• Powdered anthrax spores were sent via letters in U.S. mail. (healthline.com)
  • You can get anthrax through indirect or direct contact by touching, inhaling, or ingesting anthrax spores. (healthline.com)
  • Once anthrax spores get inside your body and activate, the bacteria multiply, spread, and produce toxins. (healthline.com)
  • Anthrax spores are microscopic. (healthline.com)
  • Anthrax is spread by contact with the bacterium's spores, which often appear in infectious animal products. (wikipedia.org)
  • Public health officials began a search of Stevens' home and car to try to find the source of the anthrax spores. (bbc.co.uk)
  • From inhaling spores of the bacteria that causes anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • One hundred kilograms of anthrax spores could wipe out an entire city in one go. (newscientist.com)
  • when it does, it usually results from skin contact but can result from inhaling anthrax spores, eating contaminated meat, or rarely by injecting contaminated illicit drugs. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Anthrax spores are a potential biological weapon. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Anthrax bacteria produce spores that can live for years in soil. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Although infection in people usually occurs through the skin, it can also result from inhaling spores (inhalation anthrax), eating contaminated, undercooked meat (gastrointestinal anthrax), or rarely by injecting contaminated illicit drugs. (merckmanuals.com)
  • because anthrax spores can be spread through the air and inhaled. (merckmanuals.com)
  • In the anthrax bioattacks of 2001, spores were spread in envelopes mailed via the United States Postal Service. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Anthrax spores provide that ability for them to survive that process much better than other pathogens. (thebulletin.org)
  • At issue is whether federal regulators limited the vaccine's use to combating anthrax spores transmitted by touch. (ahrp.org)
  • Shortly thereafter, we learned how evil people can use microscopic spores as weapons of terror. (archives.gov)
  • Spores that cause anthrax can sit in the soil for as long as 100 years and are released during certain environmental conditions such as precipitation followed by high heat and humidity.Humans can contract the disease by inhaling spores, by allowing an open wound to come into contact with blood from an infected animal, or by consuming an infected animal. (ticotimes.net)
  • During the beginning of the anthrax attacks, Canadian researchers discovered that when an envelope containing anthrax spores was opened, the spores dispersed more widely and in much higher numbers than previously believed, according to the Wall Street Journal. (govexec.com)
  • [ 3 ] In the most common cutaneous form of anthrax, spores inoculate a host through skin lacerations, abrasions, or biting flies. (medscape.com)
  • Ingestion of B anthracis spores may result in oropharyngeal anthrax 2-7 days after exposure. (medscape.com)
  • One famous example of such an attack was the letter containing anthrax spores [1]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ingested spores will develop as oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal anthrax. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moving forward to 1763, the British Army attmped to use smallpox as a weapon against Native Americans at the Siege of Fort Pitt. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • For example, smallpox virus would not be considered a useful biological weapon against a population universally immunized with vaccinia. (cdc.gov)
  • But last month the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) - the government's public health body - stripped the base of its license to handle highly restricted "select agents", which includes Ebola , smallpox and anthrax . (independent.co.uk)
  • Let's first consider some of the known information about anthrax and smallpox, which are perhaps two of the most significant bioterrorism agents. (tomlevymd.com)
  • The complexity this time is that the Vector facility-the State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology-is a Cold War era Soviet bioweapons lab that now researches (and houses) Ebola, Smallpox and Anthrax. (forbes.com)
  • State media also confirmed that the facility, which is "known for having developed vaccines for Ebola and hepatitis, as well as for studying epidemics and general issues surrounding immunology," was part of a "now-defunct Soviet biological weapons program," and that "some of the most dangerous strains-including smallpox, Ebola, anthrax and certain plagues-are still being kept inside the Institute's building. (forbes.com)
  • Joint Commission accreditation was the most academic health centers were consistent factor associated with providing training for all nine exposures studied specifically mentioned as being (smallpox, anthrax, chemical and radiological exposures, botulism, plague, appropriate for program funding in the tularemia, viral encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever). (cdc.gov)
  • Likely delivery methods of weaponized anthrax include aerial dispersal or dispersal through livestock, notable bioterrorism uses include the 2001 anthrax attacks and an incident in 1993 by the Aum Shinrikyo group in Japan. (wikipedia.org)
  • Washington, D.C. - Today's shocking revelation about the apparent suicide of a top Army microbiologist and lead suspect in the 2001 anthrax attacks has intensified the need for a thorough investigation into the only significant bioterrorism attack on U.S. soil, said Alan Pearson, Director of the Biological and Chemical Weapons Control Program at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. (armscontrolcenter.org)
  • It will also build on the lessons from the 2001 anthrax attacks and recent demonstrated preparedness and response to several naturally occurring disease outbreaks. (rand.org)
  • The 2001 anthrax attacks revealed serious weaknesses in America's preparedness for withstanding biological or chemical weapons of mass destruction. (nationalinterest.org)
  • Another significant motivating factor was the 2001 anthrax attacks. (nationalinterest.org)
  • Inhalation anthrax can cause shortness of Drug (IND) program and requires informed consent breath, cough, chest discomfort, confusion, nausea from a parent or legal guardian. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhalation anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax, and injection anthrax are not spread from person to person. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Except in the context of a widespread bioterrorist attack, inhalation anthrax is extremely difficult to diagnose. (tomlevymd.com)
  • Inhalation anthrax is especially deadly because of its rapid progression after the initial lung symptoms appear. (tomlevymd.com)
  • the anthrax vaccine has never been approved-it is experimental and was not intended for inhalation anthrax. (ahrp.org)
  • Nobody thought that this stuff was licensed for inhalation anthrax," said Michels. (ahrp.org)
  • In a few days, 22 victims were hospitalized, 12 of them identified with cutaneous anthrax and 10 with inhalation anthrax. (bvsalud.org)
  • Preventive treatment consists of antibiotics and the anthrax vaccine. (healthline.com)
  • Anthrax vaccine can prevent anthrax . (cdc.gov)
  • These people should get 3 doses of anthrax vaccine, followed by booster doses for ongoing protection. (cdc.gov)
  • Anthrax vaccine is also recommended for of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the lower part unvaccinated people of all ages who have been of the GI tract, or both. (cdc.gov)
  • These people should get 3 doses part, there is swelling of the neck or neck glands, of anthrax vaccine together with recommended sore throat, and painful swallowing or difficulty antibiotic drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • When it affects the lower GI tract, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain and swelling, Anthrax vaccine has not been studied or used in and diarrhea may be present. (cdc.gov)
  • If you see signs of a Has had an allergic reaction after a previous severe allergic reaction (hives, swelling of the face dose of anthrax vaccine , or has any severe, life- and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, threatening allergies . (cdc.gov)
  • An anthrax vaccine has been developed, but it is really only available to the military at this time. (tomlevymd.com)
  • The charges that Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt possessed anthrax for use in a weapon of mass destruction were dropped after authorities determined over the weekend that the material the FBI confiscated from the two men was harmless anthrax vaccine. (chicagotribune.com)
  • Using a biological agent you are going to send an army in there, they are going to occupy the territory, they need a vaccine. (ratical.org)
  • After a US District Judge suspended the forced anthrax vaccine program in the military, the Bush Administration is attempting to reinstate mandatory anthrax vaccine inoculations for military personnel. (ahrp.org)
  • WASHINGTON - The Bush administration asked a federal appeals court Thursday to reinstate mandatory anthrax inoculations for many military personnel, while a lawyer for soldiers who refused the shots said anti-anthrax vaccine was never intended for the purpose the Pentagon is using it. (ahrp.org)
  • Labeling for the anti-anthrax vaccine says it is for individuals with high-risk exposure such as veterinarians and certain industrial workers. (ahrp.org)
  • Started in 1998 with the goal of vaccinating all 2.4 million members of the active and reserve military, the program was radically reduced after factory violations by the nation's sole anthrax vaccine manufacturer left a dwindling supply of the drug. (ahrp.org)
  • Image courtesy of Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program Agency, Office of the Army Surgeon General, United States. (medscape.com)
  • Sometimes known as "germ warfare," biological weapons involve the use of toxins or infectious agents that are biological in origin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In effect, biological warfare is using non-human life to disrupt - or end - human life. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If so, this early use of biological warfare caused the eventual deaths of around 25 million Europeans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • During World War II, many of the parties involved looked into biological warfare with great interest. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The following quote comes from a paper on the history of biological warfare. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The potential threat of biological warfare with a specific agent is proportional to the susceptibility of the population to that agent. (cdc.gov)
  • This article proposes a biological defense initiative based on developing, producing, and stockpiling specific antibody reagents that can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats. (cdc.gov)
  • The potential threat of biological warfare and bioterrorism is inversely proportional to the number of immune persons in the targeted population. (cdc.gov)
  • Drugs can provide protection when administered after exposure to certain agents, but none are available against many potential agents of biological warfare. (cdc.gov)
  • America's main biological warfare lab has been ordered to stop all research into the deadliest viruses and pathogens over fears contaminated waste could leak out of the facility. (independent.co.uk)
  • Biological Weapons Biological warfare is the use of microbiological agents as weapons. (merckmanuals.com)
  • What is the history of biological warfare? (thebulletin.org)
  • Yet the five authors of the report, evolutionary biologists and lawyers at German and French Universities, see the U.S. Defense Department as probably developing offensive biological-warfare capabilities. (counterpunch.org)
  • The potential spectrum of bioterrorism ranges from hoaxes and actual use of agents by individuals or groups against others, to state-sponsored terrorism that employs biological warfare (BW) agents and delivery systems that can produce mass casualties. (medscape.com)
  • Before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious or toxic material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics. (medscape.com)
  • Biological warfare became more sophisticated against both animals and humans during the 20th century. (medscape.com)
  • During World War II, the Japanese operated a secret biological warfare research facility in Manchuria and carried out human experiments on Chinese prisoners. (medscape.com)
  • Origins of BWC At least going back to World War II we had an extremely aggressive offensive biological warfare program. (ratical.org)
  • Finally, Nixon and Kissinger decided to get rid of this offensive biological warfare program on two grounds. (ratical.org)
  • And at least after the treaty came into effect we wound down our offensive biological warfare program. (ratical.org)
  • They were clearly biological warfare contracts and the tip-off on any of these contracts is they call for the development in the contract of an aerosol delivery device. (ratical.org)
  • Over the more than 27 years that the U.S. offensive biological warfare program was in existence from its inception in 1942 to President Richard Nixon's public denunciation (PDF) of it in 1969, researchers established the enormous potential of biological weapons, lessons that appear to have been forgotten today. (rand.org)
  • The use of bees as guided biological weapons was described in Byzantine written sources, such as Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise in the chapter On Naval Warfare. (wikipedia.org)
  • And yet we have just seen from the COVID-19 scare how woefully unprepared we were for a chemical/biological attack despite being world leader in germ and chemical warfare. (opednews.com)
  • CounterPunch commented a month later on geographic connections that bore directly on the case: "The South African media [have] been abuzz with details of that nation's former biological warfare program and its links to the CIA. (blogspot.com)
  • Anthrax has been used in biowarfare and bioterrorism since 1914. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bioterrorism involves terrorists or extremists, who apply microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) or toxins as weapons causing disease and/or death in humans, animals and/or plants [1-4]. (bvsalud.org)
  • What causes anthrax? (healthline.com)
  • George Mason University Professor Greg Koblentz, the director of the school's biodefense graduate program, said the bacterium that causes anthrax infection has been the most commonly studied biological agent in modern biowarfare programs. (thebulletin.org)
  • Anthrax bacteria produce several toxins, which cause many of the symptoms. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The antibiotic therapy for the anthrax organism has no effect on bacterial toxins that have already been produced. (tomlevymd.com)
  • These developments include, inter alia…to develop novel means of delivering biological agents and toxins. (counterpunch.org)
  • There are numerous other instances of the use of plant toxins, venoms, and other poisonous substances to create biological weapons in antiquity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Identify and document human and animal health facilities that store and maintain biological agents of high consequence and toxins and health professionals responsible for them. (who.int)
  • Secure biological agents of high consequence and toxins at a minimum number of national level laboratories. (who.int)
  • Develop and test SOPs that include standard requirements of PPE and other safety measures for departments, facilities and settings that store, maintain or handle biological agents of high consequence and toxins. (who.int)
  • Establish an information security system for all sensitive documentation in facilities where biological agents of high consequence and toxins are stored. (who.int)
  • The cutaneous form of anthrax can occur on any exposed skin surface, progressing eventually to a blackened, ulcerated lesion. (tomlevymd.com)
  • Conclusions Specific recommendations include diagnosis of anthrax infection, indications for vaccination, therapy, postexposure prophylaxis, decontamination of the environment, and suggested research. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Anthrax vaccination is recommended for people at high risk of infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • For intestinal infection the risk of death is 25 to 75%, while respiratory anthrax has a mortality of 50 to 80%, even with treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The English name comes from anthrax (ἄνθραξ), the Greek word for coal, possibly having Egyptian etymology, because of the characteristic black skin lesions developed by people with a cutaneous anthrax infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anthrax was historically known by a wide variety of names indicating its symptoms, location and groups considered most vulnerable to infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is a delay between infection with anthrax and the appearance of symptoms. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Mr Blanco has not developed any symptoms of anthrax infection but a swab taken from his nose has tested positive for the bacteria which cause the illness. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Japan's infamous Unit 731 conducted grotesque experiments on prisoners to assess the effects of biological agents like the bacteria that causes cholera, including dissections on living, unanesthetized people. (thebulletin.org)
  • Defense strategies against biological weapons include such measures as enhanced epidemiologic surveillance, vaccination, and use of antimicrobial agents, with the important caveat that the final line of defense is the immune system of the exposed individual. (cdc.gov)
  • In some cases, your health care provider may decide to postpone anthrax vaccination to a future visit. (cdc.gov)
  • Previous laboratory studies have shown that in military personnel that received anthrax vaccination through nasal and oral mucosal membranes, specific antibody and specific IgG are detectable from saliva [8,9]. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was the Japanese who made the most use of biological weapons during World War II, as among other terrifyingly indiscriminate attacks, the Japanese Army Air Force dropped ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague on Ningbo, China. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • By the 1300s, warring armies in Europe had arrived at the idea of using dead animals and people, including plague victims, as weapons. (thebulletin.org)
  • They also developed a plague biological weapon by breeding fleas fed on plague-infected rats, and releasing millions of fleas in aerial attacks on Chinese cities. (medscape.com)
  • Title : Plague as a biological weapon : medical and public health management Corporate Authors(s) : Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. (cdc.gov)
  • He experimented with biological responses to filoviridae, the family of viruses that transmit Ebola. (blogspot.com)
  • Other diseases, including the bacterial illness tularemia, have also been studied, but, Koblentz said, weapons programs have shied away from diseases like influenza that spread easily. (thebulletin.org)
  • A working group of 25 representatives from major academic medical centers and research, government, military, public health and emergency management institutions and agencies developed consensus-based recommendations for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals following the use of tularemia as a biological weapon against a civilian population. (cdc.gov)
  • The earliest documented incident of the intention to use biological weapons is possibly recorded in Hittite texts of 1500-1200 BC, in which victims of tularemia were driven into enemy lands, causing an epidemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Officials have stressed that anthrax is not contagious. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Anthrax is rare in humans and is not contagious from person to person. (merckmanuals.com)
  • You wouldn't purposefully develop a biological weapon that is highly contagious that could cause a pandemic because that will affect your country along with everyone else," Koblentz said. (thebulletin.org)
  • Ingestion anthrax can cause fever and chil s. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, ingestion of contaminated water buffalo meat caused an outbreak of 24 cases, concurrently with 52 cases of cutaneous anthrax, in Thailand in 1982. (medscape.com)
  • Spokesmen for the Bureau were evasive about the source of the anthrax but it gradually emerged, by process of elimination and genetic analysis, that the culprit worked at the same classified USAMRIID facility in Maryland that employed Jerry "West Nile" Hauer. (blogspot.com)
  • I recently wrote of how the Reagan administration supplied Iraq with feeder stocks to make anthrax, Q Fever and other biowarfare materials for use against Iranians. (opednews.com)
  • Because aerosols are a means for delivering chemical and biological agents, they can play an important role in weaponizing these substances. (nti.org)
  • U.S. capabilities to deter and prevent attacks must be improved sooner rather than later, before the United States experiences another 9-11, said Dale Klein, assistant to the secretary of defense for nuclear, biological and chemical defense programs. (nationaldefensemagazine.org)
  • Klein's responsibilities include the safety and reliability of nuclear weapons, the biological defense programs, the nuclear treaties, chemical demilitarization and counter-proliferation. (nationaldefensemagazine.org)
  • Klein's office recently updated its annual Report of Activities and Programs for Countering Proliferation and NBC (Nuclear, Biological and Chemical) Terrorism. (nationaldefensemagazine.org)
  • there's no shortage of chemical and biological weapons that could be used to wipe out populations, representing a continuing global concern. (iflscience.com)
  • This was the first multilateral agreement that extended prohibition of chemical agents to biological agents. (medscape.com)
  • Robin Montgomery, who headed the FBI's crisis team until recently, said the agency began taking biological and chemical threats much more seriously after the sarin gas attack on a Tokyo subway six years ago. (chicagotribune.com)
  • There was still a Chemical Biological Weapons (CBW) unit lurking in the Pentagon that had been starved of funds, wanting to come back to life. (ratical.org)
  • For example, it folded a number of biological, chemical, nuclear, and other WMD prevention and response operations, such as the Defense Department's National Bio-Weapons Defense Analysis Center into the Science & Technology Directorate at DHS. (nationalinterest.org)
  • Part of this might be because, of the 55 Iraqi leaders Central Command has deemed "most wanted," 14 have been captured and, according to a report in the Associated Press, each -- including Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz and chemical and biological weapons chieftain Lt. Gen. Amer al-Saadi -- is denying that Iraq had any WMD before the war. (salon.com)
  • People are realizing that Saddam Hussein may not have stored the weapons themselves, in part because when you put chemical or biological agents into weapons, they deteriorate very rapidly," one administration official told the Times' Steven R. Weisman. (salon.com)
  • chemical and biological weapons including sarin- and cyclosarin nerve gas and possibly mustard gas and soman mixes, 6. (drexel.edu)
  • Washington-based military think tanks constantly warn of possible attacks by the wicked North Koreans who have a large arsenal of chemical and biological weapons and missiles to deliver to North America. (opednews.com)
  • The US still has a very large, lethal arsenal of chemical and biological weapons. (opednews.com)
  • The point must clearly be understood that, following its defeat in the Gulf War, Iraq admitted to possessing chemical and biological weapons and to developing a nuclear programme. (motherjones.com)
  • We know Iraq had chemical and biological weapons and a nuclear program. (motherjones.com)
  • After the Gulf War in 1991, Iraq admitted to possessing chemical weapons and a nuclear weapons program. (motherjones.com)
  • Over the next several years, as Iraq turned over its chemical weapons to the UN to be destroyed, the UN uncovered clear evidence Iraq had had a biological weapons program. (motherjones.com)
  • UNITED NATIONS North Korea has been shipping supplies to the Syrian government that could be used in the production of chemical weapons, United Nations experts contend. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • The evidence of a North Korean connection comes as the United States and other countries have accused the Syrian government of using chemical weapons on civilians, including recent attacks on civilians in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta using what appears to have been chlorine gas. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • North Korean missile technicians have also been spotted working at known chemical weapons and missile facilities inside Syria, according to the report, which was written by a panel of experts who looked at North Korea s compliance with United Nations sanctions. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • Oh, and btw- if WP is a chemical weapon, Saddam DID have a chemical weapons program and you can stop calling Bush a liar about WMD. (balloon-juice.com)
  • The only way to use it inappropriately would be to use it on civilians, and then it STILL WOULD NOT BE A CHEMICAL WEAPON. (balloon-juice.com)
  • And yes, if you assert that our troops used 'chemical weapons' on people, you are smearing the troops. (balloon-juice.com)
  • No. WP is not a chemical weapon. (balloon-juice.com)
  • It's just a chemical that can be used as a weapon. (balloon-juice.com)
  • The debate about WP centres partly though not wholly on whether it is really a chemical weapon. (balloon-juice.com)
  • Such weapons are outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) to which the United States is a party. (balloon-juice.com)
  • The CWC is monitored by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, based in The Hague. (balloon-juice.com)
  • If on the other hand the toxic properties of white phosphorus, the caustic properties, are specifically intended to be used as a weapon, that of course is prohibited, because the way the Convention is structured or the way it is in fact applied, any chemicals used against humans or animals that cause harm or death through the toxic properties of the chemical are considered chemical weapons. (balloon-juice.com)
  • Pearson added that if it is established that Ivins or anyone else working at the government's biodefense lab at Fort Detrick, Maryland produced the anthrax used in the attacks or diverted anthrax powder from the lab's stocks, the implications would be significant. (armscontrolcenter.org)
  • Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede an adversary. (medscape.com)
  • Until the 20th century anthrax infections killed hundreds of thousands of people and animals each year. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you've been exposed to anthrax and have symptoms, your doctor will treat you with antibiotics for 60 to 100 days . (healthline.com)
  • Although anthrax appears to be treatable by antibiotics in the early stages of the disease, the advanced inhalation form of this disease will typically not respond to such therapy, and death will result. (tomlevymd.com)
  • Cipro (ciprofloxacin), which is currently being highly touted in the news, is listed along with a number of other antibiotics as being indicated primarily for the treatment of anthrax victims who are allergic to penicillin. (tomlevymd.com)
  • In each bag is a bottle of antibiotics that provides protection from the inhalational anthrax that was released in town by some very bad people. (cdc.gov)
  • The residents who have those antibiotics in their mailboxes can stay home for a few more days, buying time for public health, healthcare, and law enforcement officials to determine who is at risk from the deadly biological agent and who will need more medication. (cdc.gov)
  • The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax usually develop within a week of exposure. (healthline.com)
  • Anthrax is a bacterial disease that occurs primarily in one of four forms: cutaneous (skin), inhalation (lung), gastrointestinal, and oropharyngeal (mouth and throat). (tomlevymd.com)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to define the diagnosis of anthrax requires stepwise laboratory testing first in a local laboratory, referral laboratory and final validation by a national laboratory. (bvsalud.org)
  • Saliva is common in diagnostic sampling with high sensitivity, specificity and reliability for other purposes, but uncommon for defining the diagnosis of anthrax. (bvsalud.org)
  • Abolition 2000: Founded in 1995 during the NPT Review and Extension Conference, Abolition 2000 is an international non-governmental global network working for a treaty to eliminate nuclear weapons within a time-bound framework. (nti.org)
  • A U.S. initiative to outlaw nuclear weapons and to internationalize global stocks of fissile material for use in peaceful nuclear programs which became know as the Baruch Plan. (nti.org)
  • The Treaty on the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone, also known as the Treaty of Pelindaba , was opened for signature in Cairo in April 1996. (nti.org)
  • For additional information, see the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone Treaty . (nti.org)
  • One source of concern, though perhaps not an immediate threat, is the fact that other countries are getting close to manufacturing their own nuclear weapons. (nationaldefensemagazine.org)
  • It's no secret that Iran is trying to develop a nuclear weapon. (nationaldefensemagazine.org)
  • Two, we had a massive superiority in nuclear weapons anyway. (ratical.org)
  • In making the decision to renounce biological weapons, a key goal was to limit the proliferation of strategic weapons - some might even say nuclear-equivalent weapons - that could be prepared at modest cost by a nation state. (rand.org)
  • It is also not clear that any of the DPRK s nuclear weapons can yet be carried to ICBM range, but that also is only a matter of time. (smallwarsjournal.com)
  • Teams of FBI agents wearing protective clothing have been continuing to comb the offices of a Florida magazine publishers where traces of the deadly anthrax bacteria were found. (bbc.co.uk)
  • The second man to be infected with the potentially deadly anthrax bacteria, 73-year-old Ernesto Blanco, is a former colleague of the man who died from the disease on Friday. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Following a deadly anthrax attack, TCD's biological weapons expert Carly Welsh springs into action. (harlequin.com)
  • The symptoms of anthrax exposure depend on the mode of contact. (healthline.com)
  • Preventing disease after exposure to a biological agent is partially a function of the immunity of the exposed individual. (cdc.gov)
  • If your doctor detects anthrax in your body, the test results will be sent to a public health department laboratory for confirmation. (healthline.com)
  • The German-American physician Anton Dilger established a secret biological laboratory in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with the intent to grow the causative agents of anthrax and glanders. (medscape.com)
  • The laboratory study used saliva with a range of initial anthrax concentrations, to compare detection by direct observation from conventional blood agar culture and by anthrax-specific PCR after a shorter culture in BHI broth. (bvsalud.org)
  • A comprehensive, sustainable and legally embedded national oversight programme for biosafety and biosecurity which includes the safe and secure use, storage, disposal and containment of biological agents of high consequence in all laboratory and holding facilities across human health, animal health and agricultural sectors. (who.int)
  • However, in rare cases, skin anthrax (cutaneous anthrax) may be spread from person to person by direct contact with an infected person or an object contaminated by an infected person. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Mr Stevens' case was the first of respiratory anthrax in the US since 1978. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Nixon and his national security team understood that biological weapons constituted a potential strategic threat to the United States. (rand.org)
  • Russian state media reported the facility's head "emphasizing the incident does not pose any biological or any other threat to the population. (forbes.com)
  • Vaccinations (Anthrax and Botulinum Toxoid), 2. (drexel.edu)
  • Faced with its duplicity Iraq finally admitted to producing aflatoxin-which causes cancers, the paralysing poison botulinum and anthrax bacteria. (motherjones.com)
  • After all, the inspectors didn't even know Iraq had a massive ongoing biological weapons program right under their noses-including aflatoxin, botulinum, and anthrax-until Saddam's son-in-law defected in 1995 and told them. (motherjones.com)
  • When confronted with this excellent work by the inspectors, Iraq finally admitted in July, 1995 to having produced anthrax and botulinum- before the Gulf War . (motherjones.com)
  • Institute in College Park, who participated in the UN's hunt for Iraq's biological weapons after the Gulf War. (newscientist.com)
  • The world demands to know precisely what happened to Iraq's pre-1998 weapons and material. (motherjones.com)
  • In 1995, the international community was confronted by Iraq's massive programme for developing offensive biological weapons-one of the largest and most advanced in the world. (motherjones.com)
  • And not only was he not the reason the inspections uncovered Iraq's biological weapons program, he also emphatically said Iraq had indeed destroyed everything years previously, and since the Gulf War had had no ongoing WMD programs. (motherjones.com)
  • The government is appealing a decision by U.S. District Judge Emmet Sullivan, who suspended anthrax vaccinations after he found fault in the Food and Drug Administration's process for approving the drug. (ahrp.org)
  • In April, Sullivan said the Pentagon can resume giving anthrax vaccinations, but only to troops who volunteer for them. (ahrp.org)
  • Because living organisms can be unpredictable and incredibly resilient, biological weapons are difficult to control, potentially devastating on a global scale, and prohibited globally under numerous treaties. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Biological weapons are potentially the most dangerous weapons in the world. (archives.gov)
  • This article reviews the activity of humoral immunity against several biological agents, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of an antibody-based defense strategy ( Table ), and proposes stockpiling specific antibodies for use in the event of biological attacks. (cdc.gov)
  • It will also go to soldiers who work in counterterrorism roles related to defense against biological weapons inside the United States. (ahrp.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that anthrax is one of the most likely agents to be used in a biological attack. (healthline.com)
  • Thus, biological agents are potential weapons only against populations with a substantial proportion of susceptible persons. (cdc.gov)
  • In the section below the evidence that humoral immunity is active against important biological agents is reviewed. (cdc.gov)
  • In its final report of September 24, 1993, VEREX described and analyzed 21 such measures, including but not limited to declarations of biological agents, on-site inspections, and multilateral information sharing. (nti.org)
  • The use of biological agents is not a new concept, and history is replete with examples of biological weapons use. (medscape.com)
  • Leavitt was freed, but Harris was ordered to remain in jail after Ohio officials filed charges that he violated his probation when authorities said they found biological agents at Harris' home in Lancaster, Ohio, during a search that followed his arrest in Nevada. (chicagotribune.com)
  • The agency's supporters argue that when there is even a hint of danger from a substance like anthrax, agents have little choice but to move fast and flesh out the details later. (chicagotribune.com)
  • Eventually we supported and became a party to the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 that prohibits research, development, testing of biological weapons, agents, components, etc., except for prophylactic and defensive purposes. (ratical.org)
  • And they began to pour massive amounts of money, hundreds of millions of dollars, into researching and developing what they said were defensive biological agents. (ratical.org)
  • They engaged in dual-use research and development of biological agents, that is research that could be put to both offensive uses and defensive uses at the same time. (ratical.org)
  • A whole-of-government multisectoral national biosafety and biosecurity system with biological agents of high consequence identified, held, secured and monitored in a minimal number of facilities according to best practices. (who.int)
  • Reduce high consequence research activities where appropriate to mitigate risks associated with dual-use research of concern and proliferation of biological agents of high consequence, for examples. (who.int)
  • Develop a national biosafety and biosecurity regulatory framework, including guidelines and recordkeeping obligations for all laboratories working with biological agents of high consequence. (who.int)
  • Develop and maintain inventories for biological agents of high consequence. (who.int)
  • Immunizing animals against anthrax is recommended in areas where previous infections have occurred. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anthrax can spread throughout the body and cause severe illness, including brain infections and even death, if left untreated. (cdc.gov)
  • First and foremost, biological pathogens could be prepared and deployed such that resulting infections had barely any semblance to the natural forms of the disease. (rand.org)
  • During the recent anthrax outbreaks the CDC "did an awful job of allowing outside information" into its inner circle, O'Toole continued. (govexec.com)
  • This process will kill most of the bacteria or viruses in a biological weapon once it's being disseminated. (thebulletin.org)
  • Cutaneous anthrax, also known as hide-porter's disease, is when anthrax occurs on the skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Strengthened, sustainable biological risk management best practices are in place in relevant sectors and safe and compliant transport of infectious substances occurs according to national and international regulations. (who.int)
  • Anthrax illness is more common in farm animals than people. (healthline.com)
  • In 2004, Congress passed a law called BioShield, intended to encourage private companies to begin developing new medicines that are both safer and more effective to address biological threats. (politico.com)
  • Clearly, responding to major medical events, including biological threats, has always been a core component of the DHS mission. (nationalinterest.org)
  • Recently, injection anthrax has developed in people in northern Europe who inject contaminated heroin. (merckmanuals.com)
  • People can get anthrax disease from contact with Administration (FDA) and recommended for infected animals or contaminated animal products adults 18 through 65 years of age who are at risk of such as wool, meat, or hides. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in 1975 the Biological Weapons Convention prohibited the "development, production and stockpiling" of biological weapons. (wikipedia.org)
  • VEREX: Created in September 1991 during the Third Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), VEREX was tasked with identifying measures that could be used to determine whether a state party to the BTWC is 'developing, producing, stockpiling, acquiring, or retaining' biological weapons (BW). (nti.org)
  • They condemn the project "as probably in violation of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), which tookeffect under United Nations auspices in 1975. (counterpunch.org)