Over 6 billion pounds per year of the estrogenic monomer bisphenol A (BPA) are used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic products, in resins lining metal cans, in dental sealants, and in blends with other types of plastic products. (nih.gov)
BPA exerts estrogenic effects through the classical nuclear estrogen receptors, and BPA acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. (nih.gov)
BPA has estrogenic and other endocrine disrupting activities [4] , [5] . (plos.org)
Recent epidemiological studies indicate bisphenol-A (BPA), an estrogenic chemical used in production of epoxy, polycarbonate and plastic may increase risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. (cdc.gov)
Estradiol4
Similar to estradiol, BPA causes changes in some cell functions at concentrations between 1 pM and 1 nM, and the mean and median range of unconjugated BPA measured by multiple techniques in human pregnant maternal, fetal, and adult blood and other tissues exceeds these levels. (nih.gov)
The conversion of testosterone to estradiol depends on the amount of body fat and estradiol levels in males are typically much lower than in females. (wikipedia.org)
Most of this sex difference in adult heights is attributable to a later onset of the growth spurt and a slower progression to completion, a direct result of the later rise and lower adult male levels of estradiol. (wikipedia.org)
It was therefore hypothesized that exposure to BPA during pregnancy may contribute to development of GDM by mimicking the actions of estradiol and disrupting glucose homeostasis. (cdc.gov)
Estrogen receptors2
However, BPA also initiates rapid responses via estrogen receptors presumably associated with the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
Experimental literature demonstrates BPA 's affinity for estrogen receptors and downstream effects on estrogen-responsive genes. (desdaughter.com)
Polycarbonate plastic1
BPA molecules are polymerized to make polycarbonate plastic used for food and beverage containers, epoxy resins used to line cans, and dental composites and sealants, but free (unpolymerized) BPA is also used as an additive (plasticizer), such as in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. (plos.org)
Molecules1
The ester bond linking BPA molecules in polycarbonate and resins undergoes hydrolysis, resulting in the release of free BPA into food, beverages, and the environment, and numerous monitoring studies now show almost ubiquitous human exposure to biologically active levels of this chemical. (nih.gov)
Doses3
Our concern with human exposure to BPA derives from 1) identification of molecular mechanisms mediating effects in human and animal tissues at very low doses, 2) in vivo effects in experimental animals caused by low doses within the range of human exposure, and 3) widespread human exposure to levels of BPA that cause adverse effects in animals. (nih.gov)
Uncertainty as to the relevance of experimental BPA doses and administration routes for common human exposure levels limits extrapolation of experimental results. (desdaughter.com)
To more definitively address the potential risk of BPA on human ovarian steroidogenesis, additional experimental studies using biologically active BPA doses likely to reflect those within the ovarian follicle will be necessary, as will additional prospective investigations in human populations with the use of standardized assay methodology. (desdaughter.com)
Humans1
In humans, exposure to parabens increases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, while exposure decreases TSH levels in rodents. (bvsalud.org)
Maternal2
On the molecular level, we identify distinct T3 induced alterations in maternal serum metabolites, including choline, a key metabolite for healthy pregnancy. (bvsalud.org)
Taken together, our results connect maternal TRß activation to the fetal programming of a thermoregulatory phenotype in the offspring. (bvsalud.org)
Human exposure levels1
In contrast to these published findings, BPA manufacturers persist in describing BPA as a weak estrogen and insist there is little concern with human exposure levels. (nih.gov)
Metabolism2
The effects on THs levels are also poorly described, as well as peripheral metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
Findings do not support a relationship between total urinary BPA concentrations and altered glucose metabolism during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Endocrine Disruptors1
This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or exposure to endocrine disruptors such as xenoestrogens, which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors. (wikipedia.org)
Concentrations3
Banked urine samples from 22 cases of GDM and 72 controls were analyzed for total (free BPA + conjugates) urinary BPA concentrations (μg/L). FBG levels (mg/dl) were obtained from 1 h 50 g glucose tolerance tests (GTT) that women underwent for routine GDM screening (mean gestational age=26.6 weeks sd=3.8). (cdc.gov)
Among controls, median FBG levels (mg/dL) did not differ across exposure tertiles, defined according to the distribution of total specific-gravity adjusted urinary BPA concentrations. (cdc.gov)
Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is an environmental illness (EI) in which negative neurological, pulmonary, cardiac, and rheumatic health effects, among others, are experienced from exposure to common environmental chemicals including fragrances, cleaners, pesticides, and other petrochemicals at concentrations that are below regulatory toxicity thresholds and that are normally deemed as safe. (blogspot.com)
Compounds1
Not taken into account when considering thermal paper as a source of BPA exposure is that some commonly used hand sanitizers, as well as other skin care products, contain mixtures of dermal penetration enhancing chemicals that can increase by up to 100 fold the dermal absorption of lipophilic compounds such as BPA. (plos.org)
Pregnant1
A recent study in pregnant mice, administered BPA sc on days 9-16 of gestation demonstrated an association between BPA exposure, glucose intolerance and increased plasma insulin during pregnancy and 4 months postpartum. (cdc.gov)
Urine2
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting environmental contaminant used in a wide variety of products, and BPA metabolites are found in almost everyone's urine, suggesting widespread exposure from multiple sources. (plos.org)
This pilot study used banked urine specimens from an existing (parent) case-control study of GDM to assess the association between total urinary BPA levels during pregnancy, blood glucose levels and diagnosis of GDM. (cdc.gov)
Pregnancy2
Exposure to BPA during pregnancy may contribute to development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a precursor to type 2 diabetes in women. (cdc.gov)
This pilot study examined the association between BPA exposure, fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) and GDM diagnosis during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Studies4
The long time from exposure to potentially harmful chemicals until breast cancer occurrence poses challenges for designing etiologic studies and for implementing successful prevention programs. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we considered research carried out in vitro and in vivo and epidemiological studies published between 1951 and 2023, which demonstrated an association between exposure to parabens and dysfunctions of the HPT axis. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, studies of exposure to parabens are more evident in women than in men. (bvsalud.org)
NTP, 2007a,b), and some epidemiologic studies have suggested that long-term exposure to DBPs is associated with an increase in bladder cancer (reviewed in Richardson et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Potentially1
Reducing exposures to potentially carcinogenic substances in drinking water from groundwater sources seems to be a logical, health-protective action, even if the actual or perceived risk from the contaminants is small. (nationalacademies.org)
Chemical3
By focusing on environmental chemical exposure during specific WOS, scientists and their community partners may identify when prevention efforts are likely to be most effective. (biomedcentral.com)
Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is defined by multiple symptoms, affecting multiple organs, that wax and wane in response to varying chemical exposures at or below previously tolerated levels. (blogspot.com)
2. Symptoms recur reproducibly with repeated chemical exposure. (blogspot.com)
Chemicals2
The elevated levels of BPA that we observed due to holding thermal paper after using a product containing dermal penetration enhancing chemicals have been related to an increased risk for a wide range of developmental abnormalities as well as diseases in adults. (plos.org)
3. Symptoms recur in response to lower levels of chemicals than previously tolerated. (blogspot.com)
Free2
However, free BPA is applied to the outer layer of thermal receipt paper present in very high (∼20 mg BPA/g paper) quantities as a print developer. (plos.org)
The print surface of thermal paper is coated with milligrams of free BPA per gram paper as a heat-activated print developer [6] , and it appears that free BPA is readily transferred to other materials that the thermal paper contacts [7] . (plos.org)
Given the crucial role of these hormones in health and the growing evidence of diseases related to thyroid dysfunction, this review looks at the effects of paraben exposure on the thyroid. (bvsalud.org)
Air pollutant effects on fetal and early postnatal development. (blogspot.com)
Environmental2
In 2003, the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) initiated the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program (BCERP) with support from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to specifically examine whether environmental exposures during the pubertal WOS affect the timing of puberty, a risk factor for breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Will changing one type of exposure lead to another that carries new and possibly as yet unrecognized risks for breast cancer, other diseases, or perhaps some other adverse economic or environmental outcome? (nationalacademies.org)
Results1
For BPA this approach results in less than 1% of the administered dose being bioavailable in blood. (plos.org)
Risk4
moreover, many risk factors are not conducive to population-level intervention. (biomedcentral.com)
Even when research strongly supports classifying an exposure as a risk factor for breast cancer, that research does not necessarily provide the information needed to determine the appropriate response to reduce risk. (nationalacademies.org)
Will reducing or eliminating exposure in adulthood reduce a risk that has accrued from exposure at younger ages? (nationalacademies.org)
Will the presence or absence of other risk factors for breast cancer influence the likely benefit or harm from a change in exposure to a given risk factor? (nationalacademies.org)
Found1
They found that CBD appears adept at altering the tumor's ecosystem, or supportive tumor microenvironment, including restoring levels of inflammation that target rather than protect the glioblastoma, which could make it a safe, effective, and novel adjunct therapy for these patients. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Food1
Regulatory agencies estimate that virtually all BPA exposure is from food and beverage packaging. (plos.org)
Evidence1
Logistic regression models controlling for race/ethnicity did not provide evidence of association between BPA exposure and case status across increasing tertiles of BPA exposure (number of GDM cases/controls in tertile 1: 13/24, tertile 2: 6/24 tertile 3: 3/24). (cdc.gov)
Multiple1
The cellular response to IRI involves multiple mechanisms, such as calcium and proton overload, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and more," said Moran Yadid, a postdoctoral fellow at SEAS and The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and first author of the paper. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Paper1
Our interest is in the use of BPA in thermal paper, which is used for airline ticket, gas, ATM, cash register and other types of receipts ( Figure 1 ). (plos.org)