• Hyperlipidemia comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by high levels in one or more lipids and/or lipoproteins [atherogenic free fatty acids (FA), triglycerides (TG) (hypertriglyceridemia), small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (hypercholesterolemia), and apolipoprotein (apo) B], and/or low level in antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), in the circulation [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The N-terminal type A repeats in LDL receptor bind the lipoproteins. (embl.de)
  • 2 In the blood, APOE protein could interact with lipids, resulting in lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). (dovepress.com)
  • APOE serves as a ligand for members of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family and is involved in the removal of lipoproteins from the circulation for excretion in the liver. (dovepress.com)
  • APOE is a 299 amino acid plasma glycoprotein associated with LDL, VLDL, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). (dovepress.com)
  • These kind of particles are known as low-density lipoproteins, or LDL. (scholarshipads.info)
  • The 22 kDa fragment has reduced affinity for lipoproteins, suggesting that apoE recycling is linked to the ability of apoE to bind directly to a recycling receptor. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This article reviews the cellular receptors for HCV and suggests a general model for HCV entry into cells, in which lipoproteins play a crucial role. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scavenger receptors are cell membrane proteins that bind chemically modified lipoproteins, such as acetylated and oxidized LDLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several studies have demonstrated that macrophages express high levels of CD36 enabling them to bind and internalize oxidized lipoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cysteine-rich repeat in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that plays a central role in mammalian cholesterol metabolism. (embl.de)
  • The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, acting to regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammalian cells. (embl.de)
  • YP170-GFP, like endogenous yolk, is a cholesterol binding/transport protein related to human ApoB-100, the major protein component of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL). (wormbook.org)
  • Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is one of the key factors for the development of atherosclerosis. (hindawi.com)
  • Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is crucial in the development of atherosclerosis, and low LDL levels reduce the risk of major events in patients with CVD [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, blocking FSH signaling by anti-FSHβ antibody or ablating the FSH receptor ( FSHR ) gene could effectively prevent hypercholesterolemia induced by FSH injection or high-cholesterol diet feeding. (nature.com)
  • CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - Familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic disease characterized by high levels of cholesterol and early mortality, is caused by defects in the receptor for the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-the bad cholesterol. (mit.edu)
  • This in turn impedes the receptor's ability to bind bad cholesterol and remove it from the bloodstream, causing the hypercholesterolemia. (mit.edu)
  • Normally, cholesterol is removed from the bloodstream and taken into cells by the LDL receptor on the cell surface. (mit.edu)
  • Scientists have known that a defective LDL receptor results in high levels of blood cholesterol. (mit.edu)
  • The new understanding of the role of these cellular receptors in regulating cholesterol levels in the bloodstream spurred the successful treatment strategy for high cholesterol using a combination of drugs and diet change to lower blood cholesterol levels. (mit.edu)
  • The particle is within the root vesicle, which is a . binds to Lysosomes that digest LDL and ldl cholesterol made out there for cell use. (scholarshipads.info)
  • Individuals with hereditary hypercholesterolemia (-mia, "blood") have excessive ranges of harmful ldl cholesterol of their blood. (scholarshipads.info)
  • The enzyme proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, or PCSK9, regulates cholesterol metabolism by binding and chaperoning the low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, receptor to be degraded. (asbmb.org)
  • The enzyme PCSK9 protein regulates cholesterol metabolism by degrading the low-density lipoprotein receptor. (asbmb.org)
  • These include genes of proteins that are involved in the uptake, biosynthesis, disposition, and cellular efflux of cholesterol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An important regulator of cellular cholesterol content is the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) pathway, which controls, by transcriptional regulation, the uptake of cholesterol via LDL-receptor and several steps in the de novo synthesis of cholesterol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In healthy individuals cells ingest cholesterol by endocytosis of LDL bound to the LDL-receptor (LDLR). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to an EGF-like domain, the proteins also consist of a lowdensity lipoprotein receptor class A area (LDLa), the binding website for LDL and calcium within the LDL receptor that plays a central function in mammalian cholesterol metabolic process [21]. (calpaininhibitor.com)
  • Using data from the second phase (1991-1994) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), we examined associations between 22 polymorphisms in 13 candidate genes and four serum lipids: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). (cdc.gov)
  • Previous reports from the Framingham Heart Study suggested a strong positive relationship between coronary heart disease and elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, in addition to an inverse relationship between the disease and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels [ 5 - 8 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • The LDL receptor binds LDL and transports it into cells by acidic endocytosis. (embl.de)
  • Other, slightly less lipophilic probes are used as membrane markers of endocytosis and exocytosis ( Probes for Following Receptor Binding and Phagocytosis-Section 16.1 ). (thermofisher.com)
  • Endocytosis is the vesicle-mediated process used by all cells to internalize extracellular macromolecules, plasma membrane lipids, and plasma membrane proteins ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
  • One important model for mechanistic studies of endocytosis in C. elegans focuses on oocytes, which internalize huge quantities of yolk proteins and their associated lipids by clathrin-mediated endocytosis ( Grant and Hirsh, 1999 ). (wormbook.org)
  • Trafficking of yolk and yolk receptors also depends critically upon the activities of the endocytic Rab proteins RAB-5 , RAB-7 , and RAB-11 , known modulators of endocytosis in all eukaryotes ( Grant and Hirsh, 1999 ). (wormbook.org)
  • Consecutive pathway and cluster analysis led to the identification of biological processes, namely processes involving binding and processing of nucleic acids, LRP1-dependent endocytosis, and exosome formation. (degruyter.com)
  • he is additionally rising because of receptor-mediated endocytosis. (scholarshipads.info)
  • After endocytosis, the LDLR uncouples from its ligand and returns to the cell surface, while the LDL is catabolized. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Disabled-2 (Dab2) is an endocytic adaptor protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and cargo trafficking. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dab2 also modulates cellular signaling pathways by mediating the endocytosis and recycling of surface receptors and associated signaling components. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, Dab2 mediates the simultaneous attachment of clathrin-coated cargos containing transmembrane proteins with one or more NPXY motifs, such as the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, megalin, and integrins, to the myosin motor, enabling endocytosis and directional trafficking. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Modulation of LDL receptor endocytosis by Dab2 has also been studied in cultured cells [ 36 ], though a role in vivo has not yet been established. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Loss-of-function mutations or LRP6 in humans lead to increased plasma LDL and triglycerides, hypertension, diabetes and osteoporosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • We evaluated participants for progression to abnormal lipids (normal lipids at baseline, abnormal at follow-up), regression (abnormal lipids at baseline, normal at follow-up), stable normal and stable abnormal lipids over time for HDL-C, LDL-C and triglycerides. (cdc.gov)
  • APOE is also involved in the formation of chylomicrons and VLDL and affects the activity of other lipid metabolism-associated proteins and enzymes, such as hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase. (dovepress.com)
  • low density lipoprotein (LDL) glycosaminoglycan's (GAGs), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors are also involved in enhancing the binding of the HCV virus to the membrane. (bartleby.com)
  • To investigate the intracellular routing of recycling apoE, primary hepatocyte cultures from LDL receptor-deficient mice and mice deficient in receptor-associated protein [a model of depressed expression of LDL receptor-related protein (LRP)] were incubated with human VLDL containing 125 I-labeled human recombinant apoE3. (elsevierpure.com)
  • APOE binds to cell-surface receptors to deliver lipids and to the hydrophobic amyloid-β peptide, regulating amyloid-β aggregations and clearances in the brain. (dovepress.com)
  • Cocoa polyphenols tend to reduce inflammation by regulating proinflammatory mediators and controlling processes that oxidize low density lipids (LDL) in the development of atherosclerosis 73 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent advances in understanding the molecular events underlying hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) caused by mutations of the genes encoding proteins of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway have been presented. (springer.com)
  • Novel data were reviewed and discussed on the structure and functions of the components of TNFα-related signaling pathway, the consequences of mutations of the genes encoding these proteins, and the prospect for further investigations, which might elucidate the origin of HED. (springer.com)
  • HED embraces a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases and is due to mutations of several genes that encode components of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway (Cluzeau et al. (springer.com)
  • The purpose of this report is to review current literature on the structure and function of components of the TNFα-related signaling pathway, to present a novel approach to their contribution in the differentiation of skin appendages and to discuss the role of mutations of genes encoding components of this pathway in the origin of HED. (springer.com)
  • Mutations of these genes are responsible for systemic tooth agenesis, in addition to the defects of other ectodermal structures, and this review is limited to description of the function of their protein products. (springer.com)
  • Norrin (also called Norrie Disease Protein or NDP) is a secreted regulatory protein, mutations in which cause Norrie disease (X-linked retinal dysplasia). (rndsystems.com)
  • Mutations in the LDL receptor gene cause familial hypercholesterolemia. (embl.de)
  • Numerous familial hypercholestorolemia mutations of the LDL receptor alter the calcium coordinating residue of LDL-A domains or other crucial scaffolding residues. (embl.de)
  • 1996) Secreted amyloid beta protein similar to that in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease is increased in vivo by the Presenilin 1 and 2 and APP mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease. (brightfocus.org)
  • Now, Boston area scientists have found that this occurs because mutations in the LDL receptor prevent the protein from folding into its normal shape. (mit.edu)
  • In the Whitehead-HHMI study, researchers studied a critical fragment of the LDL receptor that frequently contains single amino acid mutations in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. (mit.edu)
  • Based on these data and other biochemical information, researchers speculate that the mutations in the LDL receptor affect the receptor's ability to bind calcium and therefore its ability to fold into its proper shape. (mit.edu)
  • Knowing that a protein folding defect is at the root of familial hypercholesterolemia may allow scientists to design better therapies. (mit.edu)
  • In most cases of familial hypercholesterolemia, this happens because the gene for the LDL receptor is slightly mutated. (mit.edu)
  • In the 1970s, Drs. Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein discovered that LDL is removed from the bloodstream by receptors on the cell surface and that these receptors are mutated in familial hypercholesterolemia. (mit.edu)
  • LRP6 is a key component of the LRP5/LRP6/Frizzled co-receptor group that is involved in canonical Wnt pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • LRP6 acts as a co-receptor with LRP5 and the Frizzled protein family members for transducing signals by Wnt proteins through the canonical Wnt pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the exception of EDA1 and NEMO , both localized on the X chromosome, all other genes encoding components of the TNFα-related signaling pathway involved in differentiation of skin appendages, are localized on the autosomes (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
  • Within the last 10 years significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of HED and this is mainly due to the discovery of unknown proteins and the elucidation of their function in signal transduction via the TNFα-related pathway. (springer.com)
  • The signaling via the TNFα-related pathway, which is critical for differentiation of skin appendages, has been elucidated mainly due to the investigations performed in mice (Mikkola 2009 ). (springer.com)
  • The downstream signal transduction toward Eda-A1 involves the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Clevers 2006 ) and requires lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (Lef-1) for activation of the Ed1 ( Ta ) expression (Durmowicz et al. (springer.com)
  • Although Norrin is not related to Wnt family proteins, it functions like a Wnt protein in that it binds with high affinity to the receptor Frizzled-4, requires LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) as a co-receptor, and induces activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. (rndsystems.com)
  • The protein plays an important role in the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in regulation of vascular cell proliferation. (nih.gov)
  • PGRN also acts as a protective factor in hyperhomocysteinemia, probably by down-regulating the wingless-related integration site Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present study we identify the focal adhesion-associated proteins p130Cas, Pyk2, and paxillin as novel members of the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway downstream of CD36 and show that assembly of this complex is essential for microglial migration. (neuroprobe.com)
  • Disruption of this p130Cas complex by small interfering RNA silencing inhibits p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and microglial migration, illustrating the importance of this pathway in microglial activation and recruitment. (neuroprobe.com)
  • Mechanistically, FSH, via binding to hepatic FSHRs, activates the Gi2α/β-arrestin-2/Akt pathway and subsequently inhibits the binding of FoxO1 with the SREBP-2 promoter, thus preventing FoxO1 from repressing SREBP-2 gene transcription. (nature.com)
  • SUMOylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that has been found to play a major role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (frontiersin.org)
  • Proteins associated with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway have been identified as SUMOylated substrates, and evidences suggested that the initiation and progression of cancers depended on the function of the SUMOylation ( 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Aloïs Dusuel and colleagues at the University of Burgundy recently published findings in the Journal of Lipid Research that a protein tightly related to key players of the RLT pathway, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, or CETP, does not contribute to the binding and transfer of LPS in plasma. (asbmb.org)
  • Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-transport protein abundantly expressed in most neurons in the central nervous system. (dovepress.com)
  • Both apoE and pro-heparanase bind the LRP-1. (xula.edu)
  • These findings imply a functional relationship between apoE and endothelial cell matrix because the deregulation of these molecules can be inhibited by a short peptide derived from the receptor-binding region of apoE. (xula.edu)
  • ApoE belongs to a group of proteins that bind reversibly with lipoprotein and play an important role in lipid metabolism. (caslab.com)
  • It's interaction with specific ApoE receptor enables uptake of chylomicron remnants by liver cells, which is an essential step during normal lipid metabolism. (caslab.com)
  • It also binds with the LDL receptor (apo B/E). Defects in ApoE are a cause of hyperlipoproteinemia type III. (caslab.com)
  • This gene encodes a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein family. (nih.gov)
  • Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRP6 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • LRP6 is a transmembrane low-density lipoprotein receptor that shares a similar structure with LRP5. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we report that in AD patients and two mouse models of AD, overexpression of serum response factor (SRF) and myocardin (MYOCD) in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) generates an Aβ non-clearing VSMC phenotype through transactivation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-2, which downregulates low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1, a key Aβ clearance receptor. (nature.com)
  • Other homologous domains occur in related receptors, including the very low-density lipoprotein receptor and the LDL receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor, and in proteins which are functionally unrelated, such as the C9 component of complement. (embl.de)
  • The ECM degrading enzyme, heparanase, is secreted by cells as pro-heparanase that is internalized through low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) to become enzymatically active. (xula.edu)
  • The repeat is found in a variety of proteins that include, vitellogenin receptor from Drosophila melanogaster, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor [ ( PUBMED:6091915 ) ], preproepidermal growth factor, and nidogen (entactin). (embl.de)
  • Complete cloning and sequencing of rat gp330/"megalin," a distinctive member of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. (embl.de)
  • Traditional risk factors, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and smoking, contribute to this injury. (medscape.com)
  • Potential causes of endothelial dysfunction include sheer stress related to hypertension, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), homocysteine, and smoking. (medscape.com)
  • 1995) LDL receptor-related protein, a multifunctional apolipoprotein E receptor, binds secreted beta-amyloid precursor protein and mediates its degradation. (brightfocus.org)
  • These proteins are involved in signal transduction from ectoderm to mesenchyme during development of the fetus and are indispensable for the differentiation of ectoderm-derived structures such as eccrine sweat glands, teeth, hair, skin, and/or nails. (springer.com)
  • and for investigating synaptosome recycling ( Probes for Following Receptor Binding and Phagocytosis-Section 16.1 ) and lipid-mediated signal transduction processes ( Probes for Signal Transduction-Chapter 17 ). (thermofisher.com)
  • The tetraspanin CD81 (also named TAPA-1) is a widely-expressed cell surface protein of 26 kDa that is involved in pleiotropic activities such as cell adhesion, motility, metastasis, cell activation and signal transduction [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ED1 , encoding a ligand-ectodysplasinA-A1 (EDA-A1), EDAR , coding for ectodysplasinA-A1 receptor, EDARADD , programming the structure of EDAR-associated death domain protein and NEMO whose protein product, NFκB essential modulator (NEMO), is necessary for an indirect activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB). (springer.com)
  • In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complex must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. (embl.de)
  • In early endosomes some ligand-receptor complexes dissociate due to the reduced pH of the endosomal lumen. (wormbook.org)
  • Signaling is initiated when the Wnt ligand binds to the Frizzled receptor on the cell membrane and the LDL receptor-associated protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) co-receptor. (frontiersin.org)
  • In each protein, about 85% of its 1600-amino-acid length is extracellular. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most extracellular ligands bind to LRP5 and LRP6 at the β-propellers. (wikipedia.org)
  • LRP6 is regulated by extracellular proteins in the Dickkopf (Dkk) family (like DKK1), sclerostin, R-spondins and members of the cysteine-knot-type protein family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are multifunctional polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) responsible for ECM hydration and binding of cations and proteins due to their negative charge. (degruyter.com)
  • Furin post-translationally modifies extracellular PCSK9 to form PCSK9_55, which has reduced capacity for LDL receptor degradation. (asbmb.org)
  • The deduced 4660-aa sequence, expected to constitute a mature protein of M(r) 516,715, consists of a probable N-terminal signal peptide sequence (25 aa), an extracellular region (4400 aa), a single transmembrane domain (22 aa), and a C-terminal cytoplasmic tail (213 aa). (embl.de)
  • As envisioned, since they had been isolated from extracellular, pre-house rudiments, oikosins had been generally classified as secreted proteins. (calpaininhibitor.com)
  • In situ stains for the functions as an extracellular factor stabilizing the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cross-linking ingredient proteins such as collagen and laminin [19]. (calpaininhibitor.com)
  • RME-2 contains a typical NPXY internalization motif in its intracellular domain that is known to direct other members of the LDL-receptor family into clathrin-coated pits. (wormbook.org)
  • Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)
  • Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)
  • The identification of the intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins could help to unravel these functions. (degruyter.com)
  • Canonical WNT signals are transduced through Frizzled receptor and LRP5/LRP6 coreceptor to downregulate GSK3beta (GSK3B) activity not depending on Ser-9 phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Functional validation of monocyte scavenger receptor activities were done by binding assays and dose/time dependent uptake analysis using native and oxidized LDL. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The acidic residues between the fourth and sixth cysteines are important for high-affinity binding of positively charged sequences in LDLR's ligands. (embl.de)
  • Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein providing 4 high-affinity biotin binding sites. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • Many receptors and their associated ligands cluster into clathrin-coated pits by association with clathrin adaptor proteins such as the four-subunit complex AP2. (wormbook.org)
  • Reduction of total cholesterols (TC) and LDL-C by dietary alterations and medications that affect lipid metabolism [ 14 ] is found to reduce the occurrence of atherosclerosis in animals and clinical cardiovascular events in human [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
  • For example, serum biomarkers, such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and cytokine levels, predict progression of atherosclerosis and risk of stroke. (medscape.com)
  • Simvastatin dose dependently inhibited THP-1 cell migration mediated by monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of about 50 nM. (neuroprobe.com)
  • In response to the presence of certain activating substances, including oxidized LDL, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-8, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), leukocytes migrate into the wall of the artery (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • An increased uptake of oxidized as well as of native LDL by FH monocytes combined with a down-regulation of NPC1 and ABCA1 explains the lipid accumulation observed in these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clathrin and cargo molecules are assembled into clathrin-coated pits on the plasma membrane together with an adaptor complex called AP-2 that links clathrin with transmembrane receptors, concluding in the formation of mature clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). (wormbook.org)
  • Neural factors are a class of protein molecules with neurotrophic activity that can promote the survival and regeneration of nerve cells. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • Furthermore, the p130Cas-interacting kinase Pyk2 and the cytoskeletal adapter protein paxillin also demonstrate CD36-dependent phosphorylation, identifying these focal adhesion molecules as additional members of this β-amyloid signaling cascade. (neuroprobe.com)
  • It physically associates with a variety of other membrane proteins such as integrins, lineage-specific molecules and other tetraspanins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have these molecules that try to block a protein from its receptor, prevent a protein from cleaving another protein, or increase the rate that a protein is broken down. (medscape.com)
  • According to a hypothesis, polyphenol (PP) activity against several forms of cancer, proliferative diseases, inflammation and neurodegeneration is mainly exerted through the inhibiting and modulating activities against a wide range of receptors, enzymes and transcription molecules 88 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Several cellular receptors for HCV have been proposed, all of which are associated with lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the current World Health Organization (WHO) Hb cutoffs for defining anemia among persons who are apparently healthy and to assess threshold validity with a biomarker of tissue iron deficiency and physiological indicator of erythropoiesis (soluble transferrin receptor [sTfR]) using multinational data. (cdc.gov)
  • It is well established that oxidized LDL (oxLDL) is cytotoxic and that it has the ability to induce apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • That receptor clears LDL from circulation, making PCSK9 an appealing drug target: Blocking PCSK9 lowers blood LDL concentration, thereby reducing risk for cardiovascular disease. (asbmb.org)
  • The monoclonal antibody binds to PCSK9 protein, preventing it from destroying LDL receptor protein (LDL-R), a protein that removes LDL from the bloodstream. (chinapatentstrategy.com)
  • Setting the corresponding isotype control antibody to detect non-specific binding can reduce the generation of false positive results and evaluate the possible influencing factors accurately in the drug development process. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • The efficacy of a therapeutic antibody depends on the Fab fragment and its binding activity to the target antigen, but also depends on the Fc fragment and its interaction with key Fc receptors.Therefore, candidates must be tested against a panel of receptors during antibody engineering. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • The story relates to Repatha™, an LDL-lowering drug from Amgen whose active ingredient is a monoclonal antibody called evolocumab. (chinapatentstrategy.com)
  • Instead, the claims described the structure of the antigen (to which the antibody binds) and the function of the antibody. (chinapatentstrategy.com)
  • In other words, Amgen's claims covered any antibody that bound to Amgen's antigen as long as it exhibited a particular activity (in this case, blocked activity of a particular protein). (chinapatentstrategy.com)
  • The hepatocyte host proteins help binding of the envelope proteins. (bartleby.com)
  • post-menopausal women with a higher serum FSH (≥78.3 IU/L) had higher serum TC and LDL-C levels than those with relatively lower FSH levels (40-78.3 IU/L), and ovariectomized mice had higher serum FSH and lipid levels and reduced hepatic LDL receptor expression. (nature.com)
  • About 20 base pairs long, siRNAs seek out a complementary target mRNA, attached to it, and call in a group of proteins to destroy it. (medscape.com)
  • The identification of genetic variants related to blood lipid levels within a large, population-based and nationally representative study might lead to a better understanding of the genetic contribution to serum lipid levels in the major race/ethnic groups in the U.S. population. (cdc.gov)
  • Each protein has a single-pass, 22-amino-acid segment that crosses the cell membrane and a 207-amino-acid segment that is internal to the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although fatty acids are ionized at neutral pH in water (pK a ~5), their pK a is typically ~7 in membranes, and thus a significant fraction of membrane-bound fatty acids are neutral species. (thermofisher.com)
  • Viral Entry The envelope proteins of HCV form a heterodimer which helps binding the hepatitis C virus to the receptors present on the hepatocytes membrane. (bartleby.com)
  • Clathrin adaptors in turn bind to the clathrin lattice which is thought to provide the force required to deform the membrane into a curved bud. (wormbook.org)
  • Many receptors then recycle to the plasma membrane either directly or indirectly via recycling endosomes. (wormbook.org)
  • In primary microglia and macrophages exposed to β-amyloid, the scaffolding protein p130Cas is rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated and co-localizes with CD36 to membrane ruffles contemporaneous with F-actin polymerization. (neuroprobe.com)
  • Alignment of the amino acid sequence of aprotinin with the Kunitz domains of human proteins allowed the identification and design of a family of peptides, named Angiopeps. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Raising numbers of soluble secretory proteins lacking standard sign peptides are being documented. (calpaininhibitor.com)
  • The fifth domain is the cytoplasmic tail that directs the receptor to clathrin-coated pits. (embl.de)
  • Guenette, S.Y., Chen, J., Jondro, P.D., Tanzi, R.E. (1996) Association of a novel human FE65-like protein with the cytoplasmic domain of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. (brightfocus.org)
  • There are 170761 LDLa domains in 37441 proteins in SMART's nrdb database. (embl.de)
  • Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing LDLa domain. (embl.de)
  • The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with LDLa domain is also avaliable . (embl.de)
  • Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing LDLa domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl.de)
  • These macrophages, in addition to smooth muscle cells, activate T cells by presenting antigens, including oxidized LDL. (medscape.com)
  • The interaction of sGAG with α2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (LRPAP1), exportin-1 (XPO1), and serine protease HTRA1 (HTRA1) was confirmed in reverse assays. (degruyter.com)
  • Haass, C. & Selkoe, D. J. Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide. (nature.com)
  • Explore our comprehensive collection of recombinant Fc receptor proteins! (acrobiosystems.com)
  • Nonoxidized LDL have a low affinity for macrophages, so they are not themselves a risk factor. (hindawi.com)
  • Despite that macrophages have low affinity for nonoxidized LDL, reducing LDL levels prevents oxidation, as recognized by European and American cardiac societies in their guidelines [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In LDL receptors, the class A domains form the binding site for LDL and calcium. (embl.de)
  • the bound calcium ion imparts structural integrity. (embl.de)
  • Interestingly, pre-processing to remove debris and cells by centrifugation and filtration of urine did not show any beneficial effects on the preservation of protein biomarkers of uEVs during storage. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, the importance of optimizing shipping conditions to minimize the impact of pre-analytical handling on the uEVs protein biomarkers was emphasized. (bvsalud.org)
  • Induced by oxidized LDL, MCP-1 promotes diapedesis of monocytes across the endothelium. (medscape.com)
  • The amino acid changes could alter the protein charge and stability, inducing distinct physiological functions. (dovepress.com)
  • In this study, we analyzed the uEV protein quantity, EV particle number, and uEV-A2M/CLU after urine storage at 20°C and 4°C for 0-6 days, each. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since the genomic sequence of HCV was determined, progress has been made towards understanding the functions of the HCV-encoded proteins and identifying the cellular receptor(s) responsible for adsorption and penetration of the virus particle into the target cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation, can regulate the function of proteins, determine the active state and subcellular location of proteins, and dynamically interact with other proteins related to carcinogenesis and progression ( 17 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The pattern recognition receptor CD36 initiates a signaling cascade that promotes microglial activation and recruitment to β-amyloid deposits in the brain. (neuroprobe.com)
  • The product of this gene is a transmembrane protein that is differentially expressed in many cancer cells. (nih.gov)
  • Aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH) is a type II transmembrane protein and the member of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family, found to be overexpressed in different cancer types, including PC. (bjbms.org)
  • An LDL-receptor related protein that combines with cell surface FRIZZLED RECEPTORS to form WNT PROTEIN-binding receptors. (nih.gov)
  • Expression of circular RNA CDR1-AS in colon cancer cells increases cell surface PD-L1 protein levels. (harvard.edu)
  • Whether it is for protein electrophoresis or western blot, our pre-stained protein markers help you quickly determine the molecular weight of the target protein or evaluate the transfer efficiency. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • The differential expression of FH associated genes was validated at the mRNA level by qRT-PCR and/or at the protein level by Western Blot or flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • State‑of‑the‑art research has indicated the retention of RUNX2 expression in a more invasive subtype of breast cancer, and in particular, triple‑negative breast cancer development and drug resistance are associated with estrogen receptor signaling pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Liver metastasis is a leading cause of death for CRC patients and, given the fact that CRC is among the top five cancers by incidence and mortality [ 4 ] , it is evident that this type of disease progression represents large cancer-related burden. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Protein citrullination marks myelin protein aggregation and disease progression in mouse ALS models. (harvard.edu)
  • Besides the importance of this process, oxidation of LDL is not the sole initiator of inflammation, as the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants is also important for the process of atherogenesis. (hindawi.com)
  • PGRN has been introduced among the secreted growth factors as one related to wound healing, inflammation, and human embryonic development, as well as a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. (biomedcentral.com)