• AURK significantly promotes activation of IκBα at serine 32, but not serine 36 residues, unlike IκB kinase (IKK) family proteins activate both IκBα serine residues. (researchsquare.com)
  • Their amino acid sequences suggest that they are mainly cytosolic or nuclear proteins partly associating with membranes (Talbot et al. (springer.com)
  • The reversible phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues represents a fundamental strategy used by eukaryotic organisms to regulate a host of biological functions, including DNA replication, cell cycle progression, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. (rupress.org)
  • posttranslational modifications, amino acid variations, computational mutation analysis, protein PTM predictor, network biology Introduction Protein PTMs are biochemical alterations of amino acids that change the physicochemical properties of target proteins, leading to structural changes and therefore regulating protein-protein interactions and cellular signal transduction in developmental and cancer pathways [1]. (deepdyve.com)
  • 7] analyzed amino acid variations of 15 different PTMs and indicated that about 4.5% of amino acid variations may affect protein function through disruption of PTMs, and the mutation of 238 PTMs sites in human proteins was causative of disease. (deepdyve.com)
  • However, it often requires extensive laboratory work and considerable expense to make thousands of variant proteins and select amino acid variations that influence PTM sites. (deepdyve.com)
  • Acetylation is a common histone modification that involves the addition of an acetyl group to the amino acid residues of histone proteins. (agefluidman.com)
  • Phosphorylation is another important histone modification that involves the addition of a phosphate group to histone proteins. (agefluidman.com)
  • Phosphorylation of specific serine or threonine residues on histones can lead to changes in chromatin structure, allowing or preventing the binding of transcription factors and other regulatory proteins. (agefluidman.com)
  • Methylation of specific lysine residues, such as H3K4, can also promote gene activation by recruiting proteins that facilitate transcription. (agefluidman.com)
  • After synthesis is completed, proteins can be modified by various methods such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, ADP ribosylation, hydroxylation, and addition of other groups. (microbenotes.com)
  • Many of the proteins that are destined to become a part of plasma membrane or to be secreted from the cell, have carbohydrate chains attached to the amide nitrogen of asparagine(N linked) or the hydroxyl groups of serine, threonine(O linked). (microbenotes.com)
  • Sulfate modidication takes place by the addition of sulphate molecules and these modifications of proteins occurs at tyrosine residues. (microbenotes.com)
  • SUMO (small ubiquitin related modifier) proteins are 100 amino acid residue proteins which bind to the target protein in the same way as ubiquitin. (microbenotes.com)
  • Spider silk proteins can be considered as block-copolymers of repetitive amino acid sequence modules. (fiberlab.de)
  • The composition of the Podocalyxin transmembrane protein consists of acidic residues from position 162-192, many polar residues at positions 200-219, 230-267, and 554-568, as well as containing both basic and acidic residues from position 590-605. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since glucocorticoids are essential for life, other cellular signaling pathways strongly regulate GR actions in many different ways, such as physical interaction via their effector transcription factors and epigenetic modifications including phosphorylation and acetylation. (brainimmune.com)
  • In the course of the disease, tau changes its phosphorylation state and becomes hyperphosphorylated, gets truncated by proteolytic cleavage, is subject to O-glycosylation, sumoylation, ubiquitinylation, acetylation and some other modifications. (microbialcell.com)
  • phosphorylation at distinct serine residues in its hinge 2 region prevents its cleavage at an adjacent tyrosine residue by calpain 1. (omicsdi.org)
  • EC 3.1.3.48 ) catalyse the removal of a phosphate group attached to a tyrosine residue, using a cysteinyl-phosphate enzyme intermediate. (embl.de)
  • Protein phosphorylation can regulate enzyme function, mediate protein-protein interactions, alter subcellular localization, and control protein stability. (rupress.org)
  • Complexes of Vps34, the sole class III PI3K member, produce PI 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) in the endolysosomal system and during autophagy to regulate vesicle-mediated sorting en route to lysosomes 1 . (nature.com)
  • Protein tyrosine (pTyr) phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification which can create novel recognition motifs for protein interactions and cellular localisation, affect protein stability, and regulate enzyme activity. (embl.de)
  • Majority of phosphorylation occurs as a mechanism to regulate the biological activity of a protein. (microbenotes.com)
  • These results suggest that the phosphorylation may regulate postsynaptic molecular architecture and Ca 2+ signaling of Purkinje cells in response to synaptic activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
  • Together, these findings suggested that Homer3 in Purkinje cells might function as a reversible coupler regulated by CaMKII phosphorylation and that the phosphorylation is capable of regulating the postsynaptic molecular architecture in response to synaptic activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • however, it is devoid of enzymatic activity due to amino acid substitutions in the catalytic triad. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Those which bind phosphorylated tyrosine residues may recruit multi-phosphorylated substrates for the adjacent active domains and are more conserved, while the other class have accumulated several variable amino acid substitutions and have a complete loss of tyrosine binding capability. (embl.de)
  • In contrast, isoform 3 (UniProtKB: Q9H9R9-3) carries a 100 amino acids long N-terminal sequence extension. (springer.com)
  • PtrABF had a complete open reading frame of 1347 bp, encoding a 448 amino acid peptide, and shared high sequence identities with ABFs from other plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It encodes the inactive pre-pro-HGF, a single chain of 728 amino acids (83 kDa), which includes a signal sequence ( 1 - 31 ), a heavy α chain (69 kDa), and a light β chain (34 kDa). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Based on the amino acid sequence homology and biological activity in macrophages, Shimamoto et al ( 15 ) identified that HLP was identical to MSP ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Accordingly, the present invention envisions an isolated nucleic acid encoding the GEF-H1S polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2, as well as an isolated nucleic acid comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, serine-67 is present in a peptide of less than 30 amino acids that comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 4. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the peptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 4 is less than 25 amino acids in length. (justia.com)
  • In a more preferred embodiment, the peptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 4 is 18 amino acids long. (justia.com)
  • Post-translational modifications refer to any alteration in the amino acid sequence of the protein after its synthesis. (microbenotes.com)
  • In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid encoding the GEF-H1 peptide of SEQ ID NO:3 is provided. (justia.com)
  • In similar fashion, one other embodiment provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding the GEF-H1 peptide of SEQ ID NO:4. (justia.com)
  • Provided herein are anti-angiogenic comprising the N-terminal end of endostatin, nucleic acids encoding the same, pharmaceutical preparations comprising an effective amount of the peptide and nucleic acids and use of the pharmaceuticals in treating or preventing diseases or conditions associated with undesirable angiogenesis. (justia.com)
  • this activation occurs following a uptake of ICs into innate immune cells and the interaction of the cargo DNA or RNA with internal nucleic acid detectors. (columbiagypsy.net)
  • These receptors, which include Toll-like receptors, are portion of an internal sponsor defense Paroxetine HCl realizing nucleic acids aberrantly present in the cytoplasm from illness or cell stress. (columbiagypsy.net)
  • Preferably, this peptide is less than 20 amino acids in length. (justia.com)
  • Synthetic phospho-peptide corresponding to amino acid residues surrounding Ser40 of rat tyrosine hydroxylase, conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). (aveslabs.com)
  • Endostatin, a 183 amino acid proteolytic cleavage fragment corresponding to the C-terminus of collagen 18, has been the subject of investigation by a number of laboratories because of its anti-tumor activity with no toxic side effects (O'Reilly et al. (justia.com)
  • Ubiquitination can either activate or repress gene expression, depending on the specific histone residue being modified and the type of ubiquitin chain attached. (agefluidman.com)
  • To increase the utilization of current computational resources, we 﫿rst provide an overview of computational prediction of amino acid variations that influence protein PTMs and their functional analysis. (deepdyve.com)
  • Almost all the amino acids undergo the process of PTMs, except leucine (L), isoleucine (I), valine (V), alanine (A) and phenylalanine (F) [2]. (deepdyve.com)
  • PTMs are specific to types of amino acid residues. (deepdyve.com)
  • In this regard, comprehensive studies of the impact of amino acid variation on protein PTMs will be helpful for further understanding of how genetic polymorphisms are involved in regulating biological and pathological processes and providing instructive information for drug development of various related diseases. (deepdyve.com)
  • With the development of high throughput technologies such as tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and next generation sequencing, more and more nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variations (nsSNVs) that cause variation of amino acids have been identified, some of which result in the damage of PTMs. (hindawi.com)
  • Either at genomic or at proteomic level, mutations have significant impact on normal gene or protein function, and human diseases could be associated with mutations like nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variations (nsSNVs) on amino acids. (hindawi.com)
  • The most frequent myopathic mutation, p.W2710X, which is associated with myofibrillar myopathy, deletes the carboxy-terminal 16 amino acids from FLNc and abolishes the dimerization property of Ig-like domain 24. (omicsdi.org)
  • Spidroins are composed of a highly repetitive core domain flanked by a carboxy- and amino-terminal domain. (fiberlab.de)
  • FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
  • Background: The phosphorylation of NF-kappaB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) protein is pivotal to the regulation of NF-κB transcription factor activity in the cell. (researchsquare.com)
  • Conclusions: Therefore, we identified novel phosphorylation site of IκBα by AURK, and its site was related to apoptosis and necroptosis pathway in breast cancer cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Compound 51 inhibited the proliferation of 13 out of 15 cancer cell lines with IC50 values between 0.27 and 6.9 μM, which correlated with the complete suppression of retinoblastoma phosphorylation and the onset of apoptosis. (rcsb.org)
  • The transfer of one-carbon methyl groups to nitrogen or oxygen to amino acid side chains increases the hydrophobicity of the protein and can neutralize a negative amino acid charge when bound to carboxylic acids. (microbenotes.com)
  • We then discuss how obesity leads to insulin resistance via a complex interplay among systemic fatty acid excess, microhypoxia in adipose tissue, ER stress, and inflammation. (jci.org)
  • Results: We identified two novel sites of serine phosphorylation at S63 and S262. (researchsquare.com)
  • Consequently, amino acid variations through changing the type of residues of the target sites or key flanking residues could directly or indirectly influence PTM of protein and bring about a detrimental effect on protein function. (deepdyve.com)
  • Neurons from patients with fAD and patients with sAD showed increased phosphorylation of TAU protein at all investigated phosphorylation sites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We sought to identify PKA phosphorylation sites in PLIN5 and assess their functional relevance in cultured cells and the livers of mice. (uci.edu)
  • An in vitro binding kinetic analysis revealed that these phosphorylation-dependent events were attributable to a decrease in the affinity of phosphorylated Homer3 for its ligand. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, we revealed that Homer3 was phosphorylated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in Purkinje cells, and the phosphorylation reduces the affinity for Homer target molecules, resulting in change of the solubility. (jneurosci.org)
  • Proteomic analysis and prediction of amino acid variations that influence protein. (deepdyve.com)
  • An in vitro immunocomplex kinase assay indicated that the rpS3 protein acts as a substrate for Lyn, which phosphorylates the Y167 residue of rpS3. (bmbreports.org)
  • 2021 ). The human DBNDD1 isoforms 1 (UniProtKB: Q9H9R9-1) and 2 (UniProtKB: Q9H9R9-2) differ only in the N-terminal region where 20 amino acids are additional in isoform 2. (springer.com)
  • We investigated the new phosphorylation site for IκBα and identified its biological function in breast cancer cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • The biological process of addition of a hydroxy group to a protein amino acid is called Hydroxylation. (microbenotes.com)
  • Various growth factors, cytokines, and prostaglandins upregulate HGF gene expression, including basic fibroblast growth factor, oncostatin M, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Herein, we demonstrated that rpS3 and Lyn interact with each other, and the phosphorylation of rpS3 by Lyn, causing ribosome heterogeneity, upregulates the translation of p-glycoprotein, which is a gene product of multidrug resistance gene 1. (bmbreports.org)
  • In a preferred embodiment, a GEF-H1 polypeptide is provided that lacks the amino acid region between residues 162 and 354 of SEQ ID NO. 2. (justia.com)
  • A single-chain polypeptide derived from bovine tissues consisting of 58 amino-acid residues. (bvsalud.org)
  • In P/Q-type voltage-gated-Ca 2+ channel knock-out mice, in which CaMKII activation was reduced, the levels of Homer3 phosphorylation and the soluble form of Homer 3 were markedly lower. (jneurosci.org)
  • Existing studies have confirmed that ferroptosis involves the metabolisms of the Fe, lipids, amino acid, each mechanism is mutually independent but interrelated, and they are formed a complex regulatory network. (frontiersin.org)
  • another is mutation of T286 in cyclin D1 (CCND1) causing the loss of phosphorylation of T286 is involved in nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1 in esophageal cancer [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In vivo analyses using genetic modification have markedly increased the profound understanding of the HGF‑Met system in basic biology and its clinical applications. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
  • It has been found that the length of the protein is 605 amino acids and has a mass of about 65,076 in Daltons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is produced by stromal and mesenchymal cells, and it stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis and angiogenesis in various organs via tyrosine phosphorylation of its cognate receptor, Met. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Endostatin inhibits endothelial cell migration by inhibiting phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase via binding to α5β1 integrin (Wickstrom et al. (justia.com)