Behavior animals inbred strains. Medical search. Frequent questions

In this study we have increased the density of microsatellite markers 2- to 5-fold in each of several major RI sets that share C57BL/6 as a parental strain (AXB, BXA, BXD, BXH, and CXB). (nervenet.org)
Common inbred strains include BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6 and DBA. (uwm.edu)
We then used the DBA/2J and C57BL/6J inbred strains of mice to examine the effect of 2 g/kg of ethanol, by serially testing mice on two floor types, separated by 1 week. (psu.edu)
The most dramatic observation was that both Dmd(mdx) and Dmd(mdx3cv) mice showed extreme fatigue after testing, while mice from the same C57BL strains appeared unaffected. (ox.ac.uk)
Furthermore, 129-strain ES cells often contribute to the germline of the chimeras, and when breeding chimeras with C57BL/6 test mice, the dominant agouti color in offspring signifying germline transmission is also easily detected in the G1 generation litters. (umassmed.edu)
Depending upon the study, these mice often have to be backcrossed 9 more generations with C57BL/6 mice to place the mutant allele on an inbred C57BL/6 background. (umassmed.edu)
Of course, one could breed the chimeras with inbred C57BL/6N mice to maintain a pure C57BL/6N substrain background- but then one could not use coat color in the G1 generation to identify germline-transmitting chimeras, as all the offspring would be of a black coat color regardless of germline transmission. (umassmed.edu)
The non-agouti mutation in C57BL/6 strains is due to an 11.8 Kbp retrotransposon located in the first intron of the agouti gene that abolishes the expression of the Agouti gene. (umassmed.edu)
The Sanger group performed gene targeting in the JM8 ES cells to delete the retrotransposon from the agouti locus and restore agouti gene function, permitting the visualization of ES cell-derived mice on an inbred C57BL/6 background by agouti coat color. (umassmed.edu)
This approach allows you to maintain the inbred C57BL/6N status of the offspring. (umassmed.edu)
The UMass Chan Transgenic Animal Modeling Core (TAMC) also has JM8-strain ES cells for targeting, and routinely injects either JM8.F6-strain ES cells or JM8.A3-strain ES cells into albino C57BL/6J Tyrc-Brd blastocysts. (umassmed.edu)
Using a pair of black mice from the Granby farm, Little develops the C57BL and C57BR strains. (jax.org)

In 2013 it was reported that mammals (mice and rats), fish, amphibians, and reptiles together accounted for over 85% of research animals. (wikipedia.org)
The WMI and WLI inbred strains of rats we propose to use in this study were selectively bred from the stress-vulnerable Wistar Kyoto rat. (hhs.gov)
A growing body of work now effectively models this "twins raised apart" situation in genetically identical strains of inbred mice or genetically similar rats. (edge.org)
Male and female rats from the 10th generation were used to assess anxiety-like reactions in the elevated plus maze (EPM), depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST), and aversive memory in the contextual fear conditioning paradigm. (bvsalud.org)
In the EPM, female rats showed lower anxiety-like behavior than males, whereas CHF rats were more anxious than CLF rats. (bvsalud.org)
A strong genetic component underlies the development of learned helplessness as shown by the emergence of a line of highly vulnerable rats (LH strain) through selective inbreeding. (elsevierpure.com)
Sure, there are the traditional lab rats and lab mice that demonstrate a certain level of social behaviors. (promegaconnections.com)
However, compared to traditional laboratory animals like rats, very little is known about its behavior, either in the wild or in a laboratory setting. (researchgate.net)

Sachser, N (2001): Rhythm of activity in closely related inbred strains of mice. (fu-berlin.de)
Sachser, N (2001): Circadian rhythm of three closely related inbred strains of mice differing in aggressive behaviour. (fu-berlin.de)

For example, they report that the mouse gene Azi2 is associated with the effects methamphetamines have on body movements, and that mouse gene Zmynd11 is associated with anxiety-like behavior. (sciencedaily.com)
This research found that early life adversity increased adult stress and anxiety-like behavior. (edge.org)
An average of 8 males per strain was used to measure the anxiety-like behavior in response to restraint and treatment with either saline or 1.8g/kg ethanol in the light-dark transition model of anxiety. (genenetwork.org)

Note to the Reader Please cite this work as: Williams RW, Gu J, Qi S, Lu L (2001) The genetic structure of recombinant inbred mice: High-resolution consensus maps for complex trait analysis. (nervenet.org)
Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes for Neutrophil Recruitment in Sterile Inflammation Mapped in AXB-BXA Recombinant Inbred Mice. (genenetwork.org)
Evaluation of heritable determinants of blood and brain serotonin homeostasis using recombinant inbred mice. (genenetwork.org)

The ability of humans to change the genetics of animals took an enormous step forward in 1974 when Rudolf Jaenisch could produce the first transgenic mammal, by integrating DNA from simians into the genome of mice. (wikipedia.org)
But progress hasn't been so great in animal genetics. (sciencedaily.com)
Neurobiology and genetics of of social behavior development, and neurobiology and genetics of autism and spectrum disorders. (upenn.edu)
To date, the project has produced dozens of studies exploring dog behavior, genetics, and neurobiology, across breeds and over time. (inverse.com)
The Jackson Laboratory has made fundamental contributions to biomedical research, including cancer genetics and establishing the mouse as the premier research animal model. (jax.org)

Prenatal interaction produced anxiety, depression-like responses, and altered social behavior that were accompanied by decreased reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, attenuated serotonin neurotransmission in the hippocampus, reduced enlargement of lateral ventricles, decreased volumes of amygdala and periaqueductal gray matter and density of spines on dendrites of granule cells of the hippocampus. (researchgate.net)
Our laboratory is interested in the neurobiological and genetic mechanisms of social behavior development, as well as biological mechanisms underlying social motivation, social learning, and social skill acquisition and generalization. (upenn.edu)
Despite its importance, the fundamental biology of these social processes is not well understood, and currently available treatments for these social behavior domains are inadequate. (upenn.edu)
Early-life stress can cause brain inflammation and affect social behavior in adulthood. (encephalitisjournal.org)
Studies in animals and humans have revealed that early-life stress affects brain development and social behavior in adulthood [ 7 , 28 , 30 , 41 - 43 ]. (encephalitisjournal.org)
These same pathways are present in humans have been studied in relation to their effects on human social behavior and their dysregulation in ASD and even schizophrenia. (promegaconnections.com)
The prairie vole is now poised to take on a greater role as a model organism in gene-targeted mutation studies of social behavior. (promegaconnections.com)

Scientists have been studying genetically modified oxytocin receptors, which have shown promise as a target for studying ASD-related behaviors. (promegaconnections.com)

The purpose of the study was to analyze spontaneous behavior of young and old females of the original CBRB inbred strain with signs of parkinsonism after 80 weeks of age and females of the standard BALB/cJ strain of the same ages using express-test. (labanimalsjournal.ru)
Based on the data obtained, strain differences and age-related changes in the spontaneous behavior of female mice of the CBRB and BALB/cJ strains were revealed. (labanimalsjournal.ru)
CBi is an inbred mouse strain derived from an outbred population generated by crossing BALB/c, Rockland, NIH and Swiss mice. (biomedcentral.com)

Tissue content of monoamines, volumetric brain abnormalities, dendritic spine density in the hippocampus, and various domains of the mouse behavior repertoire were evaluated in adult male mice. (researchgate.net)
Interestingly, researchers have noted significant differences in performance in the radial arm maze between different strains of mouse, specifically regarding which areas of the brain are used in completing the task. (noldus.com)
However, lesions to the amygdala and frontal cortex caused deleterious effects on performance only in the C57 strain, indicating that perhaps the enhanced learning seen in these mice is due to participation from these brain regions in addition to the normally recruited hippocampal activity. (noldus.com)
In this adaptive calibration model, animals that are genetically identical might express different set of genes in their brain and develop different neural circuits in an attempt to prepare their brain for success in the kind of environment in which they find themselves. (edge.org)
These data suggest that a liver-brain endocrine axis may play an important role in the regulation of alcohol drinking behavior and provide a unique pharmacologic target for reducing alcohol consumption. (ox.ac.uk)
Maltreatment behavior provoked changes in oxytocin, corticosterone, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. (encephalitisjournal.org)
The MS/SD/SI model and maltreatment-behavior assay may be useful not only to study the relationship between social stress in childhood and antisocial behavior in adulthood, but also for study of etiology, pathology, or treatment for brain disorders, such as psychopathy. (encephalitisjournal.org)
Chronic environmental stress is known to induce inflammation in the brain, which is closely related to psychiatric or psychosocial behaviors shown in brain disorders such as schizophrenia, dementia, encephalitis, autism, and psychopathy [ 1 - 27 ]. (encephalitisjournal.org)
Conversely, we postulate that the deficit in escape avoidance behavior exhibited by the LH strain may be associated with an alteration in GC-mediated gene expression in the brain. (elsevierpure.com)

The MS/SD/SI mice exhibited hyper-phenotypes of social interaction and offensive aggressiveness and hypo-phenotypes of predator fear and empathy-related behavior. (encephalitisjournal.org)

Previously, only large regions of a chromosome could be associated with a particular mouse trait or behavior. (sciencedaily.com)
Recently, RI strains have also been used to map QTLs that that are responsible for biometric variation in the architecture of the mouse CNS (Belknap et al. (nervenet.org)
A lesion to the commonly known location of memory function, the hippocampus [5], causes significant deficits in performance in either the C57 strain or the DBA strain of mouse. (noldus.com)
We now have been utilizing the Inbred Lengthy- and Quick-Sleep mouse strains (ILS, ISS) and a recombinant inbred panel derived from them, the LXS, to research the genetic underpinnings of acute ethanol tolerance which is taken into account to be a threat issue for alcohol use issues (AUDs). (eumorphia.org)
We conclude that differences in expression of PB between these strains indicate that genetic influences strongly affect the stability of ventilation in the mouse. (archive.org)
Here, we developed an assay system to evaluate conspecific maltreatment behavior in the mouse. (encephalitisjournal.org)
MS/SD/SI mice exhibited more sustained nose-poking behavior during the experiment, resulting in increased foot shocks to the mouse in the opposite chamber. (encephalitisjournal.org)
Animal testing , also known as animal experimentation , animal research , and in vivo testing , is the use of non-human animals in experiments (although some research about animals involves only natural behaviors or pure observation, such as a mouse running a maze or field studies of chimp troops ). (wmflabs.org)
Handbook of mouse auditory research: from behavior to molecular biology. (cdc.gov)
The inbred mouse, while still variable from one mouse to another, appears to be less variable within strains. (cdc.gov)
Between strains, the mouse shows great differences in susceptibility to noise as well as differences in prebycusis. (cdc.gov)
Alam G, Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP, Lu L, Williams RW, Jones BC 2016 MPTP neurotoxicity is highly concordant between the sexes among BXD recombinant inbred mouse strains. (genenetwork.org)
Xue Y, Li J, Yan L, Lu L, Liao FF 2015 Genetic variability to diet-induced hippocampal dysfunction in BXD recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains. (genenetwork.org)
Genetic manipulation of the mouse genome has been customarily performed using ES cells derived from the agouti 129-inbred strain of mouse. (umassmed.edu)
Here, we modeled GWI in 30 BXD recombinant inbred mouse strains with a combined treatment of corticosterone (CORT) and diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). (cdc.gov)
The results obtained support the conclusion that the system M-406 plus the inbred mouse lines CBi, CBi − and CBi/L, is a good murine model to study the process of tumor immunoediting. (biomedcentral.com)

The observation of the locomotor and exploratory behaviors of rodents in an open field is one of the most fundamental methods used in the field of behavioral pharmacology. (researchgate.net)
We find strong species differences in behavior that are associated with microhabitat, demonstrate that intermediate microhabitats are associated with higher levels of exploratory behavior, show that patterns of behavioral covariation across contexts are characteristic of modular complex traits, and contrast Malawi cichlid data with behavioral data from selectively bred high-and low-exploratory zebrafish. (biorxiv.org)
Taken together, our results tie ecology to species differences in behavior, and highlight Lake Malawi cichlids as a powerful system for understanding the evolution, ecology, and biology of natural behavioral variation. (biorxiv.org)
Furthermore, different behavioral assays and testing parameters have been used across studies, making it difficult to identify organizing principles that explain species differences in behavior. (biorxiv.org)
The radial arm maze has also been used to investigate behavioral deficits in a plethora of animal models of cognitive dysfunction known to impact memory, such as anxiety and depression. (noldus.com)
On the behavioral stage, solely restricted and gentle alterations have been reported, with a big a part of analyzed behaviors being unaffected in GAMT KO as in contrast with wild-type mice. (eumorphia.org)
On this evaluate, we summarize information concerning behavioral and cerebral GAMT KO phenotypes, and deal with uncharted behavioral alterations which might be comparable with the medical signs reported in GAMT-D sufferers, together with mental incapacity, poor speech, and autistic-like behaviors, in addition to unexplored Cr-induced cerebral alterations. (eumorphia.org)
Right here, we've got used RNA-seq to look at the transcriptome of complete mind in 40 of the LXS strains eight hours after a saline or ethanol "pretreatment" as in earlier behavioral research. (eumorphia.org)
Following an hour acclimation period to the behavioral room, animals were restrained for 15 minutes, immediately injected (I.P.) with either 0.9% saline or 1.8g/kg ethanol, and 5 minutes later placed in the light-dark box for a 10-minute test session. (genenetwork.org)
A survey of ten different disciplines including neuroscience, physiology, pharmacology, endocrinology, zoology, and behavioral science demonstrated that the majority of studies published in 2009 were conducted in male animals [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Only by observing the behavioral capabilities and preferences of opossums will we be able to manipulate the experimental environment to best elicit and elucidate their behavior and alterations in behavior that can arise from experimental manipulations. (researchgate.net)

However, it is unknown whether maltreatment behavior occurs in rodents. (encephalitisjournal.org)
Empathy deficit is closely related to antisocial and maltreatment behaviors [ 31 - 36 ], and recent animal studies revealed that emotion contagion or empathy and prosocial behavior occur in rodents [ 37 - 40 ]. (encephalitisjournal.org)
However, maltreatment behavior induced by empathy deficit has never been examined in rodents. (encephalitisjournal.org)

Encountering and adaptively responding to unfamiliar or novel stimuli is a fundamental challenge facing animals and is linked to fitness. (biorxiv.org)
Deciding how to respond to unfamiliar or novel stimuli is a fundamental aspect of animal life that has important implications for fitness. (biorxiv.org)
Second, we examined the ventilatory behavior after termination of poikilocapnic hypoxia stimuli in recombinant inbred strains derived from B6 and A/J animals. (archive.org)

Within 30 seconds, 15 different patterns of spontaneous behavior of the animal were assessed in the horizontal (left-right and forward-backward body movement) and vertical (rears with or without support, grooming) directions, including immobility of the body with head lifting or left-right moving and with complete akinesia, etc. (labanimalsjournal.ru)
Strain patterns of sensitivity sometimes indicate the important influence of single genes on drug responses. (ohsu.edu)
Finally, we tested eight inbred strains of mice on four floor types to examine patterns of strain sensitivity to 2 g/kg of intraperitoneal ethanol and determined the test parameters that maximized strain effect size. (psu.edu)
Humans with ASD often have trouble relating to other people and/or show a preference repetitive patterns or behaviors. (promegaconnections.com)

This mapping strategy is supported by the high heritability, large effect size of strain on phenotypes, and existing whole genome sequencing data for the WMI and WLI strains ( ~100x coverage per strain, with ~4,400 high confidence polymorphisms between strains). (hhs.gov)
Nature Communications 7:10464 [Best reference on the BXD family of strains and the wide range of phenotypes that have been generated over the past 40 years. (genenetwork.org)

This BXD data set provides estimates of ethanol-responsive mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex across 27 BXD recombinant inbred strains and their B6 and D2 progenitor strains. (genenetwork.org)
Expression analysis was conducted by estimating the relative abundance of over 45,000 transcripts in the prefrontal cortex in response to ethanol or saline and transforming these data using the S-score method to compare ethanol vs. saline expression from pairs of arrays for each strain (Kerns et al. (genenetwork.org)
At present, this ethanol-responsive prefrontal cortex mRNA expression BXD data set is represented by a total of 2 microarrays for each BXD strain, one each for saline- and ethanol-treated animals, and 6 microarrays for each progenitor strain, three each for saline and ethanol-treated animals. (genenetwork.org)

That's because researchers have mostly been using crosses between inbred strains, making it impossible to pinpoint specific genomic regions or individual genes associated with a trait. (sciencedaily.com)
This is a system that could be used to discover genes associated with any complex trait a researcher is interested in, in any animal model," Palmer said. (sciencedaily.com)
In contrast, interactions between genes and the environment cannot usually be studied using conventional mapping populations in which each animal is unique. (nervenet.org)
This causes the genes to become homozygous (same strain) at nearly all the loci on the chromosomes. (uwm.edu)
Two strains may be bred together to produce a mixture of the genes of each strain. (uwm.edu)
These animals are used to study the function of the various genes. (uwm.edu)
A method of correcting these defective genes (gene therapy) is being developed in animals with hopes that prevention or a cure for humans will result. (uwm.edu)

Some of the differences in behavior have been found to fade as the animals get older but others grow stronger and persist into adulthood. (edge.org)

In the absence of evidence to the contrary, ATSDR assumes that humans are more sensitive to the effects of hazardous substance than animals and that certain persons may be particularly sensitive. (cdc.gov)
The Innovative Medicines Initiative-funded "Collaboration for prevention and treatment of MDR bacterial infections" (COMBINE) consortium is establishing a validated and globally harmonized preclinical model to increase reproducibility and more reliably translate results from animals to humans. (frontiersin.org)
In humans, maltreated (abused or neglected) children often exhibit antisocial behavior, including violent and sadistic behavior, in adulthood. (encephalitisjournal.org)
In humans, repeatedly abused or maltreated children often fail to develop good social relationships and display antisocial behaviors, such as aggressive or violent behaviors, as adults. (encephalitisjournal.org)
Glucocorticoids (GC) have an important effect on mood in humans and influence learned helplessness, an escape avoidance paradigm that is considered one of the best animal models of depression. (elsevierpure.com)
One of the obstacles to designing robust scientific experiments for investigating potential ASD causes or treatments is the lack of a truly appropriate model organism for social behaviors in humans (1). (promegaconnections.com)
These animals cannot fully represent the depth of human social behaviors, including the ability of humans to form lasting social bonds (1). (promegaconnections.com)
Because of their similarity to humans in terms of social richness, the prairie vole is gaining popularity as a model organism for scientists interested in human social behaviors. (promegaconnections.com)
This initial study of CRISPR-mediated oxytocin receptor mutations in prairie voles shows behavior that is relevant to ASD studies in humans. (promegaconnections.com)

In this study, we investigate exploratory behavior across 23 species in a previously untested vertebrate system, Lake Malawi cichlid fishes, which comprises hundreds of phenotypically diverse species that have diverged in the past one million years. (biorxiv.org)
These and other findings support hypotheses that ecological plasticity or habitat variability is associated with higher levels of exploratory behavior. (biorxiv.org)

The strain is now valued as a source of embryonic stem cells for making knockout mice. (jax.org)

There were also strain and sex differences in basal plasma corticosterone (CORT) and steady-state hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1) expression. (hhs.gov)

The present study was designed to characterize the interaction between mammary adenocarcinoma M-406 and CBi, CBi − and CBi/L inbred mice lines. (biomedcentral.com)
L. C. Strong breeds a Bagg albino with an albino from Little 's stock and starts the first of many tumor-prone strains, called the A strain, known for mammary and lung tumors. (jax.org)

Notes: Frequencies are based on 392 mice from 21 inbred strains on 15 tests (Table 1). (jax.org)
The final consensus maps are based on 1578 microsatellite loci and these maps have a cumulative length of approximately 1400 cM after adjustment for recombination frequencies of RI strains. (nervenet.org)

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior , 29 (2), 257-267. (ncsu.edu)

Investigators first focused early life adversity research in rodent models on emotional behavior. (edge.org)
Preclinical animal models play a crucial role in assessing the efficacy of novel drugs, informing human dosing regimens and progressing drug candidates into the clinic. (frontiersin.org)
Their genetic diversity makes them better animal models than the inbred strains of mice that are typically used in aging research. (inverse.com)
To date, many models have been created to examine this phenomenon in animals. (psu.edu)
Recent years have seen growing interest in the development of genetic animal models to investigate the bidirectional relationship between trait anxiety and defensive reactions. (bvsalud.org)
Animal models are useful tools for studying diseases such as cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Our approach of course is if you could prevent the tumor cells from attaching to the foreign tissue and penetrating the foreign tissue and by using inhibitors that block adhesion by molecules you could hopefully do that and that's what we demonstrated -- that you can do in animal models. (nih.gov)

For instance, when comparing the inbred strains C57 and DBA, researchers discovered that dependence on either the hippocampus, amygdala or frontal cortex are differentially important between the strains [4]. (noldus.com)
Noise researchers know that noise susceptibility in experimental animals is quite variable (e.g. (cdc.gov)
With a strong emphasis on animal welfare and scientific advancement, this function bridges the gap between Comparative Medicine professionals and researchers. (aalas.org)

One week later, animals were spinally pretreated with receptor antagonists selective for opioid, serotonin or alpha-adrenoceptors, and the ability of these agents to alter spinal morphine-induced antinociception was assessed. (omeka.net)

We might see stubborn, inflexible or repetitive behavior as unintelligent in a laboratory test. (edge.org)
concluded that prairie voles with oxytocin receptor mutations show an increase in repetitive or compulsive behaviors and less social novelty preference, meaning they pay less attention to new objects or unfamiliar voles. (promegaconnections.com)

Light is the most powerful temporal cue that entrains physiology and behavior through modulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. (bvsalud.org)

Genomes of individuals strains typically incorporate 45-55 recombinations between parental chromosomes. (nervenet.org)

This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments or habitats. (wikipedia.org)
Although both clinical and animal studies have found that the rate of onset of drug action influences the development of addiction, the exceptionally strong abuse liability of oxycodone was manifested even when it was consumed in the controlled-release from. (hhs.gov)
We provide two-locus correlograms that can be used to detect and correct for non-syntenic association and to reduce error rates in QTL mapping studies that exploit RI strains. (nervenet.org)
Although human data are preferred, MRLs often must be based on animal studies because relevant human studies are lacking. (cdc.gov)
Other approaches include studies of multiple inbred strains of mice examining the basis for genetic correlations between susceptibilities to different effects of ethanol and different drugs of abuse. (ohsu.edu)
For other uses, see Animal studies (disambiguation) . (wmflabs.org)
These resources will assist investigators applying for funding from the National Institutes of Health since all grant applicants will be required (as of January 25, 2016) to address the role of sex as a biological variable in vertebrate animal and human studies. (biomedcentral.com)
To address the underrepresentation of females in biomedical research, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released a notice on June 9, 2015 entitled, Consideration of Sex as a Biological Variable in NIH-funded Biomedical Research that focuses on the "expectation that scientists will account for the possible role of sex as a biological variable in vertebrate animal and human studies" [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Experimental research with animals is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments, and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to the industry. (wikipedia.org)
[ 22 ] Avenzoar , an Arabic physician in 12th-century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. (wmflabs.org)

Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. (wikipedia.org)
The terms animal testing, animal experimentation, animal research, in vivo testing, and vivisection have similar denotations but different connotations. (wikipedia.org)

However, we know racial and ethnic groups may also be exposed to vastly different experiences, also likely to strongly impact behavior. (edge.org)

Evidence suggests that the tasks thought to measure this behavior in mice actually measure different components of this complex trait. (psu.edu)

Of the 68 buffalo, 47 were adult females, selected because their behavior is representative of core herd movements. (cdc.gov)
For females of both strains, an age-related decrease in the number of rears with the support was found. (labanimalsjournal.ru)

Thus, the resulting MRL may be as much as a hundredfold below levels that have been shown to be nontoxic in laboratory animals. (cdc.gov)

RI strains can therefore be exploited to expose gene-environment interactions. (nervenet.org)

It was estimated in 2010 that the annual use of vertebrate animals-from zebrafish to non-human primates-ranges from tens to over 100 million. (wikipedia.org)
In the European Union, vertebrate species represent 93% of animals used in research, and 11.5 million animals were used there in 2011. (wikipedia.org)
Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals-from zebrafish to non-human primates -ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used annually. (wmflabs.org)

as a consequence, instability of ventilatory behavior could be inherited through genetic mechanisms. (archive.org)

More laboratory mice are used in research every year than any other animal species. (uwm.edu)

L. C. Dunn breeds Strain 129, which later proves to have a high incidence of testicular cancer. (jax.org)

June 14, 2022 A new study reveals that opioid analgesic fentanyl may induce autism-like behaviors in young male and female mice. (sciencedaily.com)
In this proposal, we aim to conduct a genetic mapping study to identify genetic factors influencing oxycodone-motivated behaviors and vulnerability to stress, a major risk factor of opioid use disorder. (hhs.gov)
DISCUSSION: Study findings suggests that to improve effectiveness of type 2 diabetes prevention efforts among low-income women with GDM history, health care providers and public health practitioners should avoid using 'one-size-fits-all' approaches to lifestyle change and instead use tailored interventions that address the cultural and environmental factors that impact women's ability to engage in recommended behavior change. (cdc.gov)

All samples are from a total of 468 adult male animals obtained from Jackson Laboratory and raised in a standard laboratory environment. (genenetwork.org)
In order to investigate whether SCN activity and SCN-driven rhythms are altered by social interaction, adult male C57BLJ/6 mice were maintained in groups of 3-4 animals per cage or 1 animal per cage (socially isolated) under 12:12 h / light:dark (LD) cycles or constant darkness (DD). (bvsalud.org)

To assess maltreatment behavior, we devised a two-chamber apparatus separated by a transparent partition, in which one chamber was provided with a nose-poking hole that would trigger foot shocks onto the other. (encephalitisjournal.org)

The express modification of the cylinder test enabled to confirm not only the previously discovered motor traits of female CBRB mice, but also certain non-motor changes in spontaneous behavior that are similar to characteristics of patients with Parkinson's disease. (labanimalsjournal.ru)
Objective: To assess the prevalence of non healthy behaviors and the practice of health preventive measures among female university employees in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. (who.int)
Subjects and methods: Through a multi-stage stratified sample, a total of 299 female teaching staff and employees were interviewed by trained female medical students using a comprehensive questionnaire to determine non healthy behaviors and preventive measures practiced. (who.int)

The design of the maze ensures that the animal must return to the center between each arm visit and is therefore presented with the same 8 options each time, following which they must remember which choices have already been made. (noldus.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms40

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs33

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Psychiatry and Psychology46

Phenomena and Processes86

Disciplines and Occupations6

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care15

C57BL12

Rats8

Related inbred strains of mice2

Anxiety-like behavior3

Recombinant inbred mice3

Genetics5

Social behavior7

Receptors1

BALB3

Brain9

Empathy-related behavior1

Mouse16

Behavioral11

Rodents3

Stimuli3

Patterns4

Phenotypes2

Prefrontal cortex3

Genes7

Differences in behavior1

Humans9

Exploratory2

Knockout1

Corticosterone1

Mammary2

Frequencies2

Pharmacology1

Models7

Researchers3

Selective1

Repetitive2

Physiology1

Chromosomes1

Studies8

Experimental2

Vivo2

Strongly1

Complex trait1

Females2

Laboratory animals1

Gene-environment interactions1

Vertebrate3

Genetic mechanisms1

Species1

Breeds1

Study3

Male2

Apparatus1

Female3

Maze1