AntigenMacrophagesAntigensSubsetsPeripheralReceptorsCytotoxicAdhesionProteinAdaptive immuneAntibodiesGlycoproteinProliferationAffinityMoleculesCellsProteinsSerumReceptorSecretionDifferentiationActivationPeptidesReactionHumanConcludeVertebrateTumorAbstractIntegralDecreaseTissueGeneRoleResponseCell lineInteractionSite
Antigen21
- Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) from immune guinea pigs that adhere to antigen-pulsed macrophages (MØ) were cultured for 1 week to yield a population enriched in antigen-specific (selected) T cells. (aai.org)
- These cells bind specifically within hours to fresh autologous antigen-pulsed MØ. (aai.org)
- Lymphocytes that have dissociated from antigen-pulsed MØ are usually fully capable of rebinding to MØ freshly pulsed with antigen, suggesting that there is no deficiency in the lymphocytes ability to bind. (aai.org)
- Purified lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 binds to CD2 and mediates T lymphocyte adhesion. (ox.ac.uk)
- Lymphocyte adhesion through very late antigen 4: evidence for a novel binding site in the alternatively spliced domain of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and an additional alpha 4 integrin counter-receptor on stimulated endothelium. (silverchair.com)
- The lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 I domain is a transient binding module for intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-3 in hydrodynamic flow. (ox.ac.uk)
- The I domain of lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 contains an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-3 binding site, but the relationship of this site to regulated adhesion is unknown. (ox.ac.uk)
- The human body has the ability to form millions of different types of B cells each day, and each type has a unique receptor protein (referred to as the B cell receptor, or BCR) on its membrane that will bind to one particular antigen. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- After having captured antigen in non-lymphoid tissues, DCs migrate along immobilized gradients of the high affinity sugar-binding chemokine (C-C motif) ligand21 (CCL21) towards lymphatic vessels, from where they are flushed into the sinus of lymph nodes. (nature.com)
- The saga of MHC-bound peptides: a renaissance for antigen presentation? (jci.org)
- [2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)
- To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. (wikipedia.org)
- The class hence determines the function triggered by an antibody after binding to an antigen, in addition to some structural features. (wikipedia.org)
- After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
- The antigen binding site is circled. (wikipedia.org)
- Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two antigen-binding fragments (Fab), containing one V L , V H , C L , and C H 1 domain each, as well as the crystallisable fragment (Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. (wikipedia.org)
- This Antibody was verified by Cell treatment to ensure that the antibody binds to the antigen stated. (thermofisher.com)
- This medication targets CD19 which is a b-cell lymphocyte antigen that is present in some cancers. (oncolink.org)
- Bare lymphocyte syndrome type I or class I antigen deficiencies can be caused by mutations in the TAP2, TAP1 or TAPBP. (lu.se)
- The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
- Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
Macrophages5
- These are probably synthesized by macrophages and even by T lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
- CB2 R on lymphocytes and macrophages binds cannabinoids and modulates cytokine secretion. (rndsystems.com)
- CD4 is primarily expressed in a subset of T-lymphocytes, also referred to as T helper cells, but may also be expressed by other cells in the immune system, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. (thermofisher.com)
- Macrophages and dendritic cells on the surface of mucous membranes bind virus and shuttle it into the lymph nodes, which contain high concentrations of helper T cells (CD4+ T cells). (arizona.edu)
- The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
Antigens6
- Secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading microbes (such as viruses or bacteria), which flags them for destruction. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- peptides bound to HLA-DR17 from bronchoalveolar lavage cells of sarcoidosis patients were analyzed in order to identify target antigens of the autoimmune response (see the related article beginning on page 3576). (jci.org)
- The antibodies specifically bind to the antigens that induced the immune response. (cdc.gov)
- The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)
- Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)
- During incubation, if HIV-1 antibodies are present in the specimen, they will bind to the viral antigens bound to the nitrocellulose strips. (cdc.gov)
Subsets1
- The aim of our research was to determine how immunotherapy changes the proportion of lymphocyte subsets in dog peripheral blood and the levels of cytokines secreted by these cells during therapy. (mdpi.com)
Peripheral3
- Previous studies have suggested that specific IGF-I receptors are present on peripheral blood leukocytes, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (utmb.edu)
- We conclude from these data that among human peripheral blood nonactivated mononuclear cells, IGF-I binds to specific type I IGF receptors found predominately on monocytes and B-lymphocytes. (utmb.edu)
- Binding of lymphoid cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes was completely blocked by VLA-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and one VCAM-1 mAb (4B9) to both VCAM-6D and VCAM-7D, whereas one VCAM-1 mAb (E1/6) completely blocked binding to VCAM-6D but only partially inhibited binding to VCAM-7D. (silverchair.com)
Receptors5
- N -(4-[ 18 F]Fluorobenzoyl)interleukin-2 ([ 18 F]FB-IL2) specifically binds to interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R) and thus may be used to detect inflammation processes using positron emission tomography (PET). (springer.com)
- High levels of interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R) can be found mainly on the surface of activated T lymphocytes (both CD4+ and CD8+, mainly Th1 lymphocytes) [ 1 - 3 ] after endogenous stimulation. (springer.com)
- The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
- The complement system as understood today is a multimolecular system composed of more than 32 proteins and consisting of serum proteins, serosal proteins, and cell membrane receptors that bind to complement fragments. (medscape.com)
- The complement system consists of 7 serum and 9 membrane regulatory proteins, 1 serosal regulatory protein, and 8 cell membrane receptors that bind complement fragments. (medscape.com)
Cytotoxic3
- A functional antibody cross-reactive to both human and murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 via binding to an N-glycosylation epitope. (wuxibiologics.com)
- The cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) typically susceptible to antigenic variation. (cdc.gov)
- Cytotoxic lymphocyte production follows the rise of HIV in the blood. (arizona.edu)
Adhesion6
- CD2 is a T lymphocyte glycoprotein that functions in adhesion of T lymphocytes and also as a putative receptor for activation signals. (ox.ac.uk)
- These data demonstrate that LFA-3 is a ligand for CD2 and that LFA-3 can mediate T lymphocyte adhesion. (ox.ac.uk)
- Galectin-9 as a Potential Modulator of Lymphocyte Adhesion to Endothelium via Binding to Blood Group H Glycan. (bvsalud.org)
- Galectin -8 and galectin -9 expressed on the immune system cells are part of this process and can induce cell adhesion via binding to oligolactosamine glycans . (bvsalud.org)
- The degree of lymphocyte adhesion to native and the "H-restored" ( glycolipid -loaded) EA.hy 926 cells was comparable. (bvsalud.org)
- Binding of IgA prevented fungal epithelial adhesion and invasion resulting in a dampened proinflammatory epithelial response. (frontiersin.org)
Protein4
- The effect of PSK, a protein-bound polysaccharide and an immunomodulator, on lymphocytes was examined in vitro for 36 patients with gastric cancer and 26 with colorectal cancer. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Signal 1 is provided by a foreign peptide bound to an MHC protein on the surface of the presenting cell. (nih.gov)
- Bouillon, R. / The effect of vitamin D analogs and of vitamin D binding protein on lymphocyte proliferation . (itg.be)
- Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
Adaptive immune5
- The two main types of lymphocytes are T cells and B cells , which function in the adaptive immune system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The two main categories of lymphocytes are the B lymphocytes ( B cells ) and T lymphocytes ( T cell ), both of which are involved in the adaptive immune system (Alberts 1989). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The adaptive immune system is based on dedicated lymphocytes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The Tec kinases, closely related to Src family kinases, are essential for lymphocyte function in the adaptive immune system. (rcsb.org)
- The importance of apoptosis is exemplified by the vertebrate adaptive immune system, in which B lymphocytes, as they differentiate from their precursor cells, rearrange the DNA of immunoglobulin genes to generate a vast number of potential antibodies. (the-scientist.com)
Antibodies3
- Two color flow cytometric analysis of mononuclear cells stained with mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for the human IGF-I receptor, the human insulin receptor, and monoclonal antibodies directed against specific monocyte and lymphocyte subset cell surface antigens revealed that both IGF-I receptors and insulin receptors were present on nearly all monocytes and B-lymphocytes, but were present on only 2% of T-lymphocytes. (utmb.edu)
- B-lymphocytes undergo isotype switching, and IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies are found in the neuropil adjacent to the lesion. (jneurosci.org)
- The RPA-T4 antibody recognizes a different epitope than the OKT4 monoclonal antibody, and these antibodies do not cross-block binding to each other's respective epitopes. (thermofisher.com)
Glycoprotein2
- Since IL-2 is the natural ligand of the IL-2R, this glycoprotein was selected as a potential radiopharmaceutical for imaging activated T lymphocytes [ 16 ]. (springer.com)
- HIV binds to CD-SIGN, a glycoprotein expressed on dendritic cells. (arizona.edu)
Proliferation1
- CFSE is used to track lymphocyte migration and proliferation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Affinity5
- Binding of [ 125 I]IGF-I to mononuclear cells was inhibited by both unlabeled IGF-I and insulin, insulin being 200-fold less potent than IGF-I. Covalent affinity labeling with [ 125 I]IGF-I, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, revealed a specific binding species with an apparent mol wt of 130 kDa. (utmb.edu)
- I-GPI cells bound soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) with a low avidity and affinity. (ox.ac.uk)
- For chemokines binding with high affinity to sugar residues, immobilization can even lead to the formation of stable solid phase gradients, which induce a variant of haptotaxis 9 . (nature.com)
- HLA-DR molecules were affinity purified and bound peptides acid eluted. (jci.org)
- The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. (abcam.com)
Molecules4
- The sequence starts with the binding of 2 or more C1q recognition units to the Fc nonantigen binding part of IgG and IgM molecules. (medscape.com)
- Recently, it was demonstrated that TCR itself could become reactive by binding to small molecules free of the pHLA interface. (scirp.org)
- It labels cells by covalently binding to intracellular molecules. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. (bvsalud.org)
Cells18
- Cultured lymphocytes with PSK at 100 micrograms/ml increased the level of DNA synthesis, as determined by the 3H-thymidine uptake, from 0.9 to 3.0 fold, compared to the PSK non-treated cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Based on binding potential measured by PET, the limit of detection was about 160,000 CD25-positive cells per 200 μl lesion (95 % confidence). (springer.com)
- We show that renal cell carcinoma cells and normal renal cells express IL-15 mRNA and membrane-bound IL-15 (MbIL-15). (nih.gov)
- LFA-3 bound specifically to CD2+ cells, and this binding was inhibited by CD2 mAb. (ox.ac.uk)
- Conversely, purified LFA-3 inhibited binding of CD2 mAb to cells, and the concentration required for this effect suggests that LFA-3 half-saturated CD2 at 1-5 nM LFA-3. (ox.ac.uk)
- Purified LFA-3 inhibited rosetting of human and sheep erythrocytes with CD2+ T lymphoma cells and T lymphocytes, and mediated aggregation of a CD2+ T lymphoma cell line. (ox.ac.uk)
- The anti-VCAM-1 mAb 4B9 blocked the binding of PBL and lymphoid tumor cells to stimulated HUVEC better than the anti-VCAM-1 mAb E1/6. (silverchair.com)
- Because VCAM-7D is the predominant form of VCAM-1 expressed by stimulated endothelial cells, this difference in VCAM-1 mAb inhibition is attributed to lymphoid cell binding to VCAM-7D on stimulated HUVEC. (silverchair.com)
- Other lymphocyte-like cells are commonly known as natural killer cells, or NK cells, and are part of the innate immune system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The NK cells are sometimes labeled "large granular lymphocytes," while the T cells and B cells are labeled as "small lymphocytes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- While offering protection against millions of possible invaders, including viruses , bacteria , are cancer cells, lymphocytes allow normal body cells and helpful, symbiotic bacteria to flourish at the same time. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- A stained lymphocyte surrounded by red blood cells viewed using a light microscope. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- In addition, lymphocyte-like cells called natural killer (NK) cells are involved in the immune system, albeit part of the innate immune system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Besides CD19 + CD138 − B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells were enriched in the tongue of mice colonized with C. albicans suggesting a potential role of B lymphocytes during oral fungal colonization. (frontiersin.org)
- Peptide presentation is critical for immune recognition of pathogen-infected cells by CD8+ T lymphocytes. (jci.org)
- First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- HIV enters the body and binds to dendritic cells (orange cells with projections) which carry the virus to CD4+ T cells in lymphoid tissue establishing the infection. (arizona.edu)
- B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)
Proteins4
- It is associated with a complex of invariant transmembrane proteins called CD3 , which transduces the binding of the peptide- MHC complex into intracellular signals ( Figure 24-63 ). (nih.gov)
- We have found that the inactive conformations of the Tec kinase Itk and Src preferentially bind ADP over ATP, stabilising both proteins. (rcsb.org)
- The separated HIV-1 proteins are elecrotransferred from gel to a nitrocellulose membrane, which is then washed, blocked (to minimize nonspecific immunoglobulin binding), and packaged. (cdc.gov)
- Visualization of the human immunoglobulins specifically bound to HIV-1 proteins is accomplished in situ by using a series of reactions with goat anti-human IgG conjugated with biotin, avidin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and the HRP substrate 4-chloro-1-naphthol. (cdc.gov)
Serum3
- White blood cell, eosinophil, CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocyte counts, and serum interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IgE levels were determined before, 2 and 4 weeks after switching to vitamin E-bonded dialyzers. (dadamo.com)
- RESULTS: Eosinophil and CD4-positive lymphocyte counts and serum IL-5 were significantly (P = 0.003, 0.003 and 0.031, respectively) decreased after switching to vitamin E-bonded dialyzers. (dadamo.com)
- CD8-positive lymphocyte counts and serum IgE levels were unaltered. (dadamo.com)
Receptor3
- CD25 contains the main binding site for IL-2 and can be present as a transmembrane or soluble receptor. (springer.com)
- Trypsin-treated erythrocytes can be coated with antibody and complement components and used as a specific reagent to detect the C3 receptor on human B lymphocytes, avoiding the risk of an interaction between the erythrocytes and T lymphocytes. (ashpublications.org)
- Exogenous stimuli maintain intraepithelial lymphocytes via aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. (nature.com)
Secretion1
- Conclusion: Vitamin E-bonded dialyzers may ameliorate eosinophilia through a mechanism mediated by a decrease in IL-5 secretion by CD4-positive lymphocytes. (dadamo.com)
Differentiation1
- TCF7 (transcriptional factor 7) is a transcriptional activator involved in T-cell lymphocyte differentiation. (fishersci.com)
Activation2
- Our findings thus show that the in vitro activation of lymphocytes by PSK can help identify the candidates with either gastric or colorectal cancer who are the best suited to undergo immunochemotherapy including treatment with PSK. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Binding of factor H to C3b increases its inactivation by factor I. Properdin stabilizes it, preventing its inactivation by factors H and I. The alternate pathway does not result in a truly nonspecific activation of complement because it requires specific types of compounds for activation. (medscape.com)
Peptides4
- For the first time, to our knowledge, we have identified HLA-bound peptides presented in vivo during an inflammatory condition. (jci.org)
- This approach can be extended to characterize HLA-bound peptides in various autoimmune settings. (jci.org)
- In this issue of the JCI , two separate studies on MHC-bound peptides reopen the debate on the utility of peptides for the purposes of vaccination and treatment of autoimmune diseases. (jci.org)
- Neprilysin is a circulating and membrane-bound metalloprotease that cleaves peptides. (medscape.com)
Reaction1
- RPA-T4 blocks HIV binding and mixed lymphocyte reaction. (thermofisher.com)
Human5
- Pretreatment of sheep erythrocytes with neuraminidase greatly enhances their specific binding and rosette formation with human T lymphocytes. (ashpublications.org)
- Since the rosettes dissociate at 37°C, a method was developed to isolate human T lymphocytes with a high degree of purity and good recoveries. (ashpublications.org)
- A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a single human lymphocyte. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- DOTA antibody reporter 1 (DAbR1) comprises a single-chain fragment of the antilanthanoid-DOTA antibody 2D12.5/G54C fused to the human CD4-transmembrane domain and binds irreversibly to lanthanoid ( S )-2-(4-acrylamidobenzyl)-DOTA (AABD). (snmjournals.org)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain. (msdmanuals.com)
Conclude1
- We conclude that there is one VLA-4 binding site in the six Ig domains shared between VCAM-6D and VCAM-7D, and that the alternatively spliced domain 4 present in VCAM-7D provides a second VLA-4 binding site that is blocked by 4B9 but not the E1/6 mAb. (silverchair.com)
Vertebrate1
- A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the vertebrate immune system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Tumor1
- Time course experiments indicate that the fraction of alpha 4 integrin-dependent binding that can be blocked by anti-VCAM-1 mAb E1/6 rises and peaks within 2 h of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation. (silverchair.com)
Abstract1
- 1984. Covalent binding of benzidine to rat hemoglobin [Abstract]. (cdc.gov)
Integral1
- Lymphocytes play an important and integral role in the body's defenses, and are part of a system of extraordinary complexity and coordination. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Decrease1
- 1993. Decrease of CD4-positive T lymphocytes in workers exposed to benzidine and beta-naphthylamine. (cdc.gov)
Tissue1
- We discovered that, in mouse models, activated B-lymphocytes infiltrate infarcted tissue in the weeks after stroke. (jneurosci.org)
Gene4
- Site-directed mutagenesis of promoter constructs revealed that the transcription factor (NF)-κB binding site between 128 and 137 bp upstream of B7-H1 gene transcriptional start site is primarily responsible for HBx-mediated B7-H1 expression. (nih.gov)
- Shires, J., Theodoridis, E. & Hayday, A.C. Biological insights into TCRγδ + and TCRαβ + intraepithelial lymphocytes provided by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). (nature.com)
- TCF7 binds to the T-lymphocyte-specific enhancer element (5'-WWCAAAG-3') found in the promoter of the CD3E gene. (fishersci.com)
- The aim of this study was to investigate whether DAbR1 can be expressed on lymphocytes and used as a reporter gene as well as a suicide gene for therapy of immune-related adverse effects. (snmjournals.org)
Role1
- Isoforms for TCF7 lacking the N-terminal CTNNB1 binding domain cannot fulfill this role. (fishersci.com)
Response2
- There are reports of oligoclonal bands in the CSF of stroke patients, suggesting that in some people a B-lymphocyte response to stroke may occur in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
- Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that a B-lymphocyte response to stroke could contribute to the onset of dementia. (jneurosci.org)
Cell line1
Interaction1
- This suggests that the I domain acts as a transient, Mg2+-dependent binding module that cooperates with another Mn2+-stimulated site in LFA-1 to give rise to the stable interaction of intact LFA-1 with ICAM-1. (ox.ac.uk)