Beta amyloid precursor proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the brain deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ), a peptide of 36-43 amino acids that is likely a primary driver of neurodegeneration. (rcsb.org)
A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES. (curehunter.com)
The major constituent of a senile plaque is β-amyloid (Αβ), which is a 40-43 amino acid peptide produced by the action of secretory pathway-associated proteases, namely β and γ secretases, at the C terminus of a type I membrane-spanning glycoprotein termed amyloid precursor protein (APP). (jneurosci.org)
Two of these fragments are called soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) and amyloid beta (β) peptide. (medlineplus.gov)
The sAPP peptide may also control the function of certain other proteins by turning off (inhibiting) their activity. (medlineplus.gov)
Amyloid β peptide is likely involved in the ability of neurons to change and adapt over time (plasticity). (medlineplus.gov)
Other functions of sAPP and amyloid β peptide are under investigation. (medlineplus.gov)
Variants in the APP gene can lead to an increased amount of the amyloid β peptide or to the production of a slightly longer and stickier form of the peptide. (medlineplus.gov)
A buildup of toxic amyloid β peptide and amyloid plaques may lead to the death of neurons and the progressive signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. (medlineplus.gov)
The result of all of these variants is the production of an amyloid β peptide that is more prone to cluster together (aggregate) than the normal peptide. (medlineplus.gov)
A progressive increase in amyloid beta peptide deposition is observed, with intracellular immunoreactivity being detected in some brain regions as early as 3-4 months. (mmrrc.org)
This peptide exhibited the greatest retardation of fibrillization rate among many of the most important clinically relevant amyloid beta-protein alloforms. (peptide.com)
The β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide is the major constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and is likely to play a central role in the pathogenesis of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. (jneurosci.org)
AggreSure beta-Amyloid (1-40) peptide is pretreated and tested for aggregation using SensoLyte® ThT Aβ40 Aggregation kit (Cat# AS-72213). (anaspec.com)
The main component of the plaque is a short protein fragment known as the beta amyloid peptide. (uni-heidelberg.de)
These cleaving processes produce beta amyloid peptides that are toxic to the nerve cells, but also produce the protective APPsα cleavage product, which counteracts the toxic peptide," says Prof. Müller. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Amyloid B-protein/amyloid A4 is a peptide present in the neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and cerebrovascular deposits in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) and may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. (embl.de)
Previous studies suggest that membrane lipids may regulate proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to generate amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta). (edu.au)
All recognized mutations for AD are associated with increased deposition of amyloid-beta (Abeta), a peptide fragment comprising 39-43 amino acids that derive from the catabolism of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) molecule. (medscape.com)
Recognizes human β-amyloid peptide (1-42). (merckmillipore.com)
Does not cross-react with β-amyloid peptide (1-40). (merckmillipore.com)

It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. (curehunter.com)
Amyloid precursor protein is cut by enzymes to create smaller fragments (peptides), some of which are released outside the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
There is a part that binds copper and another part that binds to these amyloid peptides," Mirica said. (sciencedaily.com)
This improved their molecule's affinity for the amyloid peptides. (sciencedaily.com)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular deposition of Aβ peptides in senile plaques and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated τ protein in neuronal cells as neurofibrillary tangles. (springer.com)
Potentially toxic Aβ peptides are generated from the copper-binding amyloid precursor protein (APP) by two independent proteolytic events (Bayer et al. (springer.com)
however, other forms of beta-Amyloid peptides are also present. (anaspec.com)
Until now, scientists believed that the overproduction of beta amyloid peptides was the main cause of Alzheimer's. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Additionally, alpha-synuclein peptides are a major component of amyloid plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. (thermofisher.com)
The main pathological features of AD are characterised by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques caused by the progressive deposition of Aβ peptides in the brain, composed mainly of 39-43 peptides generated by proteolytic cleavage of the Aβ precursor protein (APP). (bmj.com)
β-amyloid Peptides and Amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease. (lu.se)

The observation that individuals with complete trisomy 21 (accounting for the vast majority of people with DS) developed early-onset Alzheimer pathology led to studies that localised the amyloid precursor protein (APP) on chromosome 21. (acnr.co.uk)
We focused our study on early onset AD as the drivers of the more aggressive pathology development in these cases is unknown and it is unclear whether amyloid-plaque enriched proteins differ between subtypes of early onset AD. (researchsquare.com)
Senescence-related impairment of autophagy induces toxic intraneuronal amyloid-β accumulation in a mouse model of amyloid pathology. (uclouvain.be)
This adds preliminary human data to an emerging body of animal data suggesting that tau pathogenesis occurs downstream of amyloid pathology and that amyloid removal can hold its early stages at bay. (alzforum.org)
A clinical diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD or mild AD dementia, both with confirmed presence of amyloid beta pathology consistent with AD. (cms.gov)
Gouras GK, Tampellini D, Takahashi RH, Capetillo-Zarate E. I ntraneuronal beta-amyloid accumulation and synapse pathology in Alzheimer's disease . (lu.se)

Accumulation of APP across mitochondrial import channels, which varied with the severity of AD, inhibited the entry of nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits IV and Vb proteins, which was associated with decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity and increased levels of H 2 O 2 . (jneurosci.org)
It is a progressive, irreversible, and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that disrupts the synaptic communication between millions of neurons, resulting in neuronal death and functional loss due to the abnormal accumulation of two naturally occurring proteins, amyloid β (Aβ) and tau. (frontiersin.org)
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease strongly characterised by the accumulation of beta-amyloid in the brain tissue. (sciencedaily.com)
According to the hypothesis, the accumulation of beta-amyloid in the brain plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease. (sciencedaily.com)
5 Such inherited mutations affect the processing of amyloid beta in vitro and, it is hypothesised, this abnormal processing leads to accumulation of pathogenic oligomers. (acnr.co.uk)
Accumulation of β-amyloid precursor protein was observed in white matter tracts in both models in areas with preserved and reduced myelin staining. (lu.se)

APP is best known as the precursor molecule whose proteolysis generates amyloid beta (Aβ), a polypeptide containing 37 to 49 amino acid residues, whose amyloid fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations in critical regions of amyloid precursor protein, including the region that generates amyloid beta (Aβ), cause familial susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
Promiscuous transgene expression may account for the appearance of pathological protein aggregates outside of the EC in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease using this driver, as we find considerable overlap between sites of delayed amyloid deposition and regions with sparse β-galactosidase reporter labeling. (nih.gov)
even 1 in 3 people die from Alzheimer's disease, and it is a growing epidemic across the globe fruits and vegetables rich in glucosinolates (GLCs), the precursors of isothiocyanates (ITCs), have long been known for their pharmacological properties and recently attracted increased interest for the possible prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Several mutations in the beta amyloid precursor gene cause autosomal dominant Alzheimer's Disease in a number of kindreds. (anaspec.com)
The APP gene variant protecting against Alzheimer's disease significantly decreases plasma beta-amyloid levels in a population cohort. (sciencedaily.com)
This is a very significant discovery, as many on-going drug trials in the field of Alzheimer's disease focus on decreasing beta-amyloid levels in the brain tissue. (sciencedaily.com)
New research from the University of Eastern Finland shows that the APP gene variant protecting against Alzheimer's disease significantly decreases plasma beta-amyloid levels in a population cohort. (sciencedaily.com)
Research groups focusing on Alzheimer's disease and diabetes at the University of Eastern Finland have now show that the APP A673T gene variant, which is a variant in the amyloid precursor protein gene protecting against Alzheimer's disease, leads to an average of 30 per cent decreased levels of the beta-amyloid subtypes 40 and 42. (sciencedaily.com)
Several on-going drug trials for Alzheimer's disease focus on decreasing beta-amyloid levels in the brain tissue. (sciencedaily.com)
A proof-of-concept study conducted in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease offers new evidence that copper isotopes can be used to detect the amyloid-beta protein deposits that form in the brains of people living with -- or at risk of developing -- Alzheimer's. (sciencedaily.com)
they provide insight into the factors that drive amyloid plaque development and are potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease (AD). (researchsquare.com)
Amyloid plaques are a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and primarily consist of the protein beta amyloid (Aβ). (researchsquare.com)
The amyloid proteins isolated from neuritic plaques and the cerebrovasculature of Alzheimer's disease are self-aggregating moieties termed A4 protein and beta-protein, respectively. (embl.de)
These data may have significant implications for understanding amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease. (embl.de)
Protease inhibitor domain encoded by an amyloid protein precursor mRNA associated with Alzheimer's disease. (embl.de)
While the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease, its cellular function still remains largely unclear. (aston.ac.uk)
Neuroinflammation is the precursor for several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Targeting neuroinflammation has emerged as a promising strategy to address a wide range of CNS pathologies. (bvsalud.org)

To investigate the implications of altered sorting of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) in the abnormal generation of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta), we characterized Abeta secreted from Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells which had been stably transfected with a cDNA encoding the human beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP695) with a 42 amino acid residue truncation at the carboxyl terminus (DeltaC). (uni-muenchen.de)

Familial AD (FAD) cases are caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the genes for amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the presenilins (PS1 and PS2) ( Sisodia and St George-Hyslop, 2002 ). (jneurosci.org)
Mutations in three genes coding for the amyloid precursor protein ( APP ), presenilin 1 ( PS-1 ), and presenilin 2 ( PS-2 ) account for most cases of early onset, autosomal dominant familial AD (FAD), but only for 2% of all the AD cases. (bmj.com)
Mutations in genes for the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin I, and presenilin II may lead to autosomal dominant forms of Alzheimer disease, typically with early onset. (msdmanuals.com)

In AD, the propensity of neurotoxic proteins to form template or oligomers is higher and accelerates the conversion and aggregation of endogenous proteins, which eventually convert into fibrils ( Schaffert and Carter, 2020 ). (frontiersin.org)

According to the study, a 30% life-long decrease in beta-amyloid levels is not associated with detrimental effects on lipid or glucose metabolism, or on any other metabolic factors. (sciencedaily.com)
The findings from the population cohort in eastern Finland show that a life-long decrease in beta-amyloid levels is not associated with detrimental effects on lipid or glucose metabolism, or on any other metabolically relevant events. (sciencedaily.com)
These proteins are associated with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. (nih.gov)
Cellular and molecular basis of beta-amyloid precursor protein metabolism. (lu.se)

Our study highlights the significant enrichment of many proteins in amyloid plaques, many of which may be potential therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers for AD. (researchsquare.com)
Therefore, comprehensively profiling the proteins that are enriched in amyloid plaques would increase our understanding about AD pathogenesis, and possibly identify new biomarkers and/or new therapeutic targets for AD. (researchsquare.com)

The APP gene provides instructions for making a protein called amyloid precursor protein. (medlineplus.gov)
The most common APP gene variant changes one of the protein building blocks (amino acids) in the amyloid precursor protein. (medlineplus.gov)
Variants in the APP gene have been found to cause hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a condition characterized by stroke and a decline in intellectual function (dementia), which begins in mid-adulthood. (medlineplus.gov)
The protein encoded by this gene has two RRM domains that bind to RNAs. (nih.gov)
The protein isoforms encoded by this gene are similar to its family member HNRPD. (nih.gov)
Production of APPsα in the brain: The nerve cells that encounter viral gene shuttles produce the therapeutic APPsα protein (orange) along with a green fluorescent protein. (uni-heidelberg.de)

This substitution is adjacent to the beta secretase cleavage site and results in a 40% reduction in the formation of amyloid beta in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
Many studies suggest that Aβ42 or/and Aβ43 are required to initiate formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrills that leads to the neurodegeneration, while Aβ40 is less neurotoxic. (anaspec.com)

The protein cleaving enzymes, called secretases, play a key role in this process. (uni-heidelberg.de)
The scissor-like secretases cut the APP cell surface protein at various positions. (uni-heidelberg.de)

In tests with compounds created in Mirica's lab, the team discovered that the copper-binding region of the molecule interfered with the amyloid-binding fragment. (sciencedaily.com)
Adding a second amyloid-binding component to the molecule enhanced its binding and improved its ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier. (sciencedaily.com)

Theoretically, the possibilities include (1) a primary T-cell mediated autoimmune response causing muscle damage, (2) a primary degenerative process involving abnormal protein processing leading to a secondary inflammatory response, and (3) separate and independent immune and degenerative processes caused by an external trigger. (medscape.com)
4 In addition, abnormal retinal deposition of amyloid-β has been observed in animal models of glaucoma. (bmj.com)

PURPOSE: To investigate beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP), ubiquitin, and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunostaining as a diagnostic tool to aid in the discrimination between abusive head trauma and nonabusive head trauma in postmortem ocular histopathologic investigation. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
In contrast, the glial scar, evaluated by glial fibrillary acidic protein staining, showed its highest intensity 21 days post-injury in both models. (lu.se)
beta-amyloid is the main component of neuritic (senile) plaques, which consist of degenerated axonal or dendritic processes, astrocytes, and glial cells around an amyloid core. (msdmanuals.com)

A trend for reduced secretion of the APP alpha-secretase product, sAPPalpha, was also observed in PDMP-treated cells but not in PPMP- or ETDO-P4-treated cells, whereas levels of the cellular beta-secretase product APP C-terminal fragment, CTFbeta, were increased by both PDMP and PPMP but unaltered with EtDO-P4 treatment. (edu.au)

This protein is found in many tissues and organs, including the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). (medlineplus.gov)
When these protein fragments are released from the cell, they can accumulate in the brain and form clumps called amyloid plaques. (medlineplus.gov)
The aggregated protein forms amyloid deposits that accumulate in the blood vessels of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Amyloid deposits in specific parts of the brain can interfere with normal brain function, leading to dementia, seizures, movement problems, and other neurological features in some people with hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition, the brain deposits are prefereably composed of A-beta 1-40 rather than A beta 1-42, in opposition to the other familial AD. (anaspec.com)
Nakayama, M Radioiodinated flavones for in vivo imaging of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. (bindingdb.org)
When they first tested their compounds in mouse brain tissue, the researchers saw that their agents' affinity for amyloid deposits was limited. (sciencedaily.com)
These proteins are abundant in the brain and play a role in regulating synaptic transmission and membrane trafficking. (thermofisher.com)
Amyloid plaques and neighbouring non-plaque tissue were microdissected from human brain sections using laser capture microdissection and label-free LC-MS was used to quantify the proteins present. (researchsquare.com)
Characteristic to the disease is the profound atrophy of the brain accompanied by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the presence of tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). (frontiersin.org)
A putative A4 amyloid precursor (herein termed A4(695] has been characterized by analysis of a human brain complementary DNA. (embl.de)

Previous studies have shown that many of these plaque proteins have mechanistic role in AD. (researchsquare.com)
Previous studies have typically used immunohistochemistry to identify amyloid plaque proteins. (researchsquare.com)
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is an alternative approach that allows efficient quantification of thousands of amyloid plaque proteins simultaneously. (researchsquare.com)

We previously demonstrated that tetrandrine could ameliorate memory functions and clear amyloid plaques in transgenic AD mice by restoring autophagic-endolysosomal function. (bvsalud.org)

Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
The amyloid beta region of the protein, located in the membrane-spanning domain, is not well conserved across species and has no obvious connection with APP's native-state biological functions. (wikipedia.org)
alpha secretase and beta secretase both remove nearly the entire extracellular domain to release membrane-anchored carboxy-terminal fragments that may be associated with apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
When APP molecules occupy a lipid raft region of membrane, they are more accessible to and differentially cleaved by beta secretase, whereas APP molecules outside a raft are differentially cleaved by the non-amyloidogenic alpha secretase. (wikipedia.org)
A single-pass type I membrane protein. (curehunter.com)

Using 3′-UTR sequence probes, we have observed specific DNA protein binding with nuclear proteins from lymphocyte, astrocytoma, and neuroblastoma cell lines, but not from the microglia cell line. (bmj.com)
different groups have proposed different routes including microglia devouring amyloid and the peripheral sink hypothesis. (alzforum.org)

Since these early studies, detailed neuropathological accounts have described and quantified neuropathology in DS and conclusively demonstrated the same pathological hallmarks of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles as in sporadic AD. (acnr.co.uk)
Alzheimer disease causes progressive cognitive deterioration and is characterized by beta-amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex and subcortical gray matter. (msdmanuals.com)
Beta -amyloid may also alter kinase and phosphatase activities in ways that eventually lead to hyperphosphorylation of tau (a protein that stabilizes microtubules) and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. (msdmanuals.com)

Here we report that nonglycosylated full-length and C-terminal truncated amyloid precursor protein (APP) accumulates exclusively in the protein import channels of mitochondria of human AD brains but not in age-matched controls. (jneurosci.org)
Mar. 10, 2022 Researchers report that they found high levels of the protein Fli-1 in the brains of deceased Alzheimer's patients. (sciencedaily.com)

Furthermore, the findings also provide support for the amyloid cascade hypothesis, a hypothesis which is key in Alzheimer's research and which has recently been heavily questioned due to failed beta-amyloid based drug trials and treatment experiments. (sciencedaily.com)
Together these various observations both in DS and in the general population led to the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD. (acnr.co.uk)

The Piedmont type of hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy is caused by the replacement of the amino acid leucine at position 34 with the amino acid valine (written as Leu34Val or L34V). (medlineplus.gov)

A new A4 amyloid mRNA contains a domain homologous to serine proteinase inhibitors. (embl.de)
We found that the mRNA and protein levels of inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) were elevated in interleukin-stimulated primary human bronchial smooth muscle cells and a house dust mite-sensitized model of asthma. (bvsalud.org)

Pathological hallmarks of AD include the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid protein deposition. (frontiersin.org)

Aug. 18, 2021 An experimental study has revealed that the Alzheimer's protein amyloid-beta accumulates inside nerve cells, and that the misfolded protein may then spread from cell to cell via nerve fibers. (sciencedaily.com)

In contrast, the chronic treatment with JWH-133 failed to modify the amyloid-β production or deposition in cortex and hippocampus. (nih.gov)

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). (bvsalud.org)

Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was used to validate the enrichment of four proteins in amyloid plaques (moesin, ezrin, ARL8B and SMOC1) and to compare the amount of total Aβ, Aβ40, Aβ42, phosphorylated Aβ, pyroglutamate Aβ species and oligomeric species in EOAD and DS. (researchsquare.com)

The aim of this study was to comprehensively identify proteins that are enriched in amyloid plaques using unbiased proteomics in two subtypes of early onset AD: sporadic early onset AD (EOAD) and Down Syndrome (DS) with AD. (researchsquare.com)

We report here the sequence of a closely related amyloid cDNA, A4(751), distinguished from A4(695) by the presence of a 168 base-pair (bp) sequence which adds 57 amino acids to, and removes one residue from, the predicted A4(695) protein. (embl.de)

METHODS: Seventy-four eyes of 37 infants were studied for hemorrhage and immunohistochemical expression of beta-APP, ubiquitin, and GFAP in the retina and optic nerve. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
Positive correlations were found between retinal expression of beta-APP and ubiquitin immunostaining and retinal hemorrhage. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows correlations between positive retinal beta-APP and ubiquitin immunostaining as a sign of axonal injury in abusive head trauma. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
Axonal injury is a useful pathologic feature that can be demonstrated in postmortem ocular investigation of deceased children using immunohistochemical staining for beta-APP and ubiquitin with a high OR for abusive head trauma when compared to controls. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)

The amyloid deposits replace the muscle fibers and elastic fibers that give blood vessels flexibility, causing the blood vessels to become weak and prone to breakage. (medlineplus.gov)

In addition, JWH-133 reduced the expression of active p38 and SAPK/JNK, increased the expression of inactive GSK3β, and lowered tau hyperphosphorylation at Thr181 in the vicinity of amyloid-β plaques. (nih.gov)

The researchers took a closer look at a key protein in Alzheimer's pathogenisis, APP, and one of its cleavage products APPsα. (uni-heidelberg.de)
More recent investigations, however, have demonstrated that another APP cleavage product, the APPsα protein, also diminishes over the course of the disease," Ulrike Müller continues. (uni-heidelberg.de)

Endosomal/lysosomal proteins were particularly highly enriched in amyloid plaques. (researchsquare.com)

The hnRNP proteins have distinct nucleic acid binding properties. (nih.gov)

Amyloid-beta precursor protein is an ancient and highly conserved protein. (wikipedia.org)
The extracellular E2 domain, a dimeric coiled coil and one of the most highly conserved regions of the protein from Drosophila to humans. (handwiki.org)

Anatomy8

Organisms3

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes11

Disciplines and Occupations1

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Peptide21

Peptides11

Pathology6

Accumulation6

Alzheimer's Disease18

Abeta1

Mutations3

Aggregation1

Metabolism4

Biomarkers2

Gene6

Formation of amyloid2

SECRETASES2

Molecule2

Abnormal2

Glial3

Fragment1

Brain11

Plaque3

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Membrane5

Microglia2

Neurofibrillary3

Brains2

Cascade hypothesis2

Hereditary cerebral1

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Accumulates1

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Molecular1

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CDNA1

Ubiquitin4

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Hyperphosphorylation1

Cleavage2

Endosomal1

Nucleic acid1

Highly conserved2