• However, after Jane Goodall observed chimpanzees repeatedly cannibalizing infants without an evolutionary reason, some started to suspect that chimpanzees and many similar creatures could perhaps be capable of such problem behaviors. (listverse.com)
  • The Center for Shelter Dogs also has more information on managing problem behaviors. (thinkingoutsidethecage.org)
  • The researchers do not recommend purchasing dogs from pet stores until the causes of the elevated number and severity of behavior problems in those animals can be identified and solved. (businesswire.com)
  • Konrad Lorenz, in his book On Aggression (1966), attributed mobbing among birds and animals to instincts rooted in the Darwinian struggle to survive. (wikipedia.org)
  • Jumping up, pulling and lunging, digging, garbage raiding, stealing, chewing, barking, house soiling, and even some forms of aggression such as possessiveness and territorial guarding may all be normal for a dog or cat, but are unacceptable behaviors to most owners. (vcahospitals.com)
  • Abnormal behaviors for a species might include states of panic, phobias, anxiety disorders, compulsive disorders, and certain forms of aggression. (vcahospitals.com)
  • A thorough understanding of environmental management, learning principles, and how to modify behavior is necessary in those situations in which the pet is anxious, fearful, highly aroused, phobic, or displaying any aggression. (vcahospitals.com)
  • The majority of behaviors owners want to modify, such as excessive vocalization, unruly greet- ings, and failure to come when called, are not related to valued resources and may not even involve aggression. (hsmo.org)
  • Even in the relatively few cases where aggression is related to rank, applying animal social theory and mimicking how animals would respond can pose a problem. (hsmo.org)
  • Because fear and anxiety are common causes of aggression and other behavior problems, including those that mimic resource guarding, the use of punishment can directly exacerbate the problem by increasing the animal's fear or anxiety (AVSAB 2007). (hsmo.org)
  • Aggressive cases can pose a threat to the safety of the owner, pet, or other pets, and regardless of whether they are normal or abnormal behaviors, determining whether it is safe to proceed is the primary consideration. (vcahospitals.com)
  • Through the use of examples, this module illustrates the main points necessary to change an animal's behavior in a variety of ways. (dvm360.com)
  • If your issue cannot be addressed over the phone, the ARL can refer you to local qualified trainers in the area who can work with you on behavior modification in or around the home. (arl-iowa.org)
  • Treatment of these problems will focus on environmental management and behavior modification, although there may be limits to what can be achieved depending on the problem, the pet, and the household. (vcahospitals.com)
  • These behaviors might be more difficult to control through behavior modification alone, and the prognosis may be more guarded. (vcahospitals.com)
  • Regardless of cause, if the pet's fear, anxiety, or level of arousal is sufficiently intense, it will be necessary to find a protocol that will calm the pet so that behavior modification can be effectively implemented. (vcahospitals.com)
  • 1. The first step is to identify each situation in which the problem might arise and prevent exposure until such time as you have sufficient control through retraining to start behavior modification. (vcahospitals.com)
  • You will become equipped with the tools you need to be able to identify which behavior modification techniques are appropriate for various circumstances. (dvm360.com)
  • The AVSAB emphasizes that the standard of care for veterinarians specializing in behavior is that dominance theory should not be used as a general guide for behavior modification. (hsmo.org)
  • Instead, the AVSAB emphasizes that behavior modification and train- ing should focus on reinforcing desirable behaviors, avoiding the reinforcement of undesirable behaviors, and striving to address the underlying emotional state and motivations, including medical and genetic factors, that are driving the undesirable behavior. (hsmo.org)
  • When Samantha Bell, cat behavior and enrichment lead at Best Friends-Los Angeles, paid a visit to the shelter, Kristen led her to Sparkle. (bestfriends.org)
  • Welcome to the Animal Behavior and Enrichment section of the Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies! (behavior.org)
  • KANAB, Utah--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Dogs purchased from pet stores are more likely to have a range of behavior problems than those purchased from small, non-commercial breeders, says a new study released today from researchers at Best Friends Animal Society and the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine . (businesswire.com)
  • The study, conducted by a team of researchers led by Dr. Frank McMillan of Best Friends Animal Society, in collaboration with Drs. James Serpell and Deborah Duffy at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine , is published in the current issue of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . (businesswire.com)
  • A similar study Best Friends Animal Society's McMillan, published in 2011 in collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine , documented the psychological harm suffered by the breeding dogs in puppy mills. (businesswire.com)
  • The study was conducted by a team of researchers led by Dr. Frank McMillan of Best Friends Animal Society in collaboration with Drs. James Serpell and Deborah Duffy at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine , and Dr. Elmabrok Masaoud and Dr. Ian Dohoo at the University of Prince Edward Island's Atlantic Veterinary College. (businesswire.com)
  • House cats didn't exhibit any odd behavior either, "In general no very obvious reaction appears that seems directly attributable to the eclipse," says the article. (ibtimes.com)
  • Understanding the behavioral quirks of cats and dogs can make for a safer and more enjoyable working experience for people and animals alike. (aspcapro.org)
  • Open Paw.org arms communities worldwide with valuable user- and animal-friendly training and behavior information with the goal of keeping cats and dogs out of shelters in the first place. (thinkingoutsidethecage.org)
  • ARL's Behavior Specialists have also published a book, For Love of Cats , which includes countless behavior tips and topics for pet owners. (arl-iowa.org)
  • This is also the most natural time for cats to be active since they normally are most active in hunting and exploration at dusk and dawn (this is known as crepuscular behavior). (vcahospitals.com)
  • Home / Cats Behavioral Problems / Animal Behavior Problems: Are You the Problem or the Solution? (arkanimals.com)
  • I am currently a Professor in the Department of Biology where I teach courses in invertebrate zoology, animal behavior, and history of medicine. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • Jennie Willis Jamtgaard has a Ph.D. in Zoology, with an emphasis in animal behavior. (dvm360.com)
  • Mobbing in animals is an antipredator adaptation in which individuals of prey species mob a predator by cooperatively attacking or harassing it, usually to protect their offspring. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adaptationist hypotheses regarding why an organism should engage in such risky behavior have been suggested by Eberhard Curio, including advertising their physical fitness and hence uncatchability (much like stotting behavior in gazelles), distracting predators from finding their offspring, warning their offspring, luring the predator away, allowing offspring to learn to recognize the predator species, directly injuring the predator or attracting a predator of the predator itself. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, not all gull species show mobbing behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • The behaviors of some animals are unpredictable, but there is one species sure to alter its behavior drastically during the eclipse, that species being humans. (ibtimes.com)
  • More recently, a team of researchers made a study during the 2017 North American solar eclipse of seventeen animal species at the Riverbanks Zoo in Columbia, South Carolina, to test Wheeler's observations. (celestron.com)
  • They found that "approximately 75% of observed species exhibited a behavioral response to the eclipse, with the majority of these animals engaging in their established evening or nighttime behaviors. (celestron.com)
  • If you need assistance with a behavior issue involving rabbits or other species, please call the ARL at (515) 262-9503. (arl-iowa.org)
  • Behavior problems may be a result of normal behaviors that are unacceptable to the owners or may be an abnormal behavior for that species. (vcahospitals.com)
  • I study a variety of aspects of parasite ecology and host behavior ranging from behavioral fever and transmission behavior to the ecology of introduced parasite species. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • Although grieving behaviours have been reported in a variety of animals, including birds and elephants, it has been unclear whether domestic dogs grieve. (eurekalert.org)
  • Household dogs were reported to exhibit all sorts of different behavior, one person reported that the dog seemed "quieter than usual" while another observer said their dog acted as it does when it's time to turn in at night. (ibtimes.com)
  • The behavior of the dogs was so variable that it doesn't point to one specific behavior. (ibtimes.com)
  • They also a displayed greater fear of other dogs and typical events in pet dogs' lives, had more behavior problems when left alone at home, and experienced more problems with house-soiling. (businesswire.com)
  • Such behaviors in young adult dogs are reasons typically cited by people who surrender their pets to municipal animal shelters. (businesswire.com)
  • We've long suspected that puppies coming from pet stores have a much higher number of behavior problems, but this investigation-the first large-scale study to specifically look at behavior problems in adult dogs bought as puppies from pet stores-offers strong scientific evidence to confirm those suspicions," said Dr. McMillan. (businesswire.com)
  • The results were so one-sided that in the wide range of behavior problems we included in our analysis, pet store dogs failed in every single case to even obtain one more favorable score than the comparison group of dogs. (businesswire.com)
  • McMillan and the Best Friends-led research team note that the study did not determine the exact causes for each of the abnormally increased behavior problems in pet store dogs. (businesswire.com)
  • We are pleased to provide you with the most current behavioral information related to pets, farm and zoo animals, marine mammals, animals in shelters and rescue, assistance animals, detection dogs, and wildlife. (behavior.org)
  • The problem is not that her dogs are thieves but that they were allowed to engage in the behavior and nothing has ever been done to stop it or to prevent the problem EVER. (arkanimals.com)
  • In fact, dogs that bark excessively, dogs that jump on company, dogs that act unruly out in public and engage in other canine crimes are often undisciplined and uneducated animals. (arkanimals.com)
  • AVSAB is concerned with the recent re-emergence of dominance theory and forcing dogs and other animals into submission as a means of preventing and correcting behavior problems. (hsmo.org)
  • Here are some ideas of how to work on common behavior issues. (thinkingoutsidethecage.org)
  • We have a number of handouts with basic training advice that are designed to help puppy and kitten owners get started on the right track, as well as handouts specifically designed to prevent and treat some of the more common behavior problems. (vcahospitals.com)
  • But overall there's no particular behavior Arispe is on the lookout for. (ibtimes.com)
  • It is uncertain why they do this and it is believed that this particular behavior may serve to relieve itching or remove external parasites. (brighthub.com)
  • Have you read the groundbreaking book Animal Behavior for Shelter Veterinarians and Staff? (aspcapro.org)
  • This two-CE-credit self-directed module is designed to give a rich, comprehensive review of the basic principles of applied animal behavior for veterinarians in practice. (dvm360.com)
  • Valencia, CA- Wednesday, May 31, 2023- On their website, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter pages, Animal Behavior College (ABC) has announced the winner of their 2nd Annual Betty White Memorial Zookeeper Assistant Program Scholarship. (animalbehaviorcollege.com)
  • Abandoned, unhealthy kitty, with aggressive behavior issues, receives help and training and is now on her way to living a happy life. (bestfriends.org)
  • This behavior may complement cryptic adaptations in the offspring themselves, such as camouflage and hiding. (wikipedia.org)
  • 6.L.4 The student will demonstrate an understanding of how scientists classify organisms and how the structures, processes, behaviors, and adaptations of animals allow them to survive. (knowitall.org)
  • Temple Grandin, an animal welfare expert and designer of livestock facilities, lectured at Kennedy Hall Feb. 24 during her last visit to campus as a Rhodes Class of '56 Professor. (cornell.edu)
  • The states it will be crossing are full of open space and farmland where livestock and wild animals are staples, but Arispe doesn't think the eclipse will impact them much. (ibtimes.com)
  • When it comes to larger animals, cattle, horses, livestock, sheep, deer… Some of these animals are dependent on the sun from a reproductive standpoint," Arispe said, "But that's not gonna be detrimental or effected in two minutes. (ibtimes.com)
  • The Veterinarian's Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior provides the first general sourcebook for identification and treatment of most behavior problems encountered in livestock and pets. (chipsbooks.com)
  • In animal behavior research, stereotypies are repetitive behaviors that an animal may perform in an effort to relieve frustration or cope with a suboptimal environment, according to a review article published in Livestock Science by Emily Ridge and Courtney Daigle with the Texas A&M University department of animal science and Margaret Foster with the Texas A&M Medical Sciences Library. (tamu.edu)
  • Note any change in the behavior of your pets (especially rodents, rabbits, and hares) or livestock, and consult a veterinarian if they develop unusual symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • In order to assess the impact of ghrelin on impulsivity, rats were trained in three complementary tests of impulsive behavior and choice: differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL), go/no-go, and delay discounting. (nature.com)
  • Pictures of baby animals, including puppies and kittens, can have powerful effects on attention and concentration, a study shows. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • It is highly likely that this severe stress plays a prominent role in the increased behavior problems that have now been documented in the puppies coming out of these breeding facilities," McMillan said. (businesswire.com)
  • 3. Possible underestimation of bull and cow aggressive behaviors. (cdc.gov)
  • Studying the principles of collective animal behavior has relevance to human engineering problems through the philosophy of biomimetics . (wikipedia.org)
  • To understand how and whether to apply dominance theory to behavior in animals, it's imperative that one first has a basic understand- ing of the principles. (hsmo.org)
  • Together with our training and counseling programs we can help to reduce shelter populations by educating people how to encourage and reward good pet behavior. (arl-iowa.org)
  • Some owners inadvertently reward the behavior by giving the cat a little food, affection, or attention to try and calm the cat. (vcahospitals.com)
  • Going to the cat or giving attention in any way will only serve to reward the demanding behavior. (vcahospitals.com)
  • Recent data indicate that there is a strong positive correlation between food reward behavior and impulsivity, but the mechanisms behind this relationship remain unknown. (nature.com)
  • Here we hypothesize that ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone produced by the stomach and known to increase food reward behavior, also increases impulsivity. (nature.com)
  • Why might my pet have behavior problems? (vcahospitals.com)
  • Because medical problems can be the cause or a contributing factor to behavior problems, these should be entirely ruled out before beginning treatment. (vcahospitals.com)
  • However, for those behavior problems that require more than simple training and management, some initial guidance with a veterinary behaviorist is advisable. (vcahospitals.com)
  • Jennie owns a private consulting business, Animal Behavior Insights, and has been a professional consultant in companion animal behavior problems since 2000. (dvm360.com)
  • Jennie is a board member of Colorado Greyhound Companions, a local greyhound rescue group, where she volunteers her services to decrease the relinquishment rate of animals due to behavior problems. (dvm360.com)
  • Animal Behavior Problems: Are You the Cause or the Solution? (arkanimals.com)
  • Animal behavior problems are not normal, they are a sign of imbalance within a pet household. (arkanimals.com)
  • Seriously, most animal behavior problems could be easily dealt with if people knew how important it was teach an animal what is appropriate for life in the human household. (arkanimals.com)
  • So, I have to ask you-are you the problem or the solution to the animal behavior problems you see within your home, out in public, or at places such as the veterinary hospital? (arkanimals.com)
  • So, the owners of the counter surfers who grabbed and stole a package of plain flour tortillas (and took a big bite out of them) are in fact the cause of the behavior problems they hate simply because the humans do not deal with it and don't prevent it. (arkanimals.com)
  • This idea often leads trainers to believe that force or coercion must be used to modify these undesirable behaviors. (hsmo.org)
  • Animals that live outdoors might exhibit slightly different behavior than usual during the eclipse, but it's hard to know what to expect. (ibtimes.com)
  • Intelligent animals seem to exhibit the same personality defects as humans when they are not properly socialized. (listverse.com)
  • I hate to break it to you but if you are not the solution, you are probably the reason for the bad behavior your pets exhibit. (arkanimals.com)
  • When day suddenly turns to night during the total solar eclipse on Aug. 21, most animals aside from humans won't have any idea what is transpiring. (ibtimes.com)
  • I think it's gonna vary between I would say animal to animal, organism to organism, with the larger animals or larger organisms, except for humans, not really being that affected," Sergio Arispe, an animal biologist and assistant professor at the Oregon State University extension service in eastern Oregon, told International Business Times. (ibtimes.com)
  • However, many animal behaviors have shown that animals are just as or even more evil than humans. (listverse.com)
  • It describes the behaviour of animals and humans when they kill their offspring. (pictures-of-cats.org)
  • When antimicrobial resistant bacteria are dramatically increasing in numbers and are spreading between humans and animals, everyone has to do their share. (vin.com)
  • A wide spectrum of microbes and infectious diseases have been transmitted from domesticated and wild animals to humans for thousands of years ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The World Health Organization has defined zoonoses as those diseases and infections naturally transmitted between nonhuman vertebrate animals and humans ( 7 ), and emerging zoonotic disease as a "zoonosis that is newly recognized or newly evolved or that has occurred previously but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range" ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Public health officials and others concerned with appropriate actions to take at hazardous waste sites may want information on levels of exposure associated with more subtle effects in humans or animals (LOAELs) or exposure levels below which no adverse effects (NOAELs) have been observed. (cdc.gov)
  • However, these domestic animals may bring infected rodents into contact with humans. (cdc.gov)
  • The study of animal behavior is one of the most integrative endeavors in biology it encompasses how the behavior is acquired, how it works, why it has come to work as it does, and how it influences the behaving animal and the animals around it. (cshlpress.com)
  • Jennie has been teaching at CSU as an instructor in many varied behavior and genetics courses, as well as introductory biology. (dvm360.com)
  • Rather, these behaviors occur because they have been inadvertently rewarded and because alternate appropriate behaviors have not been trained instead. (hsmo.org)
  • It is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis found in animals (especially rodents, rabbits, and hares). (cdc.gov)
  • In Animal Behavior: An Integrative Approach, Michael J. Ryan and Walter Wilczynski address the interrelationship of these aspects of animal behavior, which Nikolaas Tinbergen codified in his four questions as causation, ontogeny, survival value, and evolution. (cshlpress.com)
  • Expert advice is also provided by the ASPCA Anti-Cruelty Group, which includes animal behaviorists who evaluate victims of cruelty cases, assist with assessment and rehabilitation, and offer advice and counseling to animal welfare organizations. (aspcapro.org)
  • Research suggests that findings about human risk preferences also apply to risk-taking in chimpanzees, our closest evolutionary ancestor in the animal kingdom. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • The authors integrate information from molecular genomics through neuroscience, endocrinology, development, and learning to evolutionary genetics, selection, constraints, and phylogenetics to provide a concise but comprehensive look at current topics in animal behavior. (cshlpress.com)
  • It was dark ages stuff compared to what we were doing with marine mammals and wild animal actors. (arkanimals.com)
  • Head of NIMH discusses the use of animal models in mental health research, and what role animal research will have in the NIMH portfolio. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • Nearly 600 individuals, including APS Fellows and other psychological scientists, have backed an open letter published in USA TODAY urging public support for animal research. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • When studying animal behavior you should avoid using a research software tool that is a black box. (noldus.com)
  • His research program focused on the behavior and ecology of social insects, and he worked on ants, bees, and wasps. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • In the next day after the beginning of the research, the animals of ALG, ASLG, SLG and LG were submitted to ligature installation around the right maxillary second molar. (bvsalud.org)
  • Coming from a wild animal training background, I was amazed and appalled at all the weird stuff I saw when I first began working with the pet owning public and even more shocked at what I encountered in the companion animal training world from the so called professionals. (arkanimals.com)
  • This is most frequently seen in birds, though it is also known to occur in many other animals such as the meerkat and some bovines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human infection may occur when infective saliva or excreta are inhaled as aerosols produced directly from the animal. (cdc.gov)
  • Professor Dodman worked with well-known animal behaviorist Temple Grandin to try to understand why pigs typically become more docile when placed in V-shaped troughs. (csmonitor.com)
  • Some animals, primarily those that reside outside, will notice the change but pets that live indoors likely won't even notice the eclipse. (ibtimes.com)
  • Having multiple pets is a lot of fun and a great way for your animals to socialize. (thinkingoutsidethecage.org)
  • If you have questions about introducing your pet to your new baby, register for the next session of Baby Ready Pets through Animal Friends University. (thinkingoutsidethecage.org)
  • The ARL offers dog and cat behavior counseling to help adoptive pet parents, as well as the general public, better understand our pets. (arl-iowa.org)
  • Conversely, pets subjected to threats or force may not offer submissive behaviors. (hsmo.org)
  • For decades, some traditional animal training has relied on dominance theory and has assumedthat animals misbehave primarily because they are striving for higher rank. (hsmo.org)
  • I was especially excited to learn that parasites affected animal behavior, another favorite subject area. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • After peregrination through more than one graduate program, I completed my PhD studying parasites and behavior at the University of New Mexico. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • According to killer whales animal behavior, seasonal movements are influenced by the migration of its prey. (brighthub.com)
  • How do animals respond (including hibernation, migration, grouping, and courtship) to environmental stimuli that allow them to survive and reproduce? (knowitall.org)
  • 6.L.4B.3 Construct explanations of how animal responses (including hibernation, migration, grouping, and courtship) to environmental stimuli allow them to survive and reproduce. (knowitall.org)
  • A flock of birds might drive a powerful animal away from food. (wikipedia.org)
  • get on the counter and get a tasty bit of food) the behavior is going to increase. (arkanimals.com)
  • Once the moon moves between the sun and Earth and briefly blocks the sun's light from reaching anything in the path of totality those animals and people in the path will experience night-like conditions. (ibtimes.com)
  • Most people think of dolphins as cuddly ocean buddies, animals that are extremely smart and incredibly kind. (listverse.com)
  • It is important that you introduce your puppy to different people and animals and teach them what behavior is appropriate. (thinkingoutsidethecage.org)
  • Now, the fact of the matter in this case is that these people are not consistent in how they manage their animals-nor do they consistently monitor their animals. (arkanimals.com)
  • Fear, feeling abandoned, angry, hurt behaviors of a particular group of people (e.g. (who.int)
  • The demonstrated presence of infectious virus in saliva of infected rodents and the marked sensitivity of these animals to hantaviruses following inoculation suggests that biting may be an important mode of transmission among rodents (7). (cdc.gov)
  • Persons visiting laboratories where infected rodents were housed have been infected after only a few minutes of exposure to animal holding areas (12). (cdc.gov)
  • The structural descriptions of GPT can be used to highlight differences between quasi- societies, process organizations of animal societies that we tend to interpret as 'collective actions,' and genuine social complexes organized by human intentional behavior. (lu.se)
  • Dr. Breed was the Executive Editor of the scientific journals Animal Behaviour from 2006-2009 and Insectes Sociaux from 2014-2018. (whsmith.co.uk)
  • What is calcium imaging, and how can you this technique to get a better understanding of complex rodent behavior? (noldus.com)
  • In the last several decades, our understanding of dominance theory and of the behavior of do- mesticated animals and their wild counterparts has grown considerably, leading to updated views. (hsmo.org)
  • Understanding factors that induce impulsive behavior can provide new therapeutic avenues for many impulsivity-associated psychiatric disorders. (nature.com)
  • We believe that better understanding of biobehavioral characteristics, as well as the continued pursuit of applied strategies, of which we highlight the functional analytical model, will be key factors for the return of behavior analysis to investigate this phenomenon systematically, in both laboratory and social contexts. (bvsalud.org)
  • Understanding the cultures of Puerto Rican and Mexican American men may hold answers for this difference in behavior and permit public health professionals to design more culturally relevant and effective interventions. (cdc.gov)
  • The much lower frequency of attacks between nesting seasons suggests such behavior may have evolved due to its benefit for the mobber's young. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's gonna be so acute, so miniscule in the life of that animal that it's not gonna affect those processes. (ibtimes.com)
  • This book provides a well-thought-out and integrated introduction to the complexity of animal behavior that should appeal to advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and professional scientists in other fields in need of a succinct review of the field. (cshlpress.com)
  • From the flamingos to the baboons, the giraffes, and even the dominant male gorillas, researchers noticed unusual behaviors consistent with increased anxiety as the sky began to darken at a time very much out of the ordinary. (celestron.com)
  • The reality of the situation is this, if animals are allowed to engage in behavior that gets reinforced (ie. (arkanimals.com)
  • During that eclipse the public, game wardens and naturalists all recorded observations about animals and their surroundings and submitted them for a journal article, said Arispe. (ibtimes.com)
  • She is responsible for promoting partnerships between the animal health and public health sectors. (cdc.gov)
  • Her areas of interest are to bring the public health and animal health sectors together and to study the impact of increasing wildlife and human interaction on emerging infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • All of the following short articles were written by Daniel Estep, Ph.D. and Suzanne Hetts, Ph.D. Certified Applied Animal Behaviorists. (animalbehaviorassociates.com)