Bioethics cloning mammals clone humans for reproductive. Medical search. Frequent questions

The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a cloning method in which a viable embryo is created from a somatic cell and an egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
Again, Saunders is referring to SCNT as "THE" cloning procedure, when there are many other ways to clone a human being as well, and he is scientifically mis-defining the product of SCNT (i.e., the cloned human embryo). (lifeissues.net)
Indeed, if passed, Hatch/Feinstein/Kerry would explicitly legalize doing in humans the very cloning procedure -- somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) -- that was used to make Dolly the sheep . (lifeissues.net)
Comment: Indeed, if passed, "total cloning bans" H.R. 534, H.R. 234, H.R. 916, and S. 245 would not ban anything either - not even the SCNT cloning technique that was used to make Dolly the sheep. (lifeissues.net)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. (bartleby.com)
In SCNT they take the nucleolus out of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleolus of a somatic cell (body cell with two complete sets of chromosomes), and make the egg cell divide into a blastocyst ("What Is Cloning? (bartleby.com)

In 1996, Dolly the sheep achieved notoriety for being the first mammal cloned from a somatic cell. (wikipedia.org)
It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)

Eve was delivered by Caesarian section from her twin sister (the woman who donated the nuclear genetic material from which she was cloned also served as the surrogate mother). (probe.org)

This year has already seen two major advancements in this area, including the use of cloning to create embryonic stem cells and a new technique where mammalian cloning lines can be extended and reproduced indefinitely . (sentientdevelopments.com)

increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
An in-depth analysis aiming at re-defining this terminology according to the new developments in human embryo research would be highly beneficial . (lifeissues.net)
3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)

Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means. (wikipedia.org)
In the field of biotechnology, cloning is the process of creating cloned organisms of cells and of DNA fragments. (wikipedia.org)
Natural cloning occurs through a variety of natural mechanisms, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms. (wikipedia.org)
In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
Recognizing this trend, Congress passed section 33 of the America Invents Act ("AIA") [8] in 2011, resulting in, among other things, a prohibition on patents for inventions "directed to or encompassing a human organisms. (nyu.edu)
This chapter discusses commerce involving (1) gametes and embryos (2) assisted reproductive technologies (ART) services and (3) the patenting of human organisms. (georgetown.edu)

A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)

Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)
Advances in the biotechnology industry have increased scientists' understanding of the human genome and enhanced their ability to genetically modify eggs, sperm, and human embryos. (nyu.edu)

These developments have significant implications for society's approach to reproductive biotechnologies, and for the formation of public and private attitudes about the ethical and social significance of these technologies and practices. (georgetown.edu)

For example, Dolly the sheep died before her normal lifespan, perhaps as a consequence of being a clone. (catholiclane.com)

Human cloning ought to be banned, both reproductive cloning and so-called therapeutic cloning-or as Stanford University recently referred to it, "human nuclear transplantation. (probe.org)
Otherwise, such a treaty would not recognize the inherent human nature of the early human embryo or fetus until after birth , and thus cloning them and using them for research - both "therapeutic" and "reproductive" -- would not be banned, and women undergoing "infertility treatments" could surely be put in danger. (lifeissues.net)

It has not yet been " ensouled " - and so is not yet a " person " - i.e., a human subject to be protected from abuse in experimentation. (lifeissues.net)
Although the simple use of the word 'clone' may have negative connotations, many people have resigned themselves to the idea of cloning cows that produce more milk or using a cloned mouse for use in controlled experimentation. (bartleby.com)
This means that creating three-parent children will require acting despite our ignorance of potential health outcomes-amounting to blatantly unethical human experimentation. (catholiclane.com)
Animal testing , also known as animal experimentation , animal research , and in vivo testing , is the use of non-human animals in experiments (although some research about animals involves only natural behaviors or pure observation, such as a mouse running a maze or field studies of chimp troops ). (wmflabs.org)

The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
The UK rubber stamp Embryo Authority has approved the manufacture of three-parent human embryos . (catholiclane.com)
[10] While one can consequently interpret Myriad in a way that limits the scope of the Act, it leaves open the question of the patentability of modified human gametes and embryos and the altered or synthetic gene sequencing which could potentially be encompassed within those gametes and embryos. (nyu.edu)

He is the co-author of the book The Natural Limits to Biological Change , served as general editor of Creation, Evolution and Modern Science , co-author of Basic Questions on Genetics, Stem Cell Research and Cloning (The BioBasics Series) , and has published numerous journal articles. (probe.org)
Every gene in the human body is encoded as deoxyribonucleic acid ("DNA"), and Myriad Genetics confronted the issue of whether a naturally occurring segment of DNA was eligible for patent. (nyu.edu)
Moreover, in Myriad Genetics , the Supreme Court found that an identical provision was inapplicable in a discussion on real and synthetic human genes, noting that the "Act does not even mention genes, much less isolated DNA. (nyu.edu)

Claims that you could clone individual treatments of human beings to treat common diseases like diabetes, suggests you need a huge supply of human eggs. (wikiquote.org)
Even if you don't have a religious view of the sanctity of life, you have to ask is there going to be a massive trade in human eggs from poor women to rich countries. (wikiquote.org)
Mammal cloning-which involves a similar genetic modification of eggs-can lead to terrible developmental problems during gestation and born clones often have significant health concerns. (catholiclane.com)

In bioethics, there are a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning. (wikipedia.org)
The Ethical Debate Concerning Cloning In the year that has elapsed since the announcement of Dolly's birth, there has been much discussion of the ethical implications of cloning humans. (bartleby.com)
Several authors have attempted to outline some of the ethical objections to cloning while at the same time minimizing the role religion plays in this debate. (bartleby.com)

VICTORIA, May 31, 2002 (LSN.ca) - A coalition of Canadian organizations and individuals has launched an emergency petition campaign to address the serious flaws in Bill C-56, The Assisted Human Reproduction Act. (lifesitenews.com)

Perhaps Ramsey would give other extraordinarily powerful arguments as to why human cloning is unethical, but he obviously would not be able to base it on his unscientific "pre-embryo" position. (lifeissues.net)

Natural cloning is the production of clones without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques. (wikipedia.org)
But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)

g) Encourages its member churches and other groups to keep themselves informed on how new developments in reproductive technology affect families, and especially women, and develop a pastoral ministry to counsel people facing these issues, including those who choose, or are pressurized into, utilizing such reproductive techniques. (wcc2013.info)

Cloning is a natural form of reproduction that has allowed life forms to spread for hundreds of millions of years. (wikipedia.org)
a) Note, again, the reference to only sexual human reproduction - "the moment of conception" - i.e., fertilization. (lifeissues.net)
And yet others say it's a perfectly legitimate way to create biological offspring - that it's a novel form of assisted human reproduction that could help same-sex or infertile couples reproduce. (sentientdevelopments.com)
Although cloning is not an important issue presently, it could potentially replace sexual reproduction as our method of producing children. (bartleby.com)
But in order to become a part of medical history, parahuman reproduction and human genetic engineering must circumvent the recalcitrance of an antiquated culture. (lifeissues.net)

7. "[footnote 16]: The cloning procedure supplies the oocyte with a complete set of chromosomes, all of which are contained in the nucleus which is transferred into the denucleated oocyte. (lifeissues.net)

More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. (wikiquote.org)
More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)

Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. (wikipedia.org)

A type of cloning that occurs naturally is when identical twins are born ("What Is Cloning? (bartleby.com)

Another example of artificial cloning is molecular cloning, a technique in molecular biology in which a single living cell is used to clone a large population of cells that contain identical DNA molecules. (wikipedia.org)
However, a number of other features are needed, and a variety of specialised cloning vectors (small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted) exist that allow protein production, affinity tagging, single-stranded RNA or DNA production and a host of other molecular biology tools. (wikipedia.org)
It is quite possible that the advances in human biology in the remainder of the twentieth century will be remembered as the most significant scientific achievement of the animal species known as Homo sapiens . (lifeissues.net)

Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. (wikipedia.org)

A common argument in support is that clones are essentially delayed twins. (sentientdevelopments.com)

Why Is Cloning So Difficult and How Did They Do It? (probe.org)
c) Stresses the need for pastoral counselling for individuals faced with difficult reproductive choices as well as personal and family decisions resulting from genetic information concerning themselves or others. (wcc2013.info)

depictions commonly involve themes related to identity, the recreation of historical figures or extinct species, or cloning for exploitation (i.e. cloning soldiers for warfare). (wikipedia.org)
The main difference between the two is that natural cloning does not involve any human intervention, whereas artificial cloning is a genetic engineering technique. (wikipedia.org)

Coined by Herbert J. Webber, the term clone derives from the Ancient Greek word κλών (klōn), twig, which is the process whereby a new plant is created from a twig. (wikipedia.org)
This process allows people to clone living things of any sort. (bartleby.com)
The process has been rife with delay, people caught within human rights complaints usually feel like they're lost in some kind of Kafkaesque nightmare. (lifesitenews.com)

They also have significant implications for the way we understand property in the human body more broadly. (georgetown.edu)

VICTORIA, May 31, 2002 (LSN.ca) - The B.C. Liberals tabled draft legislation to scrap the province's Human Rights Commission, leaving only a simple tribunal to hear complaints. (lifesitenews.com)
OTTAWA, May 31, 2002 (LSN.ca) - Dr. Dianne Irving, a leading international expert on new reproductive technologies, has reviewed the proposed Canadian legislation, Bill C-56 and has found it completely inadequate. (lifesitenews.com)

Unlike some movies, cloning in real life doesn't produce a full grown exact replica of someone. (bartleby.com)
The definition-writer is correct to note that human language, unlike most forms of animal communication, is voluntarily produced (in physiological terms, it is under the control of the cerebral cortex rather than the limbic system), and that the content of the linguistic signals (words, their meanings, and the constructions in which they are assembled) have to be acquired to a much greater extent. (cosmoetica.com)

Father Pacholczyk, who is teaching a course on bioethics and life issues at Kenrick-Glennon Seminary this semester, said it is very easy to depersonalize humans when they are in the earliest stages of life. (archstl.org)

If artificial cloning and natural cloning both lead to the same result, which is the formation of a clone, that is, an organism with identical or nearly identical genes to another organism, then the plight of This creation is very different between the two creatures. (wikipedia.org)
The National Institutes of Health defines a human embryo as "the developing organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation. (archstl.org)

Considered contrary to the moral law, since (it is in) opposition to the dignity both of human procreation and of the conjugal union. (wikiquote.org)
Many people consider the act of human cloning to be an affront to our dignity and individuality. (sentientdevelopments.com)

Not only that, but poor Eve, who I believe is a full human being with a soul, will be a research subject all her life, however long that is. (probe.org)
I knew and had great respect for the famous Protestant theologian and bioethicist Paul Ramsey, and used much of his work concerning the use of human subjects in research in my own. (lifeissues.net)
It's given name is the "Human Cloning Ban and Stem Cell Research Protection Act of 2003," the stated purpose of which, supposedly, is to "prohibit human cloning and to protect important areas of medical research, including stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)

It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
In 2002 I published The Blank Slate , which explored the political, moral, and emotional colorings of the concept of human nature. (cosmoetica.com)

Today, December 27, 2002, it was announced that the first human clone was born at an undisclosed location. (probe.org)

Dr. Irving, whose Ph.D. included a doctoral concentration in secular bioethics at the world's foremost bioethics institute, noted that the bill was poorly prepared using faulty science and lacking basic definitions necessary to have the law actually ban cloning as it claims it does. (lifesitenews.com)

This baby and the others to follow are human experiments with high odds to develop life-threatening complications. (probe.org)
Even successful animal experiments wouldn't guarantee healthy human application. (catholiclane.com)
The only certain way to study the safety of human three-parent IVF would be to conduct the kinds of experiments now only permitted in animals studies-e.g., aborting fetuses or euthanizing subjects at different stages of development and then studying their bodies. (catholiclane.com)

Dr. Boisselier claimed at the press conference this morning that ten clones were implanted (no information if the ten clones were of the same individual or clones from ten different people). (probe.org)
Should people be allowed to clone themselves? (sentientdevelopments.com)
A third view says that cloning will provide for the possibility of improvement by giving birth to children who are free of birth defects, because when any two people create a child through sex there is the possibility for genetic defects. (bartleby.com)

A recent UNESCO draft document, although rather vague and deficient in itself, probably does the best job of at least initially identifying and describing some of these new reproductive technologies in relatively simple form, with a few generalized helpful sketches online. (lifeissues.net)

In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. (wikiquote.org)
Normal success rates in other mammals are 2% at best. (probe.org)

Supporters, on the other hand, say it's a form of reproductive autonomy, and that well-informed and well-intentioned parents - in conjunction with the laws and their fertility doctor - are well within their rights. (sentientdevelopments.com)

Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. (wikiquote.org)
However, the idea of cloning humans is a highly charged topic. (bartleby.com)

Scientists endow lab animals with bits of human DNA all the time, but the opposite most assuredly doesn't happen. (sentientdevelopments.com)
Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals-from zebrafish to non-human primates -ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used annually. (wmflabs.org)

Is it okay to introduce non-human DNA in our genome? (sentientdevelopments.com)

I also write for the press on various topics relating to language and human nature my most recent articles have been on the psychology of kinship, the historical decline of violence, and the use of metaphor in politics. (cosmoetica.com)

Some worry about the creation of chimeras - creatures that are part-human and part-something-else. (sentientdevelopments.com)
Critical theological questions concerning the nature of human life, and the meaning of the "integrity of creation" need concentrated exploration. (wcc2013.info)

Since the term "born" has been used as an essential part of the definition of " reproductive cloning " used by Weissman, the National Academy of Sciences, etc., then it is critical to use the accurate term with the proper meaning. (lifeissues.net)

Ramsey's statement could thus not apply to the issue of human cloning to begin with. (lifeissues.net)
b) But there is a more fundamental reason why Ramsey's statement might not apply to the issue of human cloning. (lifeissues.net)

Thus, while Ramsey agreed that there is a human being present immediately at fertilization, he did not agree that it was also a human embryo or a human person - the classic "pre-embryo" argument. (lifeissues.net)
a) It would seem that Saunders uses the "potential" argument here quite appropriately, but it is critical that the term be understood properly in order to deflect any misunderstandings or misinterpretations - especially if the term were to be used in any U. N. treaty on human cloning. (lifeissues.net)
A second argument for cloning starts with the idea of reproductive rights. (bartleby.com)

Since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively. (wikipedia.org)
Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in positional cloning. (wikipedia.org)
The term "potential" has literally been butchered in the bioethics debates on "delayed personhood" over the last three decades - to the extent that one is never sure precisely how it is being used or being understood. (lifeissues.net)
Originally the relevant philosophical term was "potency" (or inherent power or capacity conveyed by a specific nature) was used to apply to an already existing substance - such as a new living human embryo. (lifeissues.net)
If the term "potential" were to be incorporated into a U. N. treaty on human cloning, it would be necessary to clarify its use as referring to an already existing human being/person. (lifeissues.net)

Note: Please read The Little Lamb That Made a Monkey of Us All for the author's comments on the news of a successful lamb cloning (March 7, 1997). (probe.org)

Like human cloning, the idea of genetically modifying our offspring still falls within the realms of illegality and taboo. (sentientdevelopments.com)

The Raelians have been hinting for months that a successful cloned birth was expected. (probe.org)
Two other independent researchers, Severino Antinori (an Italian working in an undisclosed Muslim country) and Panos Zavos (from Lexington, Kentucky) have also been hinting at human cloning success and suggesting that a birth will be announced soon. (probe.org)
Even then, many of the clones which survive to birth develop complications in their first months of life, as high as 10% in cattle. (probe.org)
Thus if by "potential" one means "potency" - i.e., that the early human embryo already exists with a human nature that is already there, and has its own inherent power or capacity (provided by that human nature) to simply grow bigger and bigger through all the usual developmental stages through birth, then such a statement stands as accurate - both scientifically and philosophically. (lifeissues.net)

Still, I want to see those references - every single one of them - from published peer-reviewed scientific textbooks in human embryology, and in accord with the international nomenclature. (lifeissues.net)

My new book, The Stuff of Thought , is about language as a window into human nature: what tense reveals about the human concept of time, what verbs reveal about causality, what prepositions reveal about our sense of space, what swearing shows about emotion, what innuendo and euphemism show about social relationships. (cosmoetica.com)

6. " ... any living human embryo has the inherent 'potential' to develop into a healthy baby . (lifeissues.net)
On the other hand, if by "potential" one means that the human embryo is not a human being or human person yet , but might be later once it has been born (i.e., a "baby"), then that statement is both scientifically and philosophically incorrect. (lifeissues.net)
Others worry about the potential for clones to be exploited or abused. (sentientdevelopments.com)
Others argue that human trait selection is inherently good, and that parents are simply looking to maximize their child's potential. (sentientdevelopments.com)

Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols. (cosmoetica.com)
[ 22 ] Avenzoar , an Arabic physician in 12th-century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. (wmflabs.org)

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