• Both isoform 3 of the human mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) and Traf2- and Nck-interacting kinase (TNIK) are putative effectors of Rap2 in mediating the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. (nih.gov)
  • In human platelets, Rap2 was shown to interact with the cytoskeleton by binding the actin filaments. (nih.gov)
  • For example, shank proteins are located further away from the membrane in the cytosolic faces of the PSDs, facing the actin cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
  • Alushin studies how these little-understood physical dynamics act on the cell's cytoskeleton, an internal network of protein filaments that constantly reconfigures itself to help the cell move, change shape, or ferry molecules from one cell compartment to another. (rockefeller.edu)
  • He shifted his focus from microtubules to actin filaments, another key part of the cytoskeleton made up of long polymers of proteins linked end-to-end. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Although, the non-muscle myosin II holoenzyme (myosin) is a molecular motor that powers contraction of actin cytoskeleton networks, recent studies have questioned the importance of myosin motor activity cell and tissue shape changes. (elifesciences.org)
  • In a proof of principle, the researchers created an opto-nanobody that binds to actin, a major component of the cytoskeleton that allows cells to move, divide and respond to their environment. (scienceblog.com)
  • 2013. The plant actin cytoskeleton responds to signals from microbe-associated molecular patterns. (purdue.edu)
  • The fission yeast actin cytoskeleton is an ideal, simplified system to investigate fundamental mechanisms behind cellular self-organization. (elifesciences.org)
  • They are sites of convergence between the actin cytoskeleton and ECM fibrils. (cellmigration.org)
  • The FLNA gene provides instructions for producing the protein filamin A, which helps build cells' extensive internal network of protein filaments called the cytoskeleton. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Filamin A primarily attaches (binds) to another protein called actin and helps it form the branching network of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This thesis is focused primarily on the effect that LTD4 has on reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton and on cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion properties. (lu.se)
  • We found that LTD4 caused dramatic changes in the actin cytoskeleton in intestinal epithelial cells, and an important factor in this context was the impact of this leukotriene on the actin-binding protein vinculin, which included inducing translocation of vinculin from a cell-cell to a cell-matrix complex. (lu.se)
  • In budding yeast, the actin-binding protein Bud6 cooperates with formins Bni1 and Bnr1 to catalyze the assembly of actin filaments. (nih.gov)
  • Thisimplies that BIN1 rather bundles actin than decorates single filaments.Third, we explored a strategy to purify an aggregation prone BAR protein.Aggregation is a property common in Peripheral Membrane Proteins. (kth.se)
  • In the enterocyte microvillus, the structural core is attached to the plasma membrane along its length by lateral arms made of myosin 1a and Ca 2+ binding protein calmodulin . (wikipedia.org)
  • The RNA-binding protein NANOS3 poses as an interesting candidate gene for POI since members of the Nanos family have an evolutionarily conserved function in germ cell development and maintenance by repressing apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
  • After exposure, cells were processed into soluble and membrane fractions, dialyzed, and analyzed for extent of MDI protein binding, following acid hydrolysis, by quantification of the MDI hydrolysis product, methylenedianiline (MDA). (cdc.gov)
  • Protein bound MDI was detected in a dose-dependent manner and quantified from the membrane and soluble fractions of MDI exposed THP-1 cells. (cdc.gov)
  • The extent of MDI intracellular protein binding was not affected by cytochalasin D, a chemical which binds actin filaments and inhibits active uptake into cells. (cdc.gov)
  • The cryo-EM analysis also revealed a population of free V 1 bound to Oxidation Resistance 1 (Oxr1p), a poorly characterized protein that has been implicated in protecting cells from oxidative stress. (upstate.edu)
  • 2015. Capping protein integrates multiple MAMP signalling pathways to modulate actin dynamics during plant innate immunity. (purdue.edu)
  • 2014. Heterodimeric capping protein from Arabidopsis is a membrane-associated, actin-binding protein. (purdue.edu)
  • By focusing on the stabilizing protein tropomyosin Cdc8, bundling protein fimbrin Fim1, and severing protein coffin Adf1, we examined how their pairwise and collective interactions with actin filaments regulate their activity and segregation to functionally diverse F-actin networks. (elifesciences.org)
  • Herein, we report that in disease models with overactive mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling (or mTORopathies), deficits in dendritic L-VGCC activity are associated with increased expression of the RNA-binding protein (RBP) Parkinsonism-associated deglycase (DJ-1). (bvsalud.org)
  • They bind to structural components (emerin, nesprin), chromatin components (histone), signal transduction molecules (protein kinase C), and several gene regulatory molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Lastly, mutations in the transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43), also termed LUMA, which binds to emerin and SUN2, has also been reported to cause an EDMD phenotype in a few families. (medscape.com)
  • Increased adhesion of the cancer cells depended on activation of cyclooxygenase-2, an enzyme that is involved in progression of colon cancers, whereas adhesion of the intestinal epithelial cells was augmented by LTD4-induced translocation of protein kinase C to areas where integrins bind to matrix proteins (focal adhesions). (lu.se)
  • In this study, using direct visualization of single actin filament elongation, we show that actin polymerization kinetics at both filament ends are strongly influenced by the binding of proteins to the lateral filament surface. (cipsm.de)
  • CryoEM reveals that themuscular BIN1 isoform does not bind to single actin filaments, althoughBIN1 can be co-sedimented with actin after polymerization of actin. (kth.se)
  • A sarcomere contracts when its actin filaments slide past its myosin filaments. (pearson.com)
  • Contraction shortens the sarcomere but does not change the length of the actin or myosin filaments. (pearson.com)
  • The myosin filaments have heads that bind and pull actin repeatedly, shortening the sarcomere. (pearson.com)
  • The bipolar myosin filaments promote the sliding of antiparallel actin filaments relative to one another resulting in contraction of an actin network. (elifesciences.org)
  • Fimbrin forms bundles of parallel actin filaments in filopodia, but it remains unclear how fimbrin forms well-ordered bundles. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Based on these results, we propose that fimbrin-actin interactions accompanied by unidirectional long-range allostery help the formation of well-ordered parallel actin filament bundles. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We find that ABPs with a valency greater than two promote filament bundles and large filament clusters to a much greater extent than bivalent multilinkers. (aps.org)
  • We also show that active myosin-like motor proteins promote the formation of dendritic branches from a stalk of actin bundles. (aps.org)
  • These domains cross-link actin filaments into bundles and networks. (embl.de)
  • The nucleation-enhancing activity of Bud6 requires both a "core" domain that binds to the formin and a "flank" domain that binds monomeric actin. (nih.gov)
  • mRNAs are transported along microtubules (MTs) by different kinesins and cytoplasmic dynein and get anchored at the actin cortex, intermediate filaments or unknown structures (1, 3). (europa.eu)
  • Thus, herein we provide first evidence that neuronal motility not only depends on cytoplasmic actin dynamics but also on the availability of actin to modulate nuclear functions such as gene transcription. (jneurosci.org)
  • To address this issue, we focused on the cooperative interaction between the actin-binding domain of fimbrin and actin filaments. (elsevierpure.com)
  • First, we loosely immobilized actin filaments on a glass surface via a positively charged lipid layer and observed the binding of GFP-fused actin-binding domain 2 of fimbrin using fluorescence microscopy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Interestingly, binding of the fimbrin actin-binding domain shortened the length of loosely immobilized actin filaments. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 20 to 30 tightly bundled actin filaments are cross-linked by bundling proteins fimbrin (or plastin-1), villin and espin to form the core of the microvilli. (wikipedia.org)
  • A number of actin-binding proteins, including spectrin, alpha-actinin and fimbrin, contain a 250 amino acid stretch called the actin binding domain (ABD). (embl.de)
  • The motor domain catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to power the translocation of actin filaments, a function referred to as motor activity. (elifesciences.org)
  • V-ATPase is made of two subcomplexes: a cytosolic V 1 that carries out ATP hydrolysis, and a membrane bound V o that is responsible for proton translocation. (upstate.edu)
  • Actin filament dynamics govern many key physiological processes from cell motility to tissue morphogenesis. (cipsm.de)
  • A central feature of actin dynamics is the capacity of filaments to polymerize and depolymerize at their ends in response to cellular conditions. (cipsm.de)
  • Tuning elongation kinetics by exploiting the malleability of the filament structure may be a ubiquitous mechanism to generate a rich variety of cellular actin dynamics. (cipsm.de)
  • The growth cone is the site of axon extension, and it is characterized by a complex morphology wholly dependent on the actin filaments that underlie filopodia and lamellipodia formation and dynamics ( Dent and Gertler, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) proteins are peripheralmembrane proteins (PMP) and play an important role in sculpturingmembranes and in the regulation of actin dynamics. (kth.se)
  • and consequently membrane deformation.Second, we clarified BIN1's role in actin dynamics. (kth.se)
  • In addition to regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in the cytoplasm, actin modulates nuclear gene expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • Moreover, R62D NLS decreases neuronal motility similar to the cytoplasmic R62D actin mutant although R62D NLS has no access to cytoplasmic actin dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
  • In addition to regulation of cytoplasmic cytoskeletal dynamics, a little appreciated property of actin signaling is modulation of gene expression so far only reported for non-neuronal cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, we analyzed the dynamics of fluorescently tagged cofilin and the role of cofilin-mediated actin turnover during endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (rupress.org)
  • However, the role of actin filament disassembly (a key step in actin dynamics) during actin-mediated endocytosis is less clear. (rupress.org)
  • These small highly conserved actin-binding proteins are essential regulators of actin dynamics in living cells. (rupress.org)
  • Cofilin and its role in actin dynamics have been studied extensively in vitro. (rupress.org)
  • From neurons and sunflowers to elephant trunks : the fascinating dynamics of smart active filaments. (espci.fr)
  • To connect microscopic dynamics to macroscale behaviors we measured the phase diagram of a new system of microtubule filaments and end-accumulating kinesin molecular motors. (aps.org)
  • 2016. A processive Arabidopsis formin modulates actin-filament dynamics in association with profilin. (purdue.edu)
  • 2014. The availability of filament ends modulates actin stochastic dynamics in live plant cells. (purdue.edu)
  • 2014. Actin Depolymerizing Factor4 regulates actin dynamics during innate immune signaling in Arabidopsis. (purdue.edu)
  • Overexpressing these mutant actins in mouse hippocampal neurons not only modulated growth-cone function but also neurite elongation, which was ambiguous by traditional pharmacological interference. (jneurosci.org)
  • Moreover these actin mutants affect neurite elongation, an actin function which by pharmacological actin interference was ambiguous. (jneurosci.org)
  • 2016. Profilin-dependent nucleation and assembly of actin filaments controls cell elongation in Arabidopsis. (purdue.edu)
  • The elongation occurs along a template of bundled actin [7] . (cellmigration.org)
  • one binds in a groove at the barbed end of the actin monomer in a manner closely resembling the helix of WH2 domains, a motif found in many actin nucleation factors. (nih.gov)
  • Mutational analysis verifies the importance of these Bud6-actin contacts for nucleation-enhancing activity. (nih.gov)
  • The Bud6 binding site on actin overlaps with that of the formin FH2 domain and is also incompatible with inter-subunit contacts in F-actin, suggesting that Bud6 interacts only transiently with actin monomers during filament nucleation. (nih.gov)
  • The nucleation of actin fibers occurs as a response to external stimuli, allowing a cell to alter its shape to suit a particular situation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Considering filament polymerization requires ATP, inhibition of glycolysis results in a paradoxical increase in axonal actin filament levels. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here we analyzed neuronal actin signaling by a novel approach using actin mutant isoforms known to favor or preclude actin polymerization. (jneurosci.org)
  • This localization was found to be unaffected by manipulations that were expected to change polymerization rates at the leading edge, which should alter the relative abundance of ATP-, ADP-Pi-, and ADP-actin subunits within the filaments. (rupress.org)
  • These adhesions generate signals that activate Rac, promoting actin polymerization and preventing myosin II engagement in the lamellipodium. (cellmigration.org)
  • Podosomes are structurally divided into a core, which mainly contains proteins involved in actin polymerization (such as WASP, the Arp2/3 complex and cortactin ), and a surrounding ring populated by integrin receptors and adhesion proteins (for example, paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK/Pyk2) ) [15] . (cellmigration.org)
  • Forces that shape cells and tissues can be produced by the contraction of actin filament (F-actin) meshworks by the molecular motor Myosin II (myosin). (nature.com)
  • Myosin molecules and actin molecules are individual proteins that make up the sarcomeres and myofibrils, respectively, but they are not the correct answer either as they do not represent the entire structure formed by the basic units of contraction. (proprofs.com)
  • These Ca++ ions bind to proteins within the muscle cell, leading to a series of biochemical reactions that ultimately result in muscle contraction. (proprofs.com)
  • We combine these experimental insights with theoretical modeling of active filaments to illustrate that ciliary oscillations indeed exist in the presence of internal friction as the sole source of dissipation. (aps.org)
  • And his efforts ultimately paid off, allowing Alushin and his colleagues to produce the highest-resolution images of microtubules-cytoskeletal filaments that give a cell its shape-that had ever been achieved at the time. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The second approach is to isolate actin-associated proteins using molecular and biochemical techniques, to characterize their function in vitro, and to use these as probes to dissect cytoskeletal function in living plant cells. (purdue.edu)
  • Cell-cell and cell-matrix complexes of epithelial cells are interconnected through cytoskeletal filaments and proteins, and they influence the activities and outcome of various cellular processes. (lu.se)
  • WH2 binds actin monomers enabling the production of actin filaments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cofilin is the major mediator of actin filament turnover in vivo. (rupress.org)
  • However, the molecular mechanism of cofilin recruitment to actin networks during dynamic actin-mediated processes in living cells and cofilin's precise in vivo functions have not been determined. (rupress.org)
  • In living cells, cofilin is not necessary for actin assembly on endocytic membranes but is recruited to molecularly aged adenosine diphosphate actin filaments and is necessary for their rapid disassembly. (rupress.org)
  • Defects in cofilin function alter the morphology of actin networks in vivo and reduce the rate of actin flux through actin networks. (rupress.org)
  • These results suggest that cofilin-mediated actin filament flux is required for the multiple steps of endocytic trafficking. (rupress.org)
  • A major modulator of actin filament disassembly is the actin-depolymerization factor/cofilin family of proteins (hereafter referred to as cofilin). (rupress.org)
  • Cofilin binds preferentially to ADP-actin subunits within actin filaments. (rupress.org)
  • The molecular determinants of cofilin recruitment to actin filaments in vivo have not been fully investigated. (rupress.org)
  • Genetic and biochemical analysis of a conditional allele of cofilin showed that the actin filament disassembly activity of cofilin is essential for fluid-phase endocytosis ( Lappalainen and Drubin, 1997 ). (rupress.org)
  • Extensive efforts over the past few years have focused on understanding the non-equilibrium macroscale behaviors of filamentous biopolymers such as microtubules and actin filaments that are driven by associated molecular motors. (aps.org)
  • G15S actin enhanced neurite outgrowth and filopodia number. (jneurosci.org)
  • Our work motivates future studies to embrace network theory as a tool to characterize complex morphologies of actomyosins detected by experiments, leading to a quantitative understanding of the role of ABPs in manipulating the self-assembly of actin filaments into unique architectures that underlie the structural scaffold of a cell relating to its mobility and shape. (aps.org)
  • Filamentous actin is represented in red, and myosin in orange. (wikimedia.org)
  • Myosin 1a functions through a binding site for filamentous actin on one end and a lipid binding domain on the other. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA binding proteins recognize these sequences and assemble with their mRNA target into mRNPs. (europa.eu)
  • Dendritic localisation of CaMKIIa-mRNA requires its 3'UTR harbouring binding sites for RBPs as FMRP and Staufen2, which are required for its correct localisation. (europa.eu)
  • DJ-1 binds the mRNA coding for the alpha and auxiliary Ca2+ channel subunits CaV1.2 and α2δ2, and represses their mRNA translation, only in the disease states, specifically preclinical models of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). (bvsalud.org)
  • Utilizing multi-color TIRF microscopy of in vitro reconstituted F-actin networks, we observed and characterized two distinct Cdc8 cables loading and spreading cooperatively on individual actin filaments. (elifesciences.org)
  • Their formation and stability are linked to the dendritic actin that forms [5] , [6] . (cellmigration.org)
  • Lipid binding is essential for membrane attachment, a key feature of most Ras proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Dynein light chain LC8-nNOS from acto-myosin Va is possibly exchanged with shank, which thereafter facilitates transposition of nNOS for binding with palmitoyl-PSD95 at the nerve terminal membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • Diverse organ systems reveal that nNOS remains membrane-bound during enzymatic synthesis, suggesting that membrane localization of nNOS may be critical for enzyme action in a physiological context ( 5 , 24 - 33 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These filaments are thought to determine the shape and movement of the plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The consequences of decreasing actin flux are manifested by decreased but not blocked endocytic internalization at the plasma membrane and defects in late steps of membrane trafficking to the vacuole. (rupress.org)
  • Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate binds membrane and intracellular proteins of intact THP-1 cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Eleven bands from the soluble fraction and 2 bands from the membrane fraction were identified as containing MDI bound proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • Filamin A binds to proteins called integrins, which span the cell membrane and anchor cells to the extracellular matrix. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Severing increases the number of actin filament pointed ends and, in conjunction with capping of barbed ends by capping proteins, stimulates filament disassembly ( Andrianantoandro and Pollard, 2006 ). (rupress.org)
  • Biochemical experiments showed that Oxr1p binds and promotes V-ATPase disassembly. (upstate.edu)
  • Myofibrils are long, cylindrical structures made up of proteins called actin and myosin. (proprofs.com)
  • When the actin filaments were tightly immobilized to the surface by increasing the charge density of the lipid layer, cluster formation was suppressed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Work done using smooth muscle myosin and mammalian non-muscle myosin have demonstrated that phosphorylation of the RLC at conserved Serine and Threonine sites ( Figure 1B , Serine-19 and Threonine-18) activates myosin motor activity, enhances the affinity of myosin for actin, and promotes myosin filament assembly ( Heissler and Sellers, 2016 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Each muscle fascicle represents a group of muscle fibers bound together by a layer of connective tissue termed the perimysium. (medscape.com)
  • Growth-cone collapse induced by ephrin-As, a family of repulsive axon guidance molecules, is impaired upon R62D expression, resulting in perseverance of ring-shaped F-actin filaments. (jneurosci.org)
  • The team reported that one type of OptoBinder changed its affinity for its target molecules up to 330-fold when shifted from dark to blue light conditions, while others showed a five-fold difference in binding affinity - all of which could be useful to researchers seeking to understand and engineer the behaviors of cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • Employing these actin mutants, we uncovered a function for actin signaling in growth-cone motility modulated by ephrin-A guidance cues. (jneurosci.org)
  • Under conditions of suppressed oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis actin turnover in developing neurons consumes ∼50% of the available ATP ( Bernstein and Bamburg, 2003 ), indicating that actin filament turnover is a major bioenergetic drain. (jneurosci.org)
  • This result suggests that the propagation of cooperative structural changes of actin filaments evoked by binding of the actin-binding domain was suppressed by a strong physical interaction with the glass surface. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Differential global structural changes in the core particle of yeast and mouse proteasome induced by ligand binding. (mpg.de)
  • Each microvillus has a dense bundle of cross-linked actin filaments, which serves as its structural core. (wikipedia.org)
  • The light chains bind to the central neck domain of the myosin heavy chain and have structural and regulatory functions ( Heissler and Sellers, 2014 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • We investigated the role of multivalent actin-binding proteins (ABPs) in reorganizing actin filaments into higher order complex networks via a computer model of semiflexible filaments. (aps.org)
  • To obtain information about BIN1's interaction with themembrane in near native environments, we used artificial lipid systems suchas liposomes and lipids nanotubes.First, we have shown that electrostatic interactions are more important forBIN1 when binding to membranes with low curvature. (kth.se)
  • The rational for the different myosin fragments lies in the different biochemical properties: Full-length myosin forms filaments, sediments at high speed and can be used in the in vitro motility assay. (elifesciences.org)
  • We characterize the importance of local connectivity among actin filaments as well as the global features of actomyosin networks by first mapping the networks into graph representations, then implementing network-theory order parameters that provide principles for combining multiple local models into a joint global model accounting for heterogeneous observations. (aps.org)
  • The N-terminal CH domain has the intrinsic ability to bind actin, albeit with lower affinity than the complete ABD, whereas the C-terminal CH bind actin extremely weakly or not at all. (embl.de)
  • The opto-nanobody strongly bound to actin in the dark, but released its hold within two minutes in the presence of blue light. (scienceblog.com)
  • A recent study from the Wilkens lab in collaboration with Seoul National University uncovered a novel mechanism of yeast V-ATPase regulation based on biochemical experiments and cryo electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of holo V-ATPase and Oxr1 bound V 1 subcomplex. (upstate.edu)
  • Actin filaments, present in the cytosol , are most abundant near the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results obtained by administering Blebbistatin propose a titin-actin interaction that depends on XB-binding or active XB-based force production. (frontiersin.org)
  • The actin mutants G15S and S14C favor F-actin assembly, yet differ with regard to their ABP interaction. (jneurosci.org)
  • Actin is an ATPase and must be loaded with ATP to polymerize and subsequently hydrolyzes the ATP once incorporated into a filament. (jneurosci.org)
  • We show that neuronal motility evoked by these actin mutants requires SRF activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • The actin-binding domain formed low-density clusters with unidirectional growth along actin filaments. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Toward this end, we used a novel approach using mutant actins either favoring (G15S) or inhibiting (R62D) F-actin assembly. (jneurosci.org)
  • The C-terminal tail of the myosin heavy chain associates with the tails of other myosin heavy chains and promotes the assembly into bipolar filaments. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, it has not been biochemically demonstrated that Drosophila myosin motor activity and filament assembly is regulated by RLC phosphorylation or whether the extent of activation is similar to that of mammalian systems. (elifesciences.org)
  • Finally, competition between Fim1 and Adf1 for F-actin synergizes their activities, promoting rapid displacement of Cdc8 from a dense F-actin network. (elifesciences.org)
  • Lastly, the WH2 domain, WASP-homology domain 2, is approximately 18 amino acids long, and serves as an actin binding domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sarcomeres are the functional units within myofibrils where this sliding of actin and myosin occurs. (proprofs.com)
  • In addition, the CH domain occurs also in a number of proteins not known to bind actin, a notable example being the vav protooncogene. (embl.de)
  • Notably, a nucleus-resident actin (R62D NLS ) also regulates SRF's transcriptional activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • This release of calcium initiates actin-myosin crossbridge activity and the observation of the muscle shortening and contracting. (jove.com)
  • However, mechanistic details are lacking, and recent studies have implicated ALMS1 in several processes including endosomal trafficking, actin organisation, maintenance of centrosome cohesion and transcription. (springer.com)
  • But when testosterone binds to receptors on the surface of the sperm cell, it prevents RhoA from binding to actin filaments. (erec-renewables.org)
  • There, the motor neuron establishes synaptic contact with the muscle fiber and triggers the release of the neuro transmitter acetylcholine, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors. (jove.com)
  • Binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the sarcolemma allows entry of sodium ions into the cell and triggers an action potential in the muscle cell. (jove.com)
  • SRF controls gene transcription of various actin isoforms (e.g. (jneurosci.org)
  • Gsn ) and is the archetypical transcription factor to study actin interplay with transcription. (jneurosci.org)