LipidsPlasma membraneVesiclesNucleicSecretionSoluteTyrosine kinaseMembrane proteinsSmall moleculesLipoproteinEndoplasmic reticulumAntibodyMatrixMitochondrialPathwayGlycosylationMRNAHistoneMetabolismLigandsAntigenInsulinCapillaryKinaseAntibodiesLectinUptakeComplexesSubstancesTranscriptionCytoskeletonGeneInnateGlycoproteinsProteoglycansAminoBiosynthesisImmuneChimericInositolStructuresPhosphorylationMotifViralInteractionCellGenesNonfunctionalTherapeuticAdhesionTriggerMoleculesLikelihoodHemoglobinCellularSubfamilyRolesDefenseLinkerEnzymeMiceSubunit
Lipids4
- Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane that can be released by all types of cells, which contain a variety of proteins, lipids, and a variety of non-coding RNAs. (ijbs.com)
- Carbohydrates , attached to lipids or proteins, are also found on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane. (iprep.kz)
- [2] [3] The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric conglomeration of extracellular polysaccharides , proteins , lipids and DNA . (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, EVs are mediators of communication between cells in physiological and pathological settings, and they transport a diverse array of biomolecules, including lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and proteins. (encyclopedia.pub)
Plasma membrane3
- Palmitoleoylation is necessary because it is required for Wnt to bind to its carrier protein Wntless (WLS) so it can be transported to the plasma membrane for secretion and it allows the Wnt protein to bind its receptor Frizzled Wnt proteins also undergo glycosylation, which attaches a carbohydrate in order to ensure proper secretion. (wikipedia.org)
- These receptors span the plasma membrane seven times and constitute a distinct family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). (wikipedia.org)
- 1. Discuss the role of phospholipid, cholesterol and carbohydrates in the structural and functional aspect of plasma membrane. (medical-junction.com)
Vesicles4
- Here, we show that persistent DNA damage accumulation in tissue-infiltrating macrophages carrying an ERCC1-XPF DNA repair defect ( Er1 F/− ) triggers Golgi dispersal, dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, autophagy and exosome biogenesis leading to the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in vivo and ex vivo. (nature.com)
- Theranostic Applications of Extracellular Vesicles" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12044 (accessed December 04, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
- Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mainly featured as a heterogeneous population of membrane-enclosed, non-replicating, and sub-micron sized structures, which are actively secreted by wide variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were initially identified in the 1950s as a type of particle derived from platelets present in plasma [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Nucleic5
- Exosomes are one of the main detection materials for liquid biopsy, and disease-specific proteins and nucleic acids in exosomes are also the focus of research in this field. (ijbs.com)
- Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are one of the important technologies in lipid carrier drug delivery systems and have become an important development in nucleic acid-based therapeutic drugs. (bocsci.com)
- Our PEG lipid nanoparticles can encapsulate various types of drugs, including small molecules, peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. (bocsci.com)
- Like amino acids and nucleic acids, sugars are the major contributors in nature many natural products contain oligosaccharides that are important for their biological and biochemical activity and carbohydrates have major roles in a wider range of biological processes including signal transduction mechanisms and immune responses. (biochemistryconferences.com)
- iFluor™ superior fluorescent labelling dyes, optimised for labelling proteins and nucleic acids. (stratech.co.uk)
Secretion2
- Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
- Some sequences are similar to those proven to be targets for effective intervention in other protozoan parasites, and include not only proteases, antioxidant enzymes, and heat shock proteins, but also those associated with relict plastids, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase and methyl erythrithol phosphate pathway components, and those involved in glycan assembly, protein folding/secretion, and parasite-host interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
Solute1
- Osteoblasts express high levels of the membranous Na+-dependent citrate transporter solute carrier family 13 member 5 (Slc13a5) gene. (biomed.news)
Tyrosine kinase1
- Examples include lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)-5/6, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), and ROR2. (wikipedia.org)
Membrane proteins4
- 15. KulkarniRD, KelkarHS, DeanRA (2003) An eight-cysteine-containing CFEM domain unique to a group of fungal membrane proteins. (prelekara.sk)
- I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
- I further investigated membrane proteins and the targeting of tail-anchored proteins at Sheffield Hallam University. (brookes.ac.uk)
- The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)
Small molecules3
- However, this automatically means that ions, small molecules, proteins and other solutes have differential concentrations across lipid bilayers. (biologydictionary.net)
- Drug moieties used in antibody drug conjugates include bacterial protein toxins such as diphtheria toxin, plant protein toxins such as ricin, small molecules such as auristatins, geldanamycin (Mandler et al (2000) J. of the Nat. (justia.com)
- Bacterial siderophores are small molecules with unmatched capacity to scavenge iron from proteins and the extracellular milieu, where it mostly occurs as insoluble Fe 3+ . (biomedcentral.com)
Lipoprotein3
- Apolipoprotein B binds to specific receptors on cell membranes and is involved in removal of LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol from circulation. (thermofisher.com)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the carrier protein for cholesterol in the blood. (thermofisher.com)
- 8 ] reported that the exogenous plant miRNA, miR168a, which is enriched in rice, could target the human/mouse low-density lipoprotein receptor adapter protein 1 (LDLRAP1) mRNA, and inhibit LDLRAP1 expression in the liver. (biomedcentral.com)
Endoplasmic reticulum1
- The protein component of proteoglycans is synthesized by ribosomes and mainly translocated into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (biochemistryconferences.com)
Antibody2
- Thorpe, (1985) "Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A Review," in Monoclonal Antibodies '84: Biological And Clinical Applications, A. Pinchera et al (ed.s), pp. 475-506). (justia.com)
- This Antibody was verified by Relative expression to ensure that the antibody binds to the antigen stated. (thermofisher.com)
Matrix7
- The most promising approaches are based on antibodies specific for the relatively conserved ectodomain of matrix protein 2 and the intersubunit region of hemagglutinin. (cdc.gov)
- extracellular matrix protein 2 [So. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- There are peripheral proteins on the exterior of the membrane that bind elements of the extracellular matrix. (iprep.kz)
- Aggregate of microorganisms in which cells that are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) adhere to each other and/or to a surface. (wikipedia.org)
- The self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances , which is also referred to as slime, is a polymeric conglomeration generally composed of extracellular biopolymers in various structural forms. (wikipedia.org)
- [2] [3] These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). (wikipedia.org)
- The large proteoglycan molecules made up of protein cores, and GAG branches are secreted by cells and constitute a significant fraction of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. (medscape.com)
Mitochondrial2
- Exchange of 13C enriched TCA cycle intermediates with the NMR-observed glutamate pool in the cytosol is achieved by the coordinated activity of two types forex autopilot robot carrier proteins that span the mitochondrial membrane.Li, Y. (forextrading-madeeasy.com)
- The co-chaperone Hep1 is required to prevent the aggregation of mitochondrial Hsp70 proteins. (cipsm.de)
Pathway3
- Its role in embryonic development was discovered when genetic mutations in Wnt pathway proteins produced abnormal fruit fly embryos. (wikipedia.org)
- We have previously shown that hemocyanins are internalized by APCs through receptor-mediated endocytosis with proteins that contain C-type lectin domains, such as mannose receptor (MR). However, the contribution of other innate immune receptors to the proinflammatory signaling pathway triggered by hemocyanins is unknown. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)
Glycosylation1
- Here, we characterize mucus proteins, glycosylation, ion content, and mechanical properties that could be used to provide insight into structure-function relationships through an integrative "mucomics" approach. (bvsalud.org)
MRNA2
- LNPs can be used to encapsulate mRNA to avoid extracellular degradation of the mRNA and promote its uptake by cells and release into the cytoplasm. (bocsci.com)
- 185 genes in signature reported in the publication with PubMedID mRNA_KAT5_22196727 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. (maayanlab.cloud)
Histone1
- The chromo-domain binds histone H3 tails methylated on lysine 9. (cipsm.de)
Metabolism1
- Screen Quest™ assay kits, a set of HTS-ready tools for high throughput screening of biochemical and cellular targets such as protein kinases, proteases, HDAC, cell apoptosis and cytoxicity, GPCR, ion channels, ADME/metabolism and transporters. (stratech.co.uk)
Ligands2
- In Wnt signaling, these proteins act as ligands to activate the different Wnt pathways via paracrine and autocrine routes. (wikipedia.org)
- Some cytotoxic drugs tend to be inactive or less active when conjugated to large antibodies or protein receptor ligands. (justia.com)
Antigen2
- Mollusk hemocyanins have biomedical uses as carriers/adjuvants and nonspecific immunostimulants with beneficial clinical outcomes by triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and driving immune responses toward type 1 T helper (Th1) polarization. (exeter.ac.uk)
- IL-2 and IFN-γ), immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy (e.g., anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies), and adoptive T-cell transfer (e.g., chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy) [ 3 - 5 ]. (thno.org)
Insulin2
- insulin like growth factor binding. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- insulin receptor [Source:HGNC Symb. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Capillary2
- LDL binds to its receptor on the capillary walls and thereby mediates the uptake and clearance of cholesterol from the circulation. (thermofisher.com)
- Another efRcient method of protein preconcentrat- ion is selective accumulation of the proteins on Electropherogram of some acidic and basic proteins in a capillary with hybrid coating (after derivatizing with the or- ganosilane, the capillary was coated with epoxybutane-modified hydroxypropylcellulose). (forexinfolink.com)
Kinase1
- GPCRKs are a family of protein kinases within the AGC (protein kinase A, protein kinase G, protein kinase C) group of kinases. (agckinases.com)
Antibodies2
- While antibodies to the immunodominant, but highly variable, regions of HA and NA can provide potent virus strain-specific protection, the existence of weaker and more broadly protective immune activities directed to less variable regions of viral proteins has long been known ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- Here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). (cipsm.de)
Lectin1
- In the Brown Group, we are interested in a superfamily of receptors called C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). (exeter.ac.uk)
Uptake2
- Here we show that efficient heme uptake relies on a family of extracellularly-anchored proteins that serve as heme receptors, two of which, at least, are required for efficient heme utilization. (prelekara.sk)
- Some bacteria have evolved extraordinary ways to synthesize proprietary siderophores that require the expression of specialized TonB-dependent receptors (TBDRs) to allow for efficient siderophore uptake by the producer and its relatives [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Complexes1
- These carbohydrate complexes help the cell bind substances that the cell needs in the extracellular fluid. (iprep.kz)
Substances1
- The immune system utilizes sensors on immune cells named pattern recognition receptors to recognize invading pathogens and foreign substances. (exeter.ac.uk)
Transcription3
- The role of the regulatory T cell transcription factor Foxp3 in shaping the transcriptosomes of natural and induced regulatory T cells was analyzed using mice expressing a mutant FOXP3-EGFP fusion protein (Foxp3deltaEGFP). (gsea-msigdb.org)
- The expression of recombinant human COL4A1 protein includes the construction of the expression vector containing the recombinant DNA and the transformation of the expression vector into the E.coli, which provides a variety of macromolecules and components required for transcription and translation. (cusabio.com)
- The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
Cytoskeleton1
Gene3
- Specifically we evaluate the effect of increased dietary protein intake and caloric restricted diets on gene expression in skeletal muscle, particularly focusing on biosynthesis, degradation and the expression of genes in the ubiquitin-proteosome (UPP) and mTOR signaling pathways, including MuRF-1, MAFbx/atrogin-1, mTORC1, and S6K1. (biomedcentral.com)
- Transcriptional activator that binds to the DRE/CRT regulatory element and induces COR (cold-regulated) gene expression increasing plant freezing tolerance. (or.jp)
- In this review, we focus on the association of gene and protein of apoA5 with obesity and metabolic syndrome, and provide new insights into the physiological role of apoA5 in humans, giving a potential therapeutic target for obesity and associated disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
Innate1
- We have recently identified a novel family of CLRs and my research is aimed at better understanding the roles and functions of these receptors and how they influence innate and adaptive immunity during fungal infection. (exeter.ac.uk)
Glycoproteins1
- Name the carbohydrates present in glycoproteins. (medical-junction.com)
Proteoglycans1
- Proteoglycans are more than 95% carbohydrate by weight. (biochemistryconferences.com)
Amino2
- During eucaloric conditions the continual breakdown of protein that occurs in the body's organs and vital tissues is replenished in the post-absorptive state via supply of amino acids derived primarily from the skeletal muscle component of FFM[ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- So the study of glycan structures is also complicated by the lack of a proper and direct template for their biosynthesis, contrary to the case with amino acids and proteins. (biochemistryconferences.com)
Biosynthesis2
- My additional independent research on ER localisation and splicing in auxin biosynthesis showed for the first time ER-localisation for an auxin biosynthetic protein. (brookes.ac.uk)
- Glycobiology in wider aspects includes the study of structure, function and biology of carbohydrates, biosynthesis related to sugars and saccharides. (biochemistryconferences.com)
Immune2
- These receptors trigger a plethora of immune responses that confer protection against infection and could also contribute to unwanted exacerbated immune responses. (exeter.ac.uk)
- However, we know very little of how these receptors, in particular Dectin-1, influences adaptive immune responses to fungi. (exeter.ac.uk)
Chimeric1
- We confirmed a glycan-dependent binding of hemocyanins to chimeric TLR4 in vitro. (exeter.ac.uk)
Inositol2
- Intracellular receptors that bind to INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE and play an important role in its intracellular signaling. (lookformedical.com)
- Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors are calcium channels that release CALCIUM in response to increased levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in the CYTOPLASM. (lookformedical.com)
Structures2
- 1. Discuss the four orders of protein structures. (medical-junction.com)
- binds to sialylated carbohydrate structures (e.g. (agckinases.com)
Phosphorylation1
- Elevated phosphorus content in velvet worm slime was previously observed and putatively ascribed to protein phosphorylation. (bvsalud.org)
Motif2
- C-C motif chemokine receptor 7 [So. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- In addition, a hairpin-like PP-fold motif is vital for receptor binding. (hindawi.com)
Viral2
- I took up a position at Oxford Brookes University in 2012 investigating the role of reticulon proteins in ER tubulation and viral trafficking in order to develop my international reputation in ER research and advanced imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
- Thus, sensing of viral infections by DC leads to the up-regulation of the inhibitory receptor pair B7-H1 and sialoadhesin, which is critical for the induction of IL-35+ Treg. (agckinases.com)
Interaction1
- However, to facilitate Wnt signaling, co-receptors may be required alongside the interaction between the Wnt protein and Fz receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Cell8
- The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways which begin with proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors. (wikipedia.org)
- All three pathways are activated by the binding of a Wnt-protein ligand to a Frizzled family receptor, which passes the biological signal to the Dishevelled protein inside the cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Our data suggest the existence of a relay system that transfers heme from one protein to the next across the cell envelope, explaining the requirement for multiple heme receptors for efficient heme-iron utilization. (prelekara.sk)
- 14. WeissmanZ, KornitzerD (2004) A family of Candida cell surface haem-binding proteins involved in haemin and haemoglobin-iron utilization. (prelekara.sk)
- I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)
- In the cell, the contents of the vector particles are released and translated into therapeutic proteins. (bocsci.com)
- As a basement membrane protein, COL4A1 is commonly expressed in many tissues and cell types. (cusabio.com)
- 3. Chromosomes, the carriers of DNA, separate into daughter cells during cell division. (pdfroom.com)
Genes2
- They have devised complex regulatory mechanisms responding to Fe 2+ unavailability that induce the expression of a series of genes to produce small iron chelators, termed siderophores [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], secrete them, and take up their iron-bound forms. (biomedcentral.com)
- It provides a very informative, albeit preliminary, glimpse into the expression of genes encoding functionally relevant proteins as potential targets for chemotherapy, and evidence for the presence of a relict plastid. (biomedcentral.com)
Nonfunctional2
- a reduction was also observed in DCs from C3H/HeJ mice, a mouse strain with a nonfunctional mutation for this receptor. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5, and Y6 [ 9 ].The Y3 receptor has not yet been cloned, and the Y5 receptor has been found as a nonfunctional truncated form. (hindawi.com)
Therapeutic1
- Discovering carbohydrate and glycan antigens as cancer biomarkers or even abnormal glycation pathways in metabolic disorders such as diabetes inhibited the importance of the expansion of glycoscience in a future, as a way of representing new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in disease. (biochemistryconferences.com)
Adhesion1
- adhesion G protein-coupled recepto. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Trigger1
- The people in the room perceive some of these randomly moving molecules when they trigger the sensory receptors in the nose. (biologydictionary.net)
Molecules2
- Facilitated diffusion is a form of facilitated transport involving the passive movement of molecules along their concentration gradient, guided by the presence of another molecule - usually an integral membrane protein forming a pore or channel. (biologydictionary.net)
- When all the molecules within the region are moving randomly, some are bound to move outwards, into a region where its concentration is low. (biologydictionary.net)
Likelihood1
Hemoglobin1
- A Relay Network of Extracellular Heme-Binding Proteins Drives Iron Acquisition from Hemoglobin. (prelekara.sk)
Cellular2
- Wnt signaling begins when a Wnt protein binds to the N-terminal extra-cellular cysteine-rich domain of a Frizzled (Fz) family receptor. (wikipedia.org)
- During cellular nitrosative stress, the production of intracellular GSNO might channel signaling responses to form protein-mixed disulfide that can regulate intracellular function. (lookformedical.com)
Subfamily1
- ATP binding cassette subfamily A m. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Roles2
- Thus, we studied the roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the hemocyanin activation of murine APCs, both in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, using hemocyanins from Megathura crenulata (KLH), Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). (exeter.ac.uk)
- Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
Defense1
- Along these lines, velvet worms (Onychophora) expel a protein-based slime used for hunting and defense that upon shearing and dehydration forms fibers as stiff as thermoplastics. (bvsalud.org)
Linker1
- Note: The complete sequence including tag sequence, target protein sequence and linker sequence could be provided upon request. (cusabio.com)
Enzyme2
- The resultant protein-S-nitrosothiol was found to be unstable and to decompose spontaneously, thereby restoring enzyme activity. (lookformedical.com)
- The GSH-mixed protein disulfide formed led to a permanent enzyme inhibition, but upon dithiothreitol addition a functional active GAPDH was recovered. (lookformedical.com)
Mice1
- However, hemocyanin-induced proinflammatory effects in APCs from Dectin-1 knock-out (KO) and Dectin-2 KO mice were independent of both receptors. (exeter.ac.uk)
Subunit1
- interleukin 3 receptor subunit alp. (gsea-msigdb.org)