GenesMdm2GeneApoptosisNucleotideSequence homologyTumorsCellularCyclin-dependInhibitorMutationViralInducesTumor suppressorsPathwaysPhosphorylationActivationSequencesReceptorsReceptorTranscription factorMotifsCellsRegulate cellMutationsTransformationVitroEncodes a proteinMutantGTPaseTumorigenesisMRNAAcuteFusionCell lysatesDifferentially expressed
Genes25
- Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
- Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
- The normal versions of genes in the first group are called proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
- The mutated or otherwise damaged versions of these genes are called oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
- Numerous genes have been identified as proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
- As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)
- Genes in S. cerevisiae encoding proteins with domains homologous to the mammalian ras proteins. (wikidata.org)
- Genes, ras" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
- Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. (wakehealth.edu)
- All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein. (wakehealth.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Genes, ras" by people in this website by year, and whether "Genes, ras" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Genes, ras" by people in Profiles. (wakehealth.edu)
- Biological and biochemical properties of human rasH genes mutated at codon 61. (wikidata.org)
- The ability of miRs to target multiple genes and biological signaling pathways has created intense interest in their potential clinical utility as predictive and diagnostic biomarkers, and as innovative therapeutic agents. (biomedcentral.com)
- Activated PI3K phosphorylates AKT, which in turn activates IKKA, MTOR and MDM2 and inhi bits FKHR, CASP9, Terrible, p27 inhibitor R428 and p21 genes. (dubinhibitors.com)
- The role of MSY genes in important cellular processes such as transcription regulation, translation, and protein stability in males is vital not only in sex determination but also in sex-dependent organ development [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Despite extensive studies on the effect of these genes on the development pathways, some MSY genes have remained as missing proteins with no experimental protein evidence due to highly transient and spatio-temporal restricted expression patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, these alterations affect 3 principal categories of genes, as follows: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. (medscape.com)
- This article briefly discusses tumor suppressor genes and then focuses on the role of proto-oncogenes in childhood cancer. (medscape.com)
- Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
- TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)
- JQ1 treatment resulted in significant changes in expression of genes that play important roles in glioblastoma such as c-Myc, p21(CIP1/WAF1), hTERT, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. (ox.ac.uk)
- Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the sis gene ( GENES, SIS ). (nih.gov)
- Of the 31 genes, the 21 upregulated genes were primarily associated with cell paracrine and intracellular signaling, transcription regulation and cell adhesion and migration, and their transcriptional products included transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and transcriptional factor AP-2α/γ ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- By contrast, the 10 downregulated genes were primarily associated with epithelial membrane proteins ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Mdm22
- The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
- MDM2 proto-oncogene [So. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Gene21
- Transcription factor Jun is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene. (wikipedia.org)
- It was first identified as the Fos-binding protein p39 and only later rediscovered as the product of the JUN gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The human JUN encodes a protein that is highly similar to the viral protein, which interacts directly with specific target DNA sequences to regulate gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
- In cells absent of c-jun, the expression of p53 (cell cycle arrest inducer) and p21 (CDK inhibitor and p53 target gene) is increased, and those cells exhibit cell cycle defects. (wikipedia.org)
- A study utilized liver-specific inactivation of c-jun in hepatocellular carcinoma, which showed impaired tumor development correlated with increased level of p53 protein and the mRNA level of the p53 target gene noxa. (wikipedia.org)
- What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
- What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
- The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)
- Note that by convention gene names are italicized and the proteins they make are not. (cancerquest.org)
- As an example TP 53 refers to the gene and p53 refers to the protein. (cancerquest.org)
- We have two copies of each gene and for oncogenes, a single defective copy is enough to cause a cell to divide. (cancerquest.org)
- The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. (wakehealth.edu)
- Structure of the Ki-ras gene of the human lung carcinoma cell line Calu-1. (wikidata.org)
- The ER81 ETS protein, for example, is activated in human breast cancer cells by the oncoprotein HER-2, resulting in over-expression of the prosurvival telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- This protein is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28 and S. pombe cdc2. (thermofisher.com)
- Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a) and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (thermofisher.com)
- Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
- MYC is a transcription factor regulating global gene expression through heterodimerization with the protein myc-associated factor X (MAX) [ 1 - 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
- [ 1 ] His prediction was subsequently supported by the cloning of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene ( RB1 ) and by functional studies of the retinoblastoma protein, Rb. (medscape.com)
- For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
- We found that a number of Tfh cells downmodulated BCL6 protein after their development, and we sought to compare the gene expression between BCL6-hi Tfh cells and BCL6-low Tfh cells. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Apoptosis8
- The cyclic change of the c-jun protein levels is significant in the proliferation and apoptosis of glandular epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The persistent stromal expression of c-jun protein may prevent stromal cells from entering into apoptosis during the late secretory phase. (wikipedia.org)
- Mutant K-RAS has been shown to have both tumor-promoting and -suppressing functions, and growing evidence suggests that the RASSF family of tumor suppressors can act as RAS apoptosis and senescence effectors. (cancerindex.org)
- The human ETS (E26 Transformation-Specific) protein family is a diverse group of 27 known transcription factors that regulate such varied cellular processes as differentiation and apoptosis, but also appear to induce oncogenesis when mutated or aberrantly expressed [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The transcription factor MYC is a proto-oncogene regulating cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and metabolism. (oncotarget.com)
- In contrast, ectopically expressed Bcl-xL partially rescued cells from JQ1-induced apoptosis, and knockdown of p21(CIP1/WAF1) attenuated JQ1-induced cell-cycle arrest. (ox.ac.uk)
- More importantly, the cellular factors affected by the HBV also modulate various biological processes, including innate immune response, cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion, and play vital roles in the development of liver diseases [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Finally, alternative splicing microarrays containing apoptosis targets were incubated to verify whether pre-mRNAs other than H-Ras could also present a similar hairpin loop structure regulated by p68 RNA helicase. (lidsen.com)
Nucleotide5
- Activation of Rho proteins through release of bound GDP and subsequent binding of GTP, is catalysed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in the Dbl family. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dbl targets Rho family proteins thereby stimulating their GDP/GTP exchange, and thus is believed to be involved in receptor-mediated regulation of the proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
- Associations between expression levels of nucleotide excision repair proteins in lymphoblastoid cells and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (duke.edu)
- Guanosine nucleotide binding by highly purified Ha-ras-encoded p21 protein produced in Escherichia coli. (wikidata.org)
Sequence homology1
- It does not share significant sequence homology with other subtypes of small G-protein GEF motifs such as the Cdc25 domain and the Sec7 domain, which specifically interact with Ras and ARF family small GTPases, respectively, nor with other Rho protein interactive motifs, indicating that the Dbl family proteins are evolutionarily unique. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Tumors4
- In human lung tumors, combined activation of K-RAS and inactivation of RASSF1A is closely associated with the development of the most aggressive and worst prognosis tumors. (cancerindex.org)
- BACKGROUND: Epigenetic alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of solid tumors, however, proto-oncogenes activated by promoter demethylation have been sporadically reported. (duke.edu)
- Although genetic and epigenetic aberrations that occur in components of the central dogma clearly elicit disease development in humans, recent findings also point to a prominent role for non-protein-coding regions of the genome in regulating cell and tissue homeostasis, as well as in contributing to the formation of human tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
- CD30hi lymphocytes also had 4 fold far more nuclear found ERBB protein and above expression and nuclear localization of ERBB one and 2 are popular in tumors. (dubinhibitors.com)
Cellular8
- The proto-oncogene c-Jun is the cellular homolog of the viral oncoprotein v-jun (P05411). (wikipedia.org)
- The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including actin cytoskeleton-dependent morphological change. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) regulates the expression levels of cellular proteins by ubiquitination of protein substrates followed by their degradation via the proteasome. (biomedcentral.com)
- As a highly conserved cellular degradation mechanism, the UPS affects a variety of biological processes and participates in viral propagation. (biomedcentral.com)
- On the one hand, the UPS acts as a host defense mechanism to selectively recognize HBV proteins as well as special cellular proteins that favor the viral life cycle and induces their ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation to limit HBV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover, in the infected hepatocytes, certain cellular proteins that are dependent on the UPS are involved in abnormal biological processes which are mediated by HBV. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, chemokines regulate plethora of biological processes of hematopoietic cells to lead cellular activation, differentiation and survival. (genome.jp)
- After receptor activation, the alpha- and beta-gamma-subunits of G protein dissociate to activate diverse downstream pathways resulting in cellular polarization and actin reorganization. (genome.jp)
Cyclin-depend1
- The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p16 inhibit the activity of CDKs, such as CDK4. (medscape.com)
Inhibitor2
- On the opposite, MuRF1 was selelck kinase inhibitor by far the most fluctuating protein, reaching a maximal variation amount of 60% in excess of two biopsies taken in similar circumstances 48 hours apart. (dubinhibitors.com)
- The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
Mutation2
- Cell-intrinsic depletion of Aml1-ETO-expressing pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells by K-Ras activating mutation. (ox.ac.uk)
- Genetic mutation promotes biological evolution and results in biodiversity ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Viral3
- Among the viral transcripts, preC mRNA encodes precore protein. (biomedcentral.com)
- pgRNA translates viral HBc and Pol proteins, and also acts as a template for the replication of the HBV genome. (biomedcentral.com)
- After translation of viral RNAs into HBV proteins occurs in the host cytoplasm, viral pgRNA is encapsulated into core particles. (biomedcentral.com)
Induces2
- In primary mammalian cells oncogenic induces premature senescence depending on an active MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Constitutive activation of the pathway induces p53 p21 and p16 and leads to early senescence. (molecularcircuit.com)
Tumor suppressors1
- A useful analogy to consider when thinking about tumor suppressors and oncogenes is an automobile. (cancerquest.org)
Pathways2
- It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)
- Activated TPKR could activate its downstream signaling elements, like Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/eIF4E, PI3K/Akt/eNOS and PLC-gamma/PKC pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Phosphorylation3
- Another study showed that oncogenic transformation by ras and fos also requires Jun N-terminal phosphorylation at Serine 63 and 73. (wikipedia.org)
- A sub examination was also carried out, in which R2 was set since the referential worth and compared to Mob ailment, to be able to measure the influence of a neighborhood acute mobiliza tion on protein expression and exercise amounts as evi denced by phosphorylation level variations. (dubinhibitors.com)
- For instance, the stability of MYC protein modulated by phosphorylation is regulated by promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger ( PLZF ) protein and long noncoding RNA PVT1 [ 9 , 10 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Activation9
- The proto-oncogene family members encodes little GTP binding proteins that transduce development indicators from cell surface area receptors in response to extracellular stimuli (1 6 37 Prior studies have recommended that aberrant activation of is certainly a crucial stage during tumorigenesis. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Relationship between Ras and Raf-1 qualified AP24534 prospects towards the sequential activation from the MAP kinase kinases (MAPKKs) MEK1 and MEK2 as well as the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2. (molecularcircuit.com)
- However the biological significance of p38 activation by oncogenic remains unclear. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Here, we describe the first transgenic mouse model for activation of K-RAS in the lung in a RASSF1A-defective background. (cancerindex.org)
- Coordinated activation of candidate proto-oncogenes and cancer testes antigens via promoter demethylation in head and neck cancer and lung cancer. (duke.edu)
- Induction of mammary carcinomas in rats by nitroso-methylurea involves malignant activation of H-ras-1 locus by single point mutations. (wikidata.org)
- Activation of MAPK is initiated by one of the four ErbB receptors (ErbB1/epidermal growth factor receptor (EgfR), ErbB2-4), which leads to signaling through Raf (RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase), Mek (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2) and Erk. (biomedcentral.com)
- LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
Sequences3
- Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. (wakehealth.edu)
- The central dogma of molecular biology states that the transfer of genetic information within cells transpires sequentially from DNA to RNA to proteins, whose coding sequences comprise a paltry 1.5-2% of the human genome [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Thus it can be inferred from our findings that the alternative splicing exon IDX from H-Ras, coupled with the immediately downstream intron sequences, may contain an ncRNA. (lidsen.com)
Receptors4
- Its activity is directed by intracellular signals mediated by various types of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/Erk pathway plays a central role in cell communication: it orchestrates signaling from external receptors to internal transcriptional machinery, which leads to changes in phenotype [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. (biomedcentral.com)
- The chemokine signal is transduced by chemokine receptors (G-protein coupled receptors) expressed on the immune cells. (genome.jp)
Receptor2
- However, the complement C5a receptor 2 may act as a decoy receptor for C5a, as it has no reported G protein signalling capacity. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
- ELAC1 has been in the use and may as define as an RNase Z. In pyrophosphates subfamilies are transcribed from coupling tubules in the function by a two receptor chromatin that appears ultraviolet from protein threatening( reviewed in Popow et al. (evakoch.com)
Transcription factor2
- c-Jun, in combination with protein c-Fos, forms the AP-1 early response transcription factor. (wikipedia.org)
- The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
Motifs1
- These motifs are found in many proteins that are regulated by calcium. (lookformedical.com)
Cells4
- Overexpression of c-jun in cells results in decreased level of p53 and p21, and exhibits accelerated cell proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
- In normal cells, both internal and external signals control the activity of the oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
- Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
- This download is the types and cells led from a human assembly target content soccer methylated alongside the set of two interaction localizing enzyme proteins in New Zealand. (evakoch.com)
Regulate cell2
- It has been reported that under certain biological conditions p38 AP24534 can negatively AP24534 regulate cell growth. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
Mutations2
- Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
- Different cancer types tend to depend on a limited number of 'driver' oncogene mutations. (cancerquest.org)
Transformation3
- These data highlight that ESE-1 contains NLS and NES signals that play a critical role in regulating its subcellular localization and function, and that an intact SAR domain mediates MEC transformation exclusively in the cytoplasm, via a novel nontranscriptional mechanism, whereby the SAR motif is accessible for ligand and/or protein interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Overexpression of one ETS protein in particular, the epithelium-specific ETS factor ESE-1, is implicated in human mammary transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
- We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. (stanford.edu)
Vitro1
- We are studying the effects and consequences of protein fusion on the transcriptional and transforming activities of these proteins using in vitro and animal models. (stanford.edu)
Encodes a protein1
- This locus, however, also encodes a protein from an alternative reading frame, designated p19ARF. (medscape.com)
Mutant1
- The mutant proteins often retain some of their capabilities but are no longer sensitive to the controls that regulate the normal form of the protein. (cancerquest.org)
GTPase1
- Rho GTPase activating protein 45 [S. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Tumorigenesis1
- RASSF1A Deficiency Enhances RAS-Driven Lung Tumorigenesis. (cancerindex.org)
MRNA3
- JUN mRNA was decreased and, as JUN transcription is autoregulated by JUN protein,and JUN heterodimerizes with Meq. (dubinhibitors.com)
- We propose that even though total JUN protein was enhanced in CD30hi lymphocytes, it is actually not out there for auto transactivation, an substitute chance is as JUN protein is stabilized by submit translational interactions with Meq, the JUN mRNA might not basically reflect the total JUN protein levels. (dubinhibitors.com)
- Here, we highlight that an important RNA sequence region, encompassing an exon-intron hairpin loop (also called IDX-rasISS1), of the H-Ras pre-mRNA may encode an ncRNA that regulates p68 RNA helicase. (lidsen.com)
Acute1
- Making use of this 2nd analysis, GSK 3b protein level was uncovered for being one of the most stable, having a selection of variation in between 24% for rest vs acute mobilization circumstances and 31% for rest and fasted vs active and fed disorders. (dubinhibitors.com)
Fusion1
- These are frequently activated by fusion to other transcriptional proteins resulting in chimeric transcription factors. (stanford.edu)
Cell lysates4
- Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human NAD Kinase (NADK) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)
- Description: tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)
- Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Claudin 5 (CLDN5) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids. (lotusbiotechnologies.com)
- Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Claudin 5 (CLDN5) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (lotusbiotechnologies.com)
Differentially expressed2
- However PTEN professional tein was not differentially expressed, STK11 protein decreased. (dubinhibitors.com)
- A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. (lookformedical.com)