Base sugar phosphates. Medical search. Frequent questions

DNA is a double helix formed by base pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. (medlineplus.gov)
An RNA molecule has a backbone of alternating phosphate groups and sugar ribose rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA. (disabled-world.com)
DNA is composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone and four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. (databasefootball.com)
RNA is composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone and four bases as well, though one of them is different: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. (databasefootball.com)
It blocks DNA and RNA synthesis by inserting between adjacent base pairs and binding to the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, inhibiting DNA polymerase. (medscape.com)
Each strand is comprised of a sugar-phosphate backbone and numerous base chemicals attached in pairs. (allaboutscience.org)
DNA is a long, double helix molecule whose backbone is made up of sugars and phosphates which are held together by chemical bases, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine(C). (mdanderson.org)
Each strand is made of numerous copies of four chemical bases - A, C, G and T - linked by a backbone of sugar and phosphate. (utah.edu)
The sides of the "ladder" are formed by a backbone of sugar and phosphate molecules, and the "rungs" consist of nucleotide bases joined weakly in the middle by hydrogen bonds. (daviddarling.info)
Similar to DNA structure, RNA consists of the same basic elements, a sugar- phosphate backbone, and four nitrogen bases. (cdc.gov)

The nitrogenous bases of nucleotides are organic (carbon-based) molecules made up of nitrogen-containing ring structures. (khanacademy.org)
Both types of sugars are important components of nucleotides. (databasefootball.com)
Nucleotides contain a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base. (genomeboy.com)
The chemistry of the nucleotides-the phosphates of the nucleosides-was in a correspondingly primitive state. (todayinsci.com)
The steps of the staircase consist of pairs of four types of molecules called bases (nucleotides). (msdmanuals.com)
The nucleotides of the trpO 17-mer are numbered for the eight central base-pairs according to Lawson & Carey (1993) which coincides with the numbering of Otwinowski et al. (lu.se)
Nucleotides for which water-mediated pro- tein-DNA contacts with the bases were observed in the co-crystal structures are encircled with a continuous line. (lu.se)

Its presence stabilizes the sugar ribose which is an ingredient in RNA. (wikipedia.org)
The left side of the chain contains ribose sugar which may require boron for its formation. (wikipedia.org)
Ribose sugars are connected by phosphate groups. (wikipedia.org)
Image of the components of DNA and RNA, including the sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. (khanacademy.org)
ATP is made up of the nitrogenous base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose and three phosphate groups. (hypertextbook.com)
Three phosphate units (triphosphate), each made up of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms, are attached to the ribose. (hypertextbook.com)
But paradoxically, they are also a key precursor for molecules essential for life, such as ribonucleotides, composed of the nucleobases or 'letters' A, U, C, and G joined to a ribose and phosphate group, which together make up RNA. (disabled-world.com)
The sugar found in RNA is ribose , whereas the sugar found in DNA is deoxyribose, both of which are 5-carbon sugars. (databasefootball.com)
RNA has the sugar ribose in it. (databasefootball.com)
Ribose is referred to as a pentose monosaccharide, a simple sugar. (databasefootball.com)
ATP is a nucleotide consisting of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups. (coursehero.com)
The conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide consisting of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups, to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) uses water and releases energy and a phosphate ion. (coursehero.com)
Secondly, RNA has a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar like DNA which is important for enzymes that distinguish DNA from RNA. (cdc.gov)
For orientation purposes, the carbon atoms in the ribose sugar are numbered similarly 1 through 5 with corresponding 3 prime and 5 prime ends. (cdc.gov)

The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. (medlineplus.gov)
Bases include the pyrimidine bases (cytosine, thymine in DNA, and uracil in RNA, one ring) and the purine bases (adenine and guanine, two rings). (khanacademy.org)
Each nucleotide in DNA contains one of four possible nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G) cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine and guanine are purines , meaning that their structures contain two fused carbon-nitrogen rings. (khanacademy.org)
DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the sugar attached to 1 of 4 possible nucleotide bases (adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine). (cdc.gov)
These bases attach to each other in a specific pattern: adenosine:thymidine and cytosine:guanine. (cdc.gov)
Adenine (A) is one of the four nucleotide bases in DNA, with the other three being cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine bases on one strand pair with thymine bases on the opposite strand. (genome.gov)
Attached to each sugar is one of four bases: adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), or guanine (G). Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, nucleic acids constitute one of the four major macromolecules essential for all known life forms. (disabled-world.com)
In 1953, scientists proposed that DNA is structured as a double helix , with the chemical bases-adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)-stacked up in pairs between two intertwining lengths of sugar and phosphate. (nationalgeographic.com)
They see how the pattern of nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine) forms the double helix ladder shape of DNA, and serves as the code for the steps required to make genes. (teachengineering.org)
The four bases that make up the stairs in the spiraling staircase are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). These stairs act as the "letters" in the genetic alphabet, combining into complex sequences to form the words, sentences and paragraphs that act as instructions to guide the formation and functioning of the host cell. (allaboutscience.org)
The biologically important bases are the purines Adenine and Guanine and the pyrimidines Cytidine, Thymine, and Uracil. (agemed.org)
Of the nucleosides from deoxyribonucleic acids, all that was known with any certainty [in the 1940s] was that they were 2-deoxy--D-ribosides of the bases adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine and it was assumed that they were structurally analogous to the ribonucleosides. (todayinsci.com)
Here, the N9 atoms of the purines, guanine and adenine, and the N1 atoms of the pyrimidines, cytosine and thymine (uracil in RNA), respectively, form glycosidic linkages with the C1' atom of the sugars. (wikiversity.org)
The double helical structures of DNA or RNA are generally known to have base pairs between complementary bases, Adenine:Thymine (Adenine:Uracil in RNA) or Guanine:Cytosine. (wikiversity.org)
Lastly, RNA has a uracil nitrogen base instead of thymine allowing the base-pair complementary rule: Adenine binds to Uracil, and Cytosine binds to Guanine. (cdc.gov)

Each base is attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule, forming what's called a nucleotide. (dnacenter.com)
The sugar molecule has a central position in the nucleotide, with the base attached to one of its carbons and the phosphate group (or groups) attached to another. (khanacademy.org)
Levene subsequently determined correctly that each nitrogenous base was attached to a sugar molecule and phosphate group. (onlineethics.org)
With the release of the end phosphate group, 7 kilocalories of energy become available for work and the ATP molecule becomes ADP. (hypertextbook.com)
The covalent bonds linking the two phosphates to the rest of the molecule are easily broken, which release energy in the amount of 7 kilocalories per mole (under laboratory conditions). (hypertextbook.com)
We now understand that each human DNA molecule is comprised of chemical bases arranged in approximately 3 billion precise sequences. (allaboutscience.org)
Some current theories argue that self-organizing properties within the base chemicals themselves created the information in the first DNA molecule. (allaboutscience.org)
However, with the discovery, mapping and sequencing of the DNA molecule, we now understand that organic life is based on vastly complex information code, and such information cannot be created or interpreted without a Master Designer at the cosmic keyboard. (allaboutscience.org)
Such sequencing involves determining the order and location of bases on a DNA strand - including damage sites labeled by unnatural bases - by passing the strand through a molecule-size pore or nanopore. (utah.edu)
Here, we show through combined genetic and chemical modulation of signaling pathways that the sugar small-molecule signal, trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) regulates root branching through master kinases SNF1-related kinase-1 (SnRK1) and Target of Rapamycin (TOR) and with the involvement of the plant hormone auxin. (bvsalud.org)

Uracil, this is because RNA has cytosine and uracil as the pyrimidine bases. (databasefootball.com)
This is compared to DNA, which has cytosine and thymine as pyrimidine bases. (databasefootball.com)

A strand of DNA actually looks like a twisting ladder, with the base pairs forming the rungs or steps, and the sugar and phosphate molecules creating the sidepieces of the ladder or railings of the staircase. (dnacenter.com)
The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder's rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder. (medlineplus.gov)
The molecules of ATP and ADP cycle within cells, donating and receiving phosphate ions as they move between exergonic and endergonic reactions. (coursehero.com)
Bases These are molecules with one or two nitrogen-containing ring structures. (agemed.org)
The structures of polynucleotide strands of both DNA and RNA molecules can be understood in terms of sugar-phosphate backbones consisting of phosphodiester-linked D 2' deoxyribofuranose (D ribofuranose in RNA) sugar moieties, with purine or pyrimidine nucleobases covalently linked to them. (wikiversity.org)
In it, two strands, composed of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules, are connected by pairs of four molecules called bases, which form the steps of the staircase. (msdmanuals.com)

The sugars which can be found in nucleic acid are pentose sugars, part of what makes up DNA. (databasefootball.com)
Produces pentose sugars for nucleic acid synthesis and main producer of NADPH reducing power. (lu.se)

In 1919, Phoebus Levene identified the base, sugar and phosphate nucleotide unit. (docudharma.com)

they exclusively pair as A to T and C to G, and are known as base pairs . (dnacenter.com)
DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
Picture a ladder that twists like a corkscrew, with the sugar and phosphate acting as the side rails and the base pairs acting as the rungs. (nationalgeographic.com)
The order, or sequence, of these base pairs is critically important because it determines the genetic code that gives rise to specific life-forms, from humans to hamsters to hibiscus. (nationalgeographic.com)
Thats 4 base pairs needing 2 bits to encode so you can transcribe a full human DNA in 6GB of data. (scienceagogo.com)
When two strands are connected in a double helix, only two kinds of base pairs can form C-G (or G-C) and A-T (or T-A). (utah.edu)
Instead of natural base pairs C-G and A-T, the Utah chemists used a so-called third or unnatural base pair invented by chemists at the Scripps Research Institute in California. (utah.edu)
First the damage is cut out and replaced by so-called unnatural base pairs so chemists can amplify, or make millions of copies, of the damaged DNA. (utah.edu)
People are born with their genome or genetic blueprint of 3 billion base pairs, "and then stuff happens," Burrows says. (utah.edu)
Non-canonical base pairs are planar hydrogen bonded pairs of nucleobases, having hydrogen bonding patterns which differ from the patterns observed in Watson-Crick base pairs, as in the classic double helical DNA. (wikiversity.org)
As also explained in greater details later in this article, the side opposite to the sugar linked vertex is traditionally called the Watson-Crick edge, since they are involved in forming the Watson-Crick base pairs which constitute building blocks of double helical DNA. (wikiversity.org)
They involve specific hydrogen bonding patterns corresponding to their respective Watson-Crick edges, and are considered as Canonical Base Pairs. (wikiversity.org)
Experimental evidences reveal that the nucleotide bases are also capable of forming a wide variety of pairing between bases in various geometries, having hydrogen bonding patterns different from those observed in Canonical Base Pairs (Figure 1). (wikiversity.org)
These base pairs, which are generally referred to as Non-Canonical Base Pairs, are held together by multiple hydrogen bonds, and are mostly planar and stable. (wikiversity.org)
In addition to their occurrences in several double stranded stem regions, most of the loops and bulges that appear in single-stranded RNA secondary structures form recurrent 3D motifs, where non-canonical base pairs play a central role. (wikiversity.org)

In contrast, flux based on 3H2O production from [5-3H] glucose increased progressively, reaching 260% of the other measures of glycolysis after 30 min. (usda.gov)
This enzyme catalyzes conversion of galactose-1-phosphate and UDP glucose to UDP galactose and glucose-1-phosphate. (medscape.com)
GALM (glactose mutorotase, aldose1-epimerase) catalyzes the interconversion of the alpha and the beta anomers of hexose sugars like glucose and galactose and is not common. (medscape.com)
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH(+) = d-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH. (lu.se)

Also known as the Feulgen Reaction, hydrochloric acid removes the purine bases from the DNA, leaving the sugars and phosphates. (thomassci.com)

This process depends on adequate levels of ionized calcium and phosphate in the extracellular fluid. (medscape.com)

DNA is famous for its "double helix" structure, two intertwining strands with complementary bases. (databasefootball.com)
Fourth, another chemical label, named 18-crown-6 ether, is affixed to the unnatural base pair on all the DNA strands, which are then read or sequenced using a kind of nanopore sequencing developed a few years ago by Burrows and Utah chemist Henry White. (utah.edu)

According to this scenario, life on Earth was initially based on RNA only, and DNA and protein enzymes evolved later. (disabled-world.com)
The USDA bases its grading scale on this protein percentage. (americastestkitchen.com)
X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets are the result of mutations in PHEX (a phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) and dentin matrix protein 1 ( DMP1 ), respectively. (medscape.com)

Function of phosphate buffer? (flashcardmachine.com)

Thousands of times thinner than one of the hairs on your head, a strand of DNA consists of three chemical building blocks: a sugar group, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. (nationalgeographic.com)

Phosphate group 2. (slideshare.net)
Each nucleotide is made up of three parts: a nitrogen-containing ring structure called a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and at least one phosphate group. (khanacademy.org)
The phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon. (khanacademy.org)
With the release of the end phosphate group, 7 kilocalories (under laboratory conditions) of energy become available for work. (hypertextbook.com)

Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups. (docudharma.com)
However, Levene thought the chain was short and the bases repeated in a fixed order. (docudharma.com)

Genetic sequences of the bases are read in groups of three (called a triplet), with a possibility of 64 configurations or "words" in which to code information. (cdc.gov)
It seemed logical to consider proteins as the carriers of genetic information due to their greater complexity than DNA, which contains only four different nucleotide bases. (onlineethics.org)
One of the ribose's key functions is that it acts as the base for the genetic tool that makes proteins out of genes. (databasefootball.com)
The rest can lead to genetic mutations, which are errors in the sequence of bases and can cause disease. (utah.edu)

Pentose phosphate pathway. (lu.se)
These conditions may result in failure of osteoid calcification (rickets) in children because of a disruption in the pathway of either vitamin D or phosphate metabolism. (medscape.com)

The two bonds between the three phosphate groups are relatively weak and yield their energy readily when split by enzymes. (hypertextbook.com)

5-carbon sugar 3. (slideshare.net)
The colonization of the soil requires investment of carbon and energy, but how sugar and energy signaling are integrated with root branching is unknown. (bvsalud.org)
Trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) signalling regulates carbon use and allocation and is a target to improve crop yields. (bvsalud.org)

These nucleobases can be schematically represented as triangles with one of their vertices linked to the sugar, and the three sides accounting for three edges through which they can form hydrogen bonds with other moieties, including with other nucleobases. (wikiversity.org)
The two sides adjacent to the sugar-linked vertex are referred to, respectively, as the Sugar and Hoogsteen (C-H for pyrimidines) edges. (wikiversity.org)
At the same time, the helically twisted backbones in the double helical duplex DNA form two grooves, major and minor, through which the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor atoms corresponding respectively to the Hoogsteen and sugar edges are accessible for additional potential molecular recognition events. (wikiversity.org)

[ 9 ] Both patients probably had galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency, which is the most common enzyme deficiency that causes hypergalactosemia. (medscape.com)
Galactokinase converts galactose to galactose-1-phosphate and is not a common deficiency. (medscape.com)
Causes of rickets related to phosphate deficiency are discussed in the article Hypophosphatemic Rickets . (medscape.com)

The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. (medlineplus.gov)
Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. (medlineplus.gov)
The sequence of the four nucleotide bases encodes DNA's information. (genome.gov)
An allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location. (genome.gov)

ATP contains chemical energy in the bonds of its phosphate groups. (coursehero.com)
Jan Riedl, a University of Utah postdoctoral fellow and the study's first author, says 99 percent of DNA lesions - damage to the chemical bases known as A, C, G and T that help form the DNA double helix - are repaired naturally. (utah.edu)
Burrows says: "We are trying to look for the chemical changes in the base that can lead the cell to make a mistake, a mutation. (utah.edu)
Then they label the unnatural base with a chemical called 18-crown-6 ether. (utah.edu)

Each of the four different nucleobases are characterized by distinct edge-specific distribution patterns of their respective hydrogen bond donor and acceptor atoms, complementarity with which, in turn, define the hydrogen bonding patterns involved in base pairing. (wikiversity.org)

Which anaerobic glycolysis intermediate is used for the pentose phosphate shunt? (flashcardmachine.com)

Gene-based prediction improved predictive ability for grain weight when gene effects were combined with the whole-genome markers. (bvsalud.org)
however, galactosemia variants are based on the exact gene defect. (medscape.com)

An amusing 1987 made-for-TV film, "The Race for the Double Helix,", is loosely based on Watson's book and illustrates the concerns raised by Ms. Sayre. (onlineethics.org)
It's a naturally made sugar-based Starch that controls the viscosity. (healthstatus.com)

First, the researchers find the damage and cut it out of the DNA the same way a cell does naturally, using what is called "base excision repair," the discovery of which won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry this year for Tomas Lindahl, a scientist in England. (utah.edu)

Human DNA has roughly three billion bases, and 99 percent of them are the exact same in every person. (nationalgeographic.com)

Our results reveal a regulatory energy-balance network for LR formation that links the 'sugar signal' T6P to both SnRK1 and TOR downstream of auxin. (bvsalud.org)

It wasn't until 1950 that Erwin Chargaff published results indicating that the bases were not present in equal proportions. (onlineethics.org)
Their double-helix, molecular model of DNA was then based on a single X-ray diffraction image (labeled as "Photo 51") taken by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952, as well as the information that the DNA bases are paired - also obtained through private communications from Erwin Chargaff in the previous years. (docudharma.com)

Early studies showed that FinO specifically binds the 3' transcriptional terminator structure of FinP in a manner that critically relies on both the GC-rich hairpin and 3' polypyrimidine tail that define the terminator 16 , and further work showed that the base of the hairpin and 3' tail are both strongly protected from ribonuclease degradation by FinO 17 . (nature.com)

Second, an "unnatural base pair" is inserted at the snipped-out DNA damage site to label it. (utah.edu)
Third, the DNA with the damage site labeled by an unnatural third base pair is then amplified or copied millions of times using a well-known existing method called PCR, or polymerase chain reaction. (utah.edu)
Burrows says the new study's key innovation was to use base excision repair to snip out the damage and then to insert the unnatural base pair at the damage site, making it possible to make millions of copies of the DNA - a process that normally would be prevented by the damage. (utah.edu)

Many metabolic disease specialists take a conservative approach and recommend galactose restriction in the first year of life when milk intake is highest, but this restriction is based primarily on theoretical concerns of galactose toxicity in infants with the Duarte D-2 variant. (medscape.com)

The reverse reaction consumes energy and a phosphate ion. (coursehero.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms4

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Backbone10

Nucleotides7

Ribose14

Guanine15

Molecule10

Cytosine2

Molecules6

Nucleic acid2

Nucleotide unit1

Pairs15

Glucose4

Purine1

Extracellular1

Strands2

Protein3

Buffer1

Consists1

Group4

Levene2

Genetic4

Pathway2

Enzymes1

Carbon3

Edges3

Deficiency3

Sequence4

Chemical4

Hydrogen1

Glycolysis1

Gene2

Made2

Naturally1

Billion bases1

Reveal1

Erwin Chargaff2

Binds1

Pair3

Milk1

Reaction1