Beta adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Medical search. Frequent questions

PGE2 did not reduce the cAMP response to the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (Iso), and Iso pretreatment reduced the response to Iso but not to PGE2. (chapman.edu)
In the presence of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (isoprenaline, 100 nM) the accumulation with AP clamp commands of constant duration was much more pronounced and a significant accumulating current was found at a relevant interpulse interval of 100 ms. HMR 1556 prolonged APD, but this lengthening was reverse rate dependent. (ku.dk)

Other short-acting sympathomimetic aerosol bronchodilators and adrenergic drugs: May potentiate effect. (nih.gov)
Carteolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent with associated intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and without significant membrane-stabilizing activity. (theodora.com)
It has a role as a bronchodilator agent, a beta-adrenergic agonist and a sympathomimetic agent. (kimiamahvand.ir)
Sectral (acebutolol HCl) is a selective, hydrophilic beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent with mild intrinsic sympathomimetic activity for use in treating patients with hypertension and ventricular arrhythmias . (rxlist.com)
Sympathomimetic drugs are either mixed beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists or selective beta-2 receptor agonists. (mhmedical.com)
The mixed sympathomimetic agents are epinephrine, isoproterenol, and isoetharine. (mhmedical.com)
Atenolol is a beta 1 -selective (cardioselective) beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent without membrane stabilizing or intrinsic sympathomimetic (partial agonist) activities. (nih.gov)
Selectivity of the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of the beta-adrenergic blocking drug bucindolol. (uchicago.edu)

Using beta subtype selective antagonists (atenolol (beta1) and butoxamine (beta2)), N-caffeoyltyramine was found to increase cAMP mainly via beta 2-adrenoceptor in U937 cells. (usda.gov)
Isoprenaline is a catecholamine non-selective beta-adrenergic agonist typically used to treat bradycardia and heart block. (drugbank.com)
Isoprenaline is a non-selective beta adrenergic receptor agonist used in a number of indications for the heart, as well as bronchospasm in anesthesia. (drugbank.com)
Isoprenaline is a non-selective beta adrenergic receptor agonist. (drugbank.com)
A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. (lookformedical.com)
Selective beta-2 receptor agonists avoid cardiac stimulation. (mhmedical.com)
A selective kinase (called beta-adrenergic receptor kinase, beta ARK) has been identified which phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the receptor. (unich.it)
Atenolol, USP, a synthetic, beta 1 -selective (cardioselective) adrenoreceptor blocking agent, may be chemically described as 2-[p-[2-Hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy]phenyl]acetamide. (nih.gov)

It is a beta-2 (beta 2) agonist prescribed overseas as a bronchodilator, but not approved for use in this country. (kimiamahvand.ir)
Clenbuterol is a beta2-agonist drug which acts as a bronchodilator and decongestant to assist with breathing in asthmatics and those with other breathing conditions. (kimiamahvand.ir)
If the symptoms persist, this is an indication of poorly controlled asthma, and allergist / immunologist should be consulted to adjust prescription for the long acting bronchodilator since they are suitable for constant regulation and control of asthma symptoms ("Short-Acting Beta2-Agonists for Quick Relief of Asthma Symptoms", 2015). (essaywriter.org)
The paper is geared at the compressive analysis of three short acting adrenergic bronchodilator agents namely Metaproterenol, Albuterol, and Levalbuterol. (essaywriter.org)

In the current study, rats were exposed to dexamethasone or terbutaline during late gestation and the development of beta-receptor binding capabilities and adenylate cyclase activity evaluated in membrane preparations from kidney and lung. (rti.org)
Similarly, prenatal terbutaline exposure evoked increases in basal, isoproterenol-stimulated and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase in the kidney. (rti.org)
Although dexamethasone and terbutaline also caused significant changes in development of beta-receptor binding capabilities, in neither tissue could these effects account for the direction or magnitude of the changes in adenylate cyclase reactivity. (rti.org)
When VSMCs were treated with both estrogen and a beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol or terbutaline, there was an additive effect on cellular cAMP levels although the observed decrease in collagen synthetic rates were the same as observed in estrogen treated cells. (uconn.edu)
The different distribution patterns of cAMP observed in terbutaline and estrogen treated cells may explain why beta agonists may not attenuate collagen synthesis in VSMCs. (uconn.edu)
The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. (lookformedical.com)
Terbutaline is given subcutaneously 0.25 mg, although some beta-1 effect occurs. (mhmedical.com)
Lungs of rabbits pretreated with dibutyryl- adenosine-3',5'- cyclicmonophosphate (DBcAMP), aminophylline, or terbutaline plus isoproterenol were studied 30 minutes after exposure. (cdc.gov)

Glucorticoids and adrenergic stimulation are both thought to control the development of beta-adrenergic receptors/responses. (rti.org)
In patients with severe impairment of myocardial function, beta-blockers may inhibit the sympathetic stimulation necessary to maintain adequate cardiac function. (theodora.com)
Sympathetic stimulation may be essential for support of the circulation in individuals with diminished myocardial contractility, and its inhibition by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade may precipitate more severe failure. (theodora.com)
In patients with non-allergic bronchospasm or with a history of non-allergic bronchospasm (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema), carteolol should be administered with caution since it may block bronchodilation produced by endogenous and exogenous catecholamine stimulation of beta 2 receptors. (theodora.com)
Results from using an in vitro tissue bath technique indicated that propranolol and preferential beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists (ICI-118,551 and butoxamine), in a concentration-dependent manner, blocked the relaxation induced by nicotine (100 microM) without affecting the relaxation elicited by transmural nerve stimulation (TNS, 8 Hz). (lookformedical.com)
The physiologic effects of beta-1 receptor stimulation include increased heart rate, contractility, and myocardial oxygen consumption. (mhmedical.com)
Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade and sympathetic stimulation on canine bronchial mast cell response to immune degranulation in vivo. (uchicago.edu)
Physiological antagonism caused by adrenergic stimulation of canine tracheal muscle. (uchicago.edu)

While it is recognized that beta 2 -adrenergic receptors are the predominant receptors on bronchial smooth muscle, data indicate that there is a population of beta 2 -receptors in the human heart existing in a concentration between 10% and 50% of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors. (guidelinecentral.com)
The beta-3 adrenergic receptors are the predominant beta-adrenergic receptor type expressed in white and brown ADIPOCYTES and are involved in modulating ENERGY METABOLISM and THERMOGENESIS. (lookformedical.com)

In human mononuclear leukocytes, beta-AR agonist isoproterenol and platelet-activating factor were able to induce translocation of beta ARK from cytosol to membrane. (unich.it)
20-min exposure to platelet-activating factor (1 microM) reduced the cytosolic beta ARK activity to 42% of control with concomitant increase in membrane beta ARK activity to 214% of control. (unich.it)
The high levels of beta ARK expression in human peripheral blood leukocytes together with the ability of isoproterenol and platelet-activating factor to induce beta ARK translocation, suggest a role for beta ARK in modulating some receptor-mediated immune functions. (unich.it)

We find that the agonist isoprenaline has a 15,000-fold higher affinity for β2AR in the presence of Nb80 compared to the affinity of isoprenaline for β2AR in the presence of Nb60, highlighting the full allosteric range of a GPCR. (nih.gov)

In this study, N-caffeoyltyramine and its natural analogues (N-cinnamoyltyramine, N-coumaroyltyramine, N-feruloyltyramine, and N-sinapoyltyramine) were investigated to determine their potency as beta-adrenoceptors in human monocytic U937 cells because they have chemical structures strikingly similar to a beta-adrenergic drug, dobutamine. (usda.gov)

Controlled clinical studies and other clinical experience have shown that inhaled albuterol, like other beta-adrenergic agonist drugs, can produce a significant cardiovascular effect in some patients, as measured by pulse rate, blood pressure, symptoms, and/or electrocardiographic changes. (guidelinecentral.com)
The high potency of Ro 25-1553 extends to studies on isolated, histamine-contracted, human bronchial smooth muscle, where Ro 25-1553 exhibits a 390-fold enhancement over native VIP and is more potent than other bronchodilating drugs, such as the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists isoproterenol and salbutamol. (aspetjournals.org)
Drugs such as adrenoceptor agonists, muscarinic agonists, nitrates, and calcium channel blockers all affect smooth muscle. (britannica.com)
Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. (lookformedical.com)
Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors. (lookformedical.com)
In the smooth muscle, it causes relaxation by acting on intracellular adenyl cyclase beta-2 adrenergic receptors that cause increases in cyclic AMP through the conversation of ATP ("Metaproterenol: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings - Drugs.com", 2017). (essaywriter.org)

Basal glycolysis and glycogen concentration were not changed, yet insulin stimulated glycolysis was decreased by 32%, accompanied by 33% lower insulin stimulated glucose transporter, GLUT4, protein levels in rat hearts following isoproterenol infusion, compared with controls. (ox.ac.uk)

Pretreatment with a beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, or a cAMP analog ameliorated the hypercapnia-induced impairment of AFR. (ilh-giessen.de)

The Metaproterenol should not be used with other beta adrenergic aerosol bronchodilators as it can result in additive effects. (essaywriter.org)

The beta-1 adrenergic receptor (β1 adrenoceptor), also known as ADRB1, can refer to either the protein-encoding gene (gene ADRB1) or one of the four adrenergic receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Carteolol Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution, 1%, is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent for ophthalmic use. (theodora.com)
however, little is known concerning whether beta-adrenoceptor-mediated hyperpolarization is altered with aging. (lookformedical.com)
In contrast, preferential beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists (atenolol and CGP-20712A) did not affect either nicotine- or TNS-induced relaxation. (lookformedical.com)
Results of double-labeling studies indicated that beta(2)-adrenoceptor immunoreactivities and NADPH diaphorase reactivities were colocalized in the same nerve fibers in basilar and middle cerebral arteries. (lookformedical.com)
It therefore appears that the mechanisms by which -adrenoceptor agonists increase pacemaking rate in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells include an increase in the rate of deactivation of iK in addition to the well-documented augmentation of iCa,L and the positive shift of the activation curve for the hyperpolarization-activated inward current, if. (ox.ac.uk)
Qualitatively similar but significantly attenuated responses to the catecholamines were observed in tissue from ANXA1-null mice, an effect that was not associated with changes in beta-adrenoceptor mRNA expression. (ox.ac.uk)
In double transgenic rats (dTGR) harboring the human angiotensinogen (hAOGEN) and human renin (hREN) genes, we studied cardiac transcript levels of hypertrophy-related, Ca2+ regulatory, and {beta}-adrenoceptor-associated proteins. (mdc-berlin.de)

Mechanism of Action In vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that albuterol has a preferential effect on beta 2 -adrenergic receptors compared with isoproterenol. (guidelinecentral.com)
Albuterol has been shown in most clinical trials to have more effect on the respiratory tract, in the form of bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, than isoproterenol at comparable doses while producing fewer cardiovascular effects. (guidelinecentral.com)
Mechanism of ActionIn vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that albuterol has preferential effect on beta 2-adrenergic receptors compared with isoproterenol. (drugcentral.org)

Pertussis toxin augments beta-adrenergic relaxation of muscarinic contraction in canine trachealis. (uchicago.edu)

In another study this effect was blocked by the coadministration of propranolol, nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. (drugcentral.org)

The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS. (lookformedical.com)
Endogenous modulation of alpha-adrenergic contraction in canine tracheal muscle. (uchicago.edu)

Agonism of beta-1 adrenergic receptors lead to increased strength of contractility, conduction of nerve impulses, speed of relaxation, and rate in the heart. (drugbank.com)
It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. (lookformedical.com)
Interestingly, (-)isoproterenol shortened the relaxation time by ≈25% in both groups. (mdc-berlin.de)
Although the β-adrenergically mediated relaxation was not impaired in the hypertrophied hearts, the extent of {beta}-adrenergic inotropic responsiveness was reduced. (mdc-berlin.de)
Antagonism of relaxation to isoproterenol caused by agonist interactions. (uchicago.edu)

Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade impairs the ability of the heart to respond to beta-adrenergically mediated reflex stimuli. (theodora.com)
Scholars@Duke publication: A mutation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor impairs agonist activation of adenylyl cyclase without affecting high affinity agonist binding. (duke.edu)

Metaproterenol acts like any other beta adrenergic agonist through beta-2 adrenergic receptors which are predominant in bronchial smooth muscles. (essaywriter.org)

Agonism of beta-2 adrenergic receptors leads to glycogenolysis in the liver, 5 glucagon release from the pancreas, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (drugbank.com)

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. (lookformedical.com)

Some patients receiving beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents have been subject to protracted severe hypotension during anesthesia. (theodora.com)

There were no significant changes in SERCA2a expression in the isoproterenol group, although 2 of 5 hearts expressed only 50% of the mean control level Studies have found that it can protect neurons from oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which are believed to contribute to the degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in PD, clenbuterol leginfo. (kimiamahvand.ir)

ADRB-1 Receptor and Rhythmic Control of Immunity: Circadian oscillations in catecholamine signals influence various cellular targets which express adrenergic receptors, including immune cells. (wikipedia.org)

Sectral (acebutolol hydrochloride) is a beta-blocker used to treat hypertension ( high blood pressure ) and heart rhythm disorders . (rxlist.com)

Chelating intracellular Ca(2+) or abrogating CaMKK-beta function by gene silencing or chemical inhibition prevented the CO(2)-induced AMPK activation in AECs. (ilh-giessen.de)
In standard animal or human pharmacological tests, beta-adrenoreceptor blocking activity of atenolol tablets have been demonstrated by: (1) reduction in resting and exercise heart rate and cardiac output, (2) reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and on exercise, (3) inhibition of isoproterenol induced tachycardia, and (4) reduction in reflex orthostatic tachycardia. (nih.gov)

Impaired isoproterenol-induced hyperpolarization in isolated mesenteric arteries of aged rats. (lookformedical.com)
Isoproterenol (5 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) was infused for 7 days in male Wistar rats (n = 22). (ox.ac.uk)

This preferential effect is not absolute, however, and at higher doses, atenolol tablets inhibit beta 2 -adrenoreceptors, chiefly located in the bronchial and vascular musculature. (nih.gov)

Activation of guanyl nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins) by hormones and neurotransmitters appears to require the formation of high affinity agonist-receptor-G protein ternary complexes. (duke.edu)
Nevertheless, D267-273 exhibited high affinity agonist binding identical to that of the wild-type receptor. (duke.edu)
These findings indicate that the formation of high affinity agonist-receptor-Gs complexes is not sufficient to fully activate Gs. (duke.edu)

Following oral doses of 50 mg or 100 mg, both beta-blocking and antihypertensive effects persist for at least 24 hours. (nih.gov)
The effect on exercise tachycardia of a single 10 mg intravenous dose is largely dissipated by 12 hours, whereas beta-blocking activity of single oral doses of 50 mg and 100 mg is still evident beyond 24 hours following administration. (nih.gov)

The exact mechanism of the ocular hypotensive effect of beta-blockers has not been definitely demonstrated. (theodora.com)
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mechanism of -adrenergic preconditioning ( -PC) Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), a potent endogenous protective intervention against myocardial ischaemia, is induced by exposure of the heart to repetitive short episodes of ischaemia and reperfusion. (sun.ac.za)
However, the exact mechanism whereby activation of the - adrenergic signal transduction pathway leads to cardioprotection, is still unknown. (sun.ac.za)
the respective roles of the A1-, A2-, A3-adenosine receptors as well as the involvement of the PI3-K/PKB/Akt and ERKp44/p42 signal transduction pathways, in the cardioprotective phenomemon of -adrenergic preconditioning and (iv) the contribution of the mitochondrial KATP channels (mKATP), reactive oxygen species and NO to the mechanism of -AR-induced cardioprotection. (sun.ac.za)

In the case of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor, multiple regions of the molecule have been implicated in coupling to the stimulatory G protein Gs. (duke.edu)
2 Agonism of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors causes the alpha subunit of G-protein coupled receptors to exchange GMP for GTP, activating them, and allowing the alpha subunit to dissociate from the beta and gamma subunits. (drugbank.com)
Fatty acid transporter protein levels were 11-52% lower and triglyceride concentrations were 55% lower in isoproterenol-infused rat hearts. (ox.ac.uk)
Which G protein are beta receptors coupled with? (brainscape.com)
High resolution crystal structure of human β 2 -adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
Since agonist-induced beta ARK translocation is considered the first step involved in beta ARK-mediated homologous desensitization, we screened a number of G-protein-coupled receptor agonists for their ability to induce beta ARK translocation. (unich.it)

Isoproterenol is a beta adrenergic agonist which can induce tachycardia and other arrhythmias. (afibbers.org)
A significant beta-blocking effect of atenolol tablets, as measured by reduction of exercise tachycardia, is apparent within one hour following oral administration of a single dose. (nih.gov)

Chronic isoproterenol administration produces a rapid, highly reproducible rodent model of cardiac hypertrophy. (ox.ac.uk)
In conclusion, isoproterenol infusion impaired in vivo cardiac function, induced hypertrophy, and decreased both fatty acid and glucose metabolism, changes similar in direction and magnitude to those found in the rat heart following moderate severity myocardial infarction. (ox.ac.uk)

Continued depression of the myocardium with beta-blocking agents over a period of time can, in some cases, lead to cardiac failure. (theodora.com)

Yet, despite widespread use of this model, the effects of isoproterenol on in vivo cardiac function and substrate metabolism are unknown. (ox.ac.uk)

In the lung, dexamethasone produced an initial postnatal deficit in basal adenylate cyclase and deficient responsiveness to isoproterenol, but the deficit resolved shortly after birth. (rti.org)

It is common practice to pace the heart while infusing an isoproterenol solution when electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins from the left atrium has been achieved in order to attempt to induce AF associated with acute electrical reconnection of the veins to the atrium. (afibbers.org)
the failure of cAMP elevation by Iso to induce the same response is likely related to differential localization and signaling by PGE receptors vs. beta-2 adrenergic receptors (Am J Physiol - Cell Physiol 298:L819, 2010). (chapman.edu)

When tested with beta-adrenergic agonists, the maximal adenylyl cyclase response mediated by this mutant receptor was less than one-half of that seen with the wild-type receptor. (duke.edu)

Our data thereby suggest that the molecular determinants of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor involved in formation of the ternary complex are not identical to those that transmit the agonist-induced stimulatory signal to Gs. (duke.edu)

In contrast, for a number of partial agonists, both stabilization of R80 and destabilization of the inactive, Nb60-bound state (R60) contribute to their ability to modulate receptor activation. (nih.gov)

Release of endogenous catecholamines and activation of the beta-adrenergic receptors (b-AR) have also been shown to be involved in ischaemic preconditioning. (sun.ac.za)

this was followed by a period of prolonged subsensitivity of both basal and isoproterenol-stimulated activity. (rti.org)

The same adverse reactions found with systemic administration of beta-adrenergic blocking agents may occur with topical administration. (theodora.com)

Beta-blockers: May decrease effectiveness of PROAIR RESPICLICK and produce severe bronchospasm. (nih.gov)
Patients with asthma should not normally be treated with beta-blockers. (nih.gov)
In general, beta-adrenergic blockers reduce cardiac output in patients in good and poor cardiovascular health. (theodora.com)
Beta-adrenergic blockers may also increase airway resistance in the bronchi and bronchioles due to unopposed parasympathetic activity. (theodora.com)
The 1- and 2-AR blockers CGP-20712A and ICI-118551 completely abolished the isoproterenol-induced reduction in infarct size and improvement in mechanical recovery, while the 3-AR blocker was without effect. (sun.ac.za)
Beta-blockers, even those with apparent cardioselectivity, should not be used in patients with a history of obstructive airway disease, including asthma. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)

Activation of beta 2 -adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenylcyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). (guidelinecentral.com)

At least 20 minutes after finishing the ablation and achieving electrical isolation of the targeted veins, the heart was paced and the ATP/isoproterenol infusion was begun. (afibbers.org)
All 139 patients underwent additional ablation to close the gaps revealed by the ATP/isoproterenol infusion. (afibbers.org)
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that left ventricular mass increased by 37% and end-diastolic and systolic volumes increased by 33% and 73%, respectively, following isoproterenol infusion. (ox.ac.uk)
Myocardial palmitate oxidation rates were 25% lower, and citrate synthase and medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activities were reduced by 25% and 29%, respectively, following isoproterenol infusion. (ox.ac.uk)

Their beta-1 adrenergic effects stimulate cardiac muscle and therefore must be used cautiously in patients with cardiac conditions. (mhmedical.com)

Furthermore, increasing biophysical evidence, primarily using the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) as a model system, supports the existence of multiple active and inactive conformational states. (nih.gov)
It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
It was proposed that beta ARK may be primarily active on synaptic receptors. (unich.it)

In the Japanese study, the combination of pacing, isoproterenol, and ATP revealed dormant reconnection in 225 pulmonary veins (24% of the 928 veins originally isolated). (afibbers.org)
There was no difference in final outcome between patients who exhibited dormant pulmonary vein conduction after the isoproterenol/ATP challenge and those who did not. (afibbers.org)
The finding that using an ATP/isoproterenol challenge to reveal dormant pulmonary veins reconnections and eliminating them during the ablation procedure very markedly improves success rates of ablation, both in paroxysmal and persistent afibbers, is obviously of huge importance. (afibbers.org)

Isoproterenol-induced hyperpolarization was inhibited by high-K(+) solution and glibenclamide (10(-6) mol/L), an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (K(ATP)), but not by apamin, iberiotoxin, or charybdotoxin, inhibitors of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. (lookformedical.com)

Studies in laboratory animals (minipigs, rodents, and dogs) have demonstrated the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death (with histologic evidence of myocardial necrosis) when beta 2 -agonist and methylxanthines were administered concurrently. (guidelinecentral.com)

In 1948, Raymond Ahlquist published a manuscript in the American Journal of Physiology establishing the idea of adrenaline having distinct actions on both alpha and beta receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, glucocorticoids and beta-agonists can participate in the programming of development of postsynaptic reactivity by exerting actions upon post-receptor coupling mechanisms. (rti.org)

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Receptor agonist isoproterenol2

Sympathomimetic8

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Stimulation8

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