates the use of larger panels. (bdbiosciences.com)
Nifedipine reduces the rate of cell proliferation, and, utilizing time-lapse microscopy, we show that this is due to a block at the prometaphase stage of the cell cycle. (hindawi.com)
Cell proliferation, migration, colony formation, and cell cycle assays were performed along with analysis of a nude mouse tumorigenesis model to explore RAB20's oncogenic functions. (researchsquare.com)

The non-disjunction, in meiosis may result is extra copy of a chromosome in a sperm cell. (zigya.com)

Cell Death and Differentiation. (nih.gov)
2012) DRP1-dependent mitochondrial fission inititiates follicle cell differentiation during Drosophila oogenesis. (nih.gov)
In this work, the influence of different substrate ad hesion during phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced differentiation of THP-1 monocytic cell line was studied. (scirp.org)
Our results have indicated that type I and type IV colla gens were able to influence, with respect to glass ad hesion, various differentiation phases. (scirp.org)
Type IV collagen, besides determining effects on lysosomal compart ment of intermediate and terminally differentiated cells, influenced mainly proliferative activity of cells with initial differentiation level (6 nM PMA). (scirp.org)
Spano, A. , Barni, S. , Bertone, V. and Sciola, L. (2013) Changes on lysosomal compartment during PMA-induced differentiation of THP-1 monocytic cells: Influence of type I and type IV collagens. (scirp.org)
Huh, H.Y., Pearce, S.F., Yesner, L.M., Schindler, J.L. and Silverstein, R.L. (1996) Regulated expression of CD36 during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation: potential role of CD36 in foam cell formation. (scirp.org)

[3] The Cln3-CDK2 complex promotes transcription of S-phase genes by inactivating the transcriptional repressor Whi5 . (wikipedia.org)
[3] Since upregulation of S-phase genes drive further suppression of Whi5 , this pathway creates a positive feedback loop that fully commits cells to S-phase gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
[3] Active cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex induces release of E2F transcription factor, which in turn initiates expression of S-phase genes. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to increasing transcription of histone genes, S-phase entry also regulates histone production at the RNA level. (wikipedia.org)
Using temperature-sensitive yeast mutants, Lee Hartwell first identified cell division cycle (CDC) genes as key regulators of cell division some 40 years ago. (medscape.com)
Our earlier data showed that cancer cells utilize this unusual form of DNA replication far more often than normal cells , because cancer cells have a lot of 'replication stress' in S-phase due to the cell division cycle being perturbed by the over-activity of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes," says Ian Hickson. (phys.org)
The diversity of CaV channel genes allows for a large number of channel isoforms, and these different isoforms are often expressed in the same cell. (hindawi.com)
While the majority of LCLs comprised cells containing EBV in the latent phase, two other clusters of cells were clearly evident and were distinguished by distinct expression of host and viral genes. (biorxiv.org)
The second cluster, containing GP350 + LMP1 hi cells, expressed EBV lytic genes. (biorxiv.org)
Functionally, the expression of genes regulated by MYC and IRF4 in GP350 + LMP1 hi cells were lower compared to other cells. (biorxiv.org)
At the time of transfer, encephalitogenic T cells in vitro are maximally activated, i.e. they exhibit a prominent upregulation of cell cycle genes such as cyclin A2 (CCNA2) and cyclin B2 (CCNB2) among others. (uni-muenchen.de)
In contrast, T cells isolated from spleen 3 days post transfer, downregulated activation markers such as interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) and interferon γ (IFNγ), and at the same time upregulated migration specific genes such as CC-chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1), CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). (uni-muenchen.de)
She is credited for her pioneering use of "reverse genetics," an approach to start with a specific protein, study its biology and then use mice as a means to ultimately identify the genes responsible for inherited human disorders. (nih.gov)
Cells have an important role in maintaining the DNA, making accurate copies of the DNA when cells divide, and allowing the appropriate expression of genes from the DNA. (nih.gov)

Investigating Life - What Controls the Reproduction of Cancer Cells? (gradesaver.com)
Pursuant to these pivotal observations, multiple studies have linked alterations in cell cycle biology to cancer. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] Additionally, while not necessary for normal mammary gland development, CDK4 and cyclin D1 are required for induction of breast malignancies in mouse models, suggesting that CDK4 inhibition may inhibit breast cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. (medscape.com)
Recently, the development of more specific CDK inhibitors has renewed interest in targeting the cell cycle as a novel therapeutic approach in cancer. (medscape.com)
[ 8 ] These observations were followed by a logical translation of the laboratory findings into a phase I/II clinical study that has now demonstrated significant clinical activity in patients with advanced estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. (medscape.com)
An image of MiDAS detected in a cancer cell derived from a human female patient with bone cancer. (phys.org)
Normal cells only have a limited number of divisions, while in cancer cells the cell division goes awry and is uncontrollable. (phys.org)
In the case of cancer, this means that the cancer cell has the potential to become even more abnormal due to the new mutations," Ying Liu explains. (phys.org)
In the new study, which is a continuation of the previous findings in the CCS, the researchers have primarily done tests on different types of cancer cells including bone, cervical and colon cancer. (phys.org)
We believe that this RTEL1 function is critical for any cancer cells that rely on MiDAS, which is more than 80 percent of the known cancer types based on our knowledge. (phys.org)
Therefore, we can use this to design drugs to inhibit RTEL1 and hopefully selectively kill cancer cells," says Ying Liu. (phys.org)
People Who Have Leukemia, A Cancer That Affects White Blood Cells, Are Often Given Cytarabine. (ketris.online)
VIDEO ANSWER: So during the occurrence of cancer, cancer is uncontrolled cell growth. (ketris.online)
Chemotherapy drugs work on cancer cells at different parts of the cell cycle. (ketris.online)
It combines both the advantages of highly specific targeting ability and highly potent killing effect to achieve accurate and efficient elimination of cancer cells, which has become one of the hotspots for the research and development of anticancer drugs. (ketris.online)
Moreover, we also reviewed the approved ADCs and other promising candidates in phase-3 clinical trials and discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for the development of next generations, which provide insights for the research and development of novel cancer therapeutics using ADCs. (ketris.online)
He underwent residency training in Radiation Oncology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, where he worked in the laboratory of Michel Sadelain on CAR T cells. (nih.gov)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play a pivotal role in cell cycle regulation, and their dysregulation is implicated in cancer. (nih.gov)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Cell & Cancer Biology, Univ. (cancer.org)
We explored the cytotoxic effect of waste tea leaf mediated CdS QDs (MT-CdS QDs) in breast cancer cell lines and compared their viability with standard drug - cisplatin. (swan.ac.uk)
Our experimental studies strongly suggest that MT-CdS QDs exhibits cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells and their performance was compared with standard drug cisplatin. (swan.ac.uk)
These studies explored that waste tea leaves have dual advantage - both in controlling the particle size of CdS QDs as well as facilitates their cytotoxicity effect in breast cancer cell death. (swan.ac.uk)
Green-Synthesis-Derived CdS Quantum Dots Using Tea Leaf Extract: Antimicrobial, Bioimaging, and Therapeutic Applications in Lung Cancer Cells by: Catherine De Castro, et al. (swan.ac.uk)
The body's immune response may also be keeping these cells in check but cancer cells can develop mechanisms to overcome the immune response. (nih.gov)

In certain types of cells, chromosomes do not line up at the metaphase plate and instead move back and forth between the poles randomly, only roughly lining up along the midline. (cikgunaza.com)
A normal cell has 46 chromosomes while this cell has 78 chromosomes. (phys.org)
When a cell has the wrong number of chromosomes , either more or less than it should. (nih.gov)
In cell cycle, during which phase chromosomes are arranged in equatorial plate? (zigya.com)
How many chromosomes would it have in the G 2 -phase of its next cell cycle? (askfilo.com)
In G 2 -phase chromosome number remains same, so the right answer is 12 chromosomes. (askfilo.com)

In the S-phase, RTEL1 can prevent damaging clashes between the processes of DNA replication and transcription (when RNA is made), which otherwise can cause DNA damage and chromosome instability. (phys.org)
His graduate research focused on understanding the basic mechanisms of chromosome segregation during cell division. (nih.gov)

Growth arrest was attributed to inhibition of G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activity. (nih.gov)
Therefore, scaling of cyclin-CDK levels with cell size, CDK inhibitory phosphorylation, PP2A, and DNA-dependent inhibition of CDK activity, all inform the cell cycle network of cell size, thus contributing to cell size homeostasis. (elifesciences.org)
Importantly, caspase inhibition suppressed viral release from patient derived CD4+ T cells, from both chronically infected individuals and from aviremic viral reservoirs. (nih.gov)

S phase ( Synthesis phase ) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated , occurring between G 1 phase and G 2 phase . (wikipedia.org)
[5] Redundant origins may increase the flexibility of DNA replication, allowing cells to control the rate of DNA synthesis and respond to replication stress. (wikipedia.org)
The synthesis phase in these mammalian rodent cells takes almost 10 hours, while G(1) lasts almost as long, or about 9 hours. (fsu.edu)
When conditions are right, cells enter the S stage of the cell cycle and commit to DNA synthesis and replicate their chromosomal DNA. (bdbiosciences.com)
During the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle, DNA polymerases incorporate a variety of nucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine) into the newly extending strands of DNA. (bdbiosciences.com)
Following the exposures the cells were then cultured at 37 degrees-C. The cellular processes followed to examine the effects of exposure included viability, morphological change, and DNA/RNA synthesis monitored by tritiated uridine and thymidine uptake. (cdc.gov)
In our present work, we demonstrate a simple green synthesis route for CdS QDs production using waste matured tea leaves (mother leaf) as bio-surfactant that are a waste product of the tea leaf industry and not suitable for drinking. (swan.ac.uk)

A novel tetraspan membrane protein called epithelial membrane protein (EMP1), was found to be up regulated in ex vivo-isolated effector T cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
According to GOcc analysis, they are mainly concentrated in plasma membrane part, cell junction, plasma membrane region and anterior membrane. (bvsalud.org)

Throughout M phase and G1 phase, cells assemble inactive pre-replication complexes (pre-RC) on replication origins distributed throughout the genome. (wikipedia.org)
[4] During S-phase, the cell converts pre-RCs into active replication forks to initiate DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
All eukaryotes possess many more replication origins than strictly needed during one cycle of DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
With each replication event the amount of dye in the cell is decreased, leading to a characteristic pattern. (bdbiosciences.com)
MiDAS helps cells to finish DNA replication that is not completed in S-phase. (phys.org)
This has been * the subject of several mathematical models, including models * which use budding yeast as the experimental organism: * * Modelling the control of DNA replication in fission yeast, Novak * and Tyson, 1997 * * Mathematical Model of the Fission Yeast Cell Cycle, Novak et * al. (nih.gov)

Here we dissect determinants of CDK activity in vivo to investigate how cell size information is processed by the cell cycle network in fission yeast. (elifesciences.org)
We develop a high-throughput single-cell assay system of CDK activity in vivo and show that inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK encodes cell size information, with the phosphatase PP2A aiding to set a size threshold for division. (elifesciences.org)
To this end, average linkage hierarchical clustering, pathway and gene ontology (GO) analyses of transcriptomes from cultured and ex vivo-isolated myelin basic protein-reactive T cells (TMBP cells) were performed. (uni-muenchen.de)
Overexpression of EMP1 in encephalitogenic T cells influenced the migratory behaviour of effector T cells both in vitro and in vivo. (uni-muenchen.de)
EMP1 enhanced T cell motility within the extracellular matrix milieu in vitro and promoted T cell migration from the connective tissue to lymph nodes in vivo resulting in an accelerated onset of EAE. (uni-muenchen.de)

To sustain life, cells divide, proliferate and die, or exist in a quiescent state. (bdbiosciences.com)
1 After cell division, cells either enter another cell cycle or reduce their CDK activity and enter the quiescent state. (bdbiosciences.com)
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination is confined to the S and G 2 phases of the cell cycle partly due to 53BP1 antagonizing DNA end resection in G 1 phase and non-cycling quiescent (G 0 ) cells where DSBs are predominately repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). (nih.gov)

[1] Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved. (wikipedia.org)
As such, EBV immortalized lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs) often carry the latent EBV genome and only a small percentage of LCLs containing lytic EBV. (biorxiv.org)
A whole genome CRISPR/Cas9 screen revealed the DNA-dependent kinase (DNA-PK) complex as a key factor in promoting DNA end resection in G 0 cells. (nih.gov)

Marriotts Ridge, Maryland: What would happen if brain cells divide too quickly? (nih.gov)
Janna Wehrle: Like other cells, brain cells divide at different speeds at different times in an organism's life. (nih.gov)
These cells could receive signals from hormones or growth factors that then stimulate the cells to divide. (nih.gov)

Centrifugal elutriation has been used for the separation of fission yeast by cell cycle status. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, there must exist alternative mechanisms by which fission yeast cells integrate cell size information into the CDK control network. (elifesciences.org)

In a series of preclinical studies using cell line models of human breast cancers, we demonstrated significant growth inhibitory activity of palbociclib (PD-0332991), which is a highly selective inhibitor of CDK4/6. (medscape.com)
The effects of isothermal radiofrequency radiation exposure to human glioma cells were examined. (cdc.gov)
NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
Elaine Fuchs is internationally recognized for her contributions to skin biology and its human genetic disorders, including skin cancers and life-threatening genetic syndromes such as blistering skin disorders. (nih.gov)
an-tee-OCK-si-duhnt) A natural or human-made substance that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. (nih.gov)
The mechanisms of self-renewal and pluripotency maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have not been fully elucidated, especially for the role of those poorly characterized long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). (bvsalud.org)
The only two types of human cells that don't have a nucleus are red blood cells and blood platelets. (nih.gov)
Unexpectedly, we uncovered extensive MRE11- and CtIP-dependent DNA end resection at DSBs in G 0 murine and human cells. (nih.gov)

The advantage of the assay is that it enables the quantitation of γ-H2AX foci in individual cells in different phases of the cell cycle. (ipmnet.ru)

As well as its cell cycle attributes, c-Jun is a known proto-oncogene and is found to be significantly overexpressed in lung and breast cancers, making it a viable tumor marker. (biogenex.com)
But when cells are dividing faster than they should be, they are often not perfectly formed and can cause a tumor. (nih.gov)

Pack LR, Daigh LH, Meyer T. Putting the brakes on the cell cycle: mechanisms of cellular growth arrest. (bdbiosciences.com)
Research in my laboratory focuses on mechanisms of centromeric chromatin fiber assembly and propagation in the cell cycle. (universityofgalway.ie)
RAB20-mediated G2/M phase cell cycle arrest mechanisms were further demonstrated by bioinformatics analysis and Western blotting. (researchsquare.com)

Boireau, S. The transcriptional cycle of HIV-1 in real-time and live cells. (uba.ar)
The expression of p21, a transcriptional target of p53, increases in cells where p53 is stabilized due to exposure to genotoxic agents. (bio-techne.com)

Cell Cycle Checkpoints. (wikipedia.org)

Using a novel CDK activity sensor, we have monitored cell size, CDK activity, and cyclin-CDK complex level simultaneously, whilst genetically varying regulators of the cyclin-CDK control system. (elifesciences.org)

The flow cytometry results reveal that MT-CdS QDs induces cell death as it arrests the cell cycle at S phase as well as G2/M phase. (swan.ac.uk)

In particular, by morphocytochemical and cytometric approaches, the influence of type I and type IV collagens in an experimental model representative of three phases (initial, intermediate and terminal) of monocyte-macrophage transition was analyzed. (scirp.org)
We aim to decode the differential activation dynamics and function of cyclin-D/CDK4 and cyclin-E/CDK2 complexes in the G1 phase and G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle, respectively. (nih.gov)

The upper-division courses are grouped by major conceptual ideas as such ideas are applied at the different levels of biological organization (cell, organism, population)-in sequence of scale from small to large. (plu.edu)

Rotelli M, Policastro R, Bolling A, Killion A, Weinberg A, Dixon M, Zentner G, Walczak C, Lilly MA, Calvi B. (2019) A Cyclin A-Myb-Aurora B network regulates the choice between mitotic cycles and polyploid endoreplication cycles. (nih.gov)
In yeast, for instance, cell growth induces accumulation of Cln3 cyclin , which complexes with the cyclin dependent kinase CDK2. (wikipedia.org)
[3] Mitogenic signals received throughout G1-phase cause gradual accumulation of cyclin D, which complexes with CDK4/6. (wikipedia.org)
During early S-phase, the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex phosphorylates NPAT , a nuclear coactivator of histone transcription. (wikipedia.org)
In this review, we further describe the role of cyclin:CDK activity in regulating the cell cycle and focus on the central role of cyclin D:CDK4/6 activity in both normal and malignant tissues. (medscape.com)
Finally, we find that diploid cells of equivalent size to haploid cells exhibit lower CDK activity in response to equal cyclin-CDK enzyme concentrations, suggesting that CDK activity is reduced by increased DNA levels. (elifesciences.org)

Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells. (plustwophysics.com)
Usually brain cells are divided along metabolic and neurotransmitter releasing properties, but there is increasing belief that there are brain cell types that can be defined exclusively by their morphological (structural) properties, and that these properties may help reveal unique functions helpful for brain function. (nih.gov)

In the adult, stem cells reside in the epidermal basal layer, at the base of the sebaceous gland and in a niche within the hair follicle known as the bulge. (nih.gov)
In normal homeostasis, these stem cells fuel the hair cycle, where they become activated to proliferate and regenerate the hair follicle with each new anagen phase. (nih.gov)
Later in this phase, as the follicle-stimulating hormone level decreases, usually only one follicle continues to develop. (msdmanuals.com)
The ovulatory phase begins with a surge in luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. (msdmanuals.com)
During the luteal phase, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels decrease. (msdmanuals.com)

One other type of cell death is necrosis . (nih.gov)

To make the decision of whether to enter the cell cycle or not, cells integrate information from a variety of intracellular and extracellular signals. (bdbiosciences.com)
To get an insight into receptor specificity, the group has crystallized several receptor-ligand complexes using sialylated oligosaccharides commonly found at cell surfaces and in the extracellular milieu. (nih.gov)

Completion of the two-course introductory core with grades of C- or higher is required before upper-division biology courses can be taken. (plu.edu)

Entry into S-phase is controlled by the G1 restriction point (R), which commits cells to the remainder of the cell-cycle if there is adequate nutrients and growth signaling. (wikipedia.org)
Nuclear envelope expansion in budding yeast is independent of cell growth and does not determine nuclear volume. (nih.gov)
In neuroendocrine cells, a similar coupling between CaV1 channels and release machinery is thought to underlie secretion of peptides such as insulin, growth hormone, or ACTH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Finally, the CDK control network also co-ordinates cell division with cell growth through an unknown mechanism that responds to cell ploidy, with cell size generally doubling as ploidy doubles ( Wood and Nurse, 2015 ). (elifesciences.org)
So the cell growth in this case is uncontrolled. (ketris.online)

Stem cells can self-renew and differentiate along multiple lineages to generate different tissues. (nih.gov)
In the embryo, multipotent stem cells respond to various cues to undergo morphogenesis and produce these tissues. (nih.gov)
The epidermis of the skin is an excellent model to explore how multipotent stem cells are able to respond to different cues to generate three functional tissues: epidermis, sebaceous gland and hair follicles. (nih.gov)

a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein and RNA. (studystack.com)
In this model, a flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell. (studystack.com)
In a new study, researchers from the University of Copenhagen have discovered two important functions of a protein called RTEL1 during cell division. (phys.org)
It was a surprise to the researchers to see how big a role the RTEL1 protein plays in cell division. (phys.org)

On the other hand, Tutton (1973a), with a metaphase arrest value for TC of 26 hours for the bottom 10 cell positions in the rat crypt column, argued that this was consistent with the FLM data showing TC to be longer in the crypt base (table 18.4) however, Al Dewachi et al. (harvard.edu)

These defects can be explained mechanistically by our determination that HEF1 regulates the activation cycle of RhoA. (temple.edu)

A remarkably similar regulatory scheme exists in mammalian cells. (wikipedia.org)

Asc restoration in cultured cells dramatically altered their stress responses to Cr(VI) by preventing activation of the oxidant-sensitive ATM network. (nih.gov)
All three classes of caspases are activated in HIV infected cells with their activation correlated with the viral infection. (nih.gov)
Blocking of caspase activation dramatically suppressed HIV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T cells and inhibited the viral release. (nih.gov)
These results establish a new paradigm with caspase activation critical for the release phase of HIV life cycle. (nih.gov)

Anatomy24

Organisms14

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs106

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes81

Disciplines and Occupations8

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care2

Mitosis18

Progression15

Developmental Biology1

Molecular16

Apoptosis16

Pathways2

Eukaryotic cells4

Journal of Cell Biology1

20163

BIOL12

Interphase3

Cytokinesis2

Proteins9

Computational Biology1

Squamous cell carc6

Proliferation7

Meiosis1

Differentiation7

Genes14

Cancer24

Chromosomes6

Chromosome2

Inhibition3

Synthesis7

Membrane2

Replication6

Vivo5

Quiescent3

Genome3

Divide3

Fission2

Human8

Different phases1

Tumor2

Mechanisms3

Transcriptional2

Checkpoints1

Regulators1

Induces cell1

Transition2

Organism1

Cyclin6

Structural2

Follicle5

Necrosis1

Extracellular2

Division Biology1

Growth5

Tissues3

Protein4

Arrest1

Regulates1

Mammalian1

Activation4