• Proteins such as "damage-up" proteins (DDPs) can promote endogenous DNA lesions by either increasing the amount of reactive oxygen by transmembrane transporters, losing chromosomes by replisome binding, and stalling replication by transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is involved in the correction of base/base mismatches and insertion/deletion loops arising during replication. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We have thus established that the lesion defined by mismatch-aligned minor groove N 3 T-ethyl-N 3 T cross-linked thymine bases produces very localized distortions in a DNA stem that may be difficult to recognize by repair mechanisms that are not transcription- or replication-coupled. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. (bvsalud.org)
  • MISMATCH REPAIR: only viable a short time after replication Methylation and mismatch repair Really only understood well in E.coli. (slideserve.com)
  • Mismatch repair is important in carcinogenesis and was described in the DNA Replication topic. (wikidot.com)
  • Tautomeric shifts are one of the most prominent errors observed in DNA replication and result in base-pair mismatching. (ukessays.com)
  • This is when, during replication, the template or newly synthesised strand loops slightly out of the replication mechanism, bypassing the replication machinery, resulting in the omission, if the parent template strand loops, or addition, if the daughter strand loops, of a nucleotide base. (ukessays.com)
  • This occurs through deamination, where the hydrolysis of cytosine, turning it into uracil, causes the base to mispair with adenine during replication, and ultimately be replaced by thymine. (ukessays.com)
  • Depurination is another process that results in a single base mutation during replication. (ukessays.com)
  • Without repair, this can result in the incorporation of an incorrect base in the next round of replication. (ukessays.com)
  • Sometimes replication errors escape the proofreading function during DNA synthesis, causing a mismatch of one to several bases. (pharmacy180.com)
  • DNA replication is a highly accurate process, but mistakes can occasionally occur, such as a DNA polymerase inserting a wrong base. (openstax.org)
  • Most of the mistakes during DNA replication are promptly corrected by DNA polymerase by proofreading the base that has been just added ( Figure 14.17 ). (openstax.org)
  • Figure 14.18 In mismatch repair, the incorrectly added base is detected after replication. (openstax.org)
  • The review describes the efficient replication, transcription and translation of Unnatural Base Pairs (UBPs) highlighting the possibility of the expanded genetic alphabets. (fortuneonline.org)
  • The genetic information of life on Earth have been conserved in natural nucleotides-A, G, C, T(U) forming two exclusive sets of base pairs A-T(U) & G-C, that complementing to the fundamental processes of DNA replication & RNA transcription by several polymerases and translation to functional proteins via ribosomal reactions. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Oxidising agents also interact with DNA from the environment by altering the base-pairing ability of nucleotides with chemical modifications. (ukessays.com)
  • Despite the elaborate proofreading system employed during DNA synthesis, errors (including incorrect base-pairing or insertion of one to a few extra nucleotides) can occur. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Additional nucleotides at the 5 I - and 3 I -ends of the mismatch are also removed. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The segment of DNA is removed and replaced with the correctly paired nucleotides by the action of DNA pol. (openstax.org)
  • This included a nicked DNA backbone (NICK), a backbone using a difference of 1 and two nucleotides (Difference and 2NT, respectively), a helix with an individual nucleotide bulge (BLG), and a linear helix with constant bottom pairing (FBP). (researchhunt.com)
  • Several groups have developed synthetic unnatural nucleotides that can form unnatural base pairs with their complementary synthetic bases. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Meanwhile, lesions in proteins consist of both broken bonds and improper folding of the amino acid chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Her experiments reveal a strategy for how DNA repair proteins locate DNA lesions and demonstrate a biological role for DNA-mediated charge transfer. (caltech.edu)
  • Recently she has formulated a model that describes how nature might use DNA electron-transfer chemistry to locate DNA lesions using specific repair proteins. (caltech.edu)
  • Proteins are able to detect abnormal shapes in the DNA due to incorrect pairing of bases. (wikidot.com)
  • We apply a quantitative proteomics methodology to identify chloroacetanilide-destabilized proteins in HEK293T cells based on their binding to the H31Q mutant of the human Hsp40 chaperone DNAJB8. (bvsalud.org)
  • In E. coli, mismatch repair (MMR) is mediated by a group of proteins known as the Mut proteins (Figure 29.28). (pharmacy180.com)
  • Note: The Mut proteins, S and L, recognize the mismatch and identify the parental (methylated) strand, and Mut H cleaves the daughter strand. (pharmacy180.com)
  • When a mismatch occurs, the Mut proteins that identify the mispaired nucleotide(s) must be able to discriminate between the correct strand and the strand with the mismatch. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Mutation to the proteins involved in mismatch repair in humans is associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The mismatch repair proteins detect this base and remove it from the newly synthesized strand by nuclease action. (openstax.org)
  • developed a typing method based on antibody binding to polymorphic peptides, designed from proteins related to virulence. (frontiersin.org)
  • In order to tackle mutations caused by mis-incorporated, inserted or deleted bases, cells exhibit the use of a system known as DNA mismatch repair. (ukessays.com)
  • The human DNA base excision repair enzyme MUTYH (MutY homolog DNA glycosylase) excises undamaged adenine that has been misincorporated opposite the oxidatively damaged 8-oxoG, preventing transversion mutations and serving as an important defense against the deleterious effects of this damage. (ucdavis.edu)
  • however, only about 5% of all colon cancer is the result of mutations in mismatch repair. (pharmacy180.com)
  • 3] Patients are classified into one of two distinct categories based on the presence or absence of mutations in the IDH1 or IDH2 genes. (cancernetwork.com)
  • This would result in many many mutations as plant genomes are easily in the range of 1,000,000,000 Bases (Gbases) Name some sources of mistakes which could eventually lead to mutations: tautomeric structures of DNA bases cell internal metabolites, e.g. reactive oxygen species external chemicals e.g. alkylation agents radiation e.g. (usadellab.org)
  • Carcinogens are known to cause a number of DNA lesions, such as single-strand breaks, double- strand breaks, and covalently bound chemical DNA adducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • For therapeutic radiation, the repair of double strand breaks is the most important as these seem to be the lesions that lead to cell death. (wikidot.com)
  • The ends of the damaged DNA strand are processed and damaged bases are removed. (wikidot.com)
  • The ends are processed to leave a 'clean' single strand break, similar to the scenario that arises from base damage and excision. (wikidot.com)
  • Ultraviolet (UV) light can be detrimental to DNA in skin cells by causing a substitution of a cytosine base in the template strand to a thymine nucleotide in the newly synthesised strand. (ukessays.com)
  • The results of this study suggest that these glycosylases utilize several strategies for base identification, including (1) steric limitations on the size of the 5-substituent, (2) electronic-inductive properties of the 5-substituent, (3) reduced thermal stability of mispairs, and (4) specific functional groups on the purine base in the opposing strand. (utmb.edu)
  • The damaging agents can be either chemicals (for example, nitrous acid, which can deaminate bases), or radiation (for example, non-ionizing ultraviolet light, which can fuse two pyrimidines adjacent to each other in the DNA, and high-energy ionizing radiation, which can cause double-strand breaks). (pharmacy180.com)
  • Most of the repair systems involve recognition of the damage (lesion) on the DNA, removal or excision of the damage, replacement or filling the gap left by excision using the sister strand as a template for DNA synthesis, and ligation. (pharmacy180.com)
  • When the strand containing the mismatch is identified, an endonuclease nicks the strand, and the mismatched nucleotide(s) is/are removed by an exonuclease. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The polymerase checks whether the newly added base has paired correctly with the base in the template strand. (openstax.org)
  • Thus, DNA polymerase is able to remove the wrongly incorporated bases from the newly synthesized, non-methylated strand. (openstax.org)
  • While many nucleic acid lesions are general across DNA and RNA, some are specific to one, such as thymine dimers being found exclusively in DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two broad causes of nucleic acid lesions, endogenous and exogenous factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similarly, Barton has shown that even single mistakes or mismatches within the nucleic acid sequence can prevent the transfer of electrons by creating a short circuit in the DNA wire. (caltech.edu)
  • At least two-thirds of all colorectal cancers develop from precancerous lesions with adenomatous features [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Efforts of this type have already identified several genetic and epigenetic changes that seem to occur at the transition from normal mucosa to precancerous lesions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The latter are considered dysplastic precancerous lesions that are commonly seen in late adulthood. (medscape.com)
  • Benzopyrene, a known carcinogen, has been shown to produce lesions at guanine bases in some genes, causing problems in the base's ability to pair to cytosine. (ukessays.com)
  • DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the sugar attached to 1 of 4 possible nucleotide bases (adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine). (cdc.gov)
  • These bases attach to each other in a specific pattern: adenosine:thymidine and cytosine:guanine. (cdc.gov)
  • Another way bases can be mismatched is by simply shifting their position in space, resulting in an inappropriate bond forming between bases that are not commonly paired (e.g. thymine-guanine), in a process known as wobbling. (ukessays.com)
  • The glycosylases studied here include Escherichia coli uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG), E. coli mismatch uracil-DNA glycosylase (MUG), and the Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum mismatch thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG). (utmb.edu)
  • Contrary to predictions based upon the crystal structure, the preference of MUG for mispaired uracil over thymine is not based upon steric exclusion. (utmb.edu)
  • Methylated cytosines are less chemically stable, so more likely to undergo deamination, which changes the base to thymine (as opposed to U) What does a bromo- and what does a chromodomain do, in the context of binding to certain structures? (usadellab.org)
  • 8-oxo-guanine (8-oxoG) is the most abundant and well characterized oxidative lesion, found in both RNA and DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • This tends to occur with bases uracil and guanine, as the pairing is less specific. (ukessays.com)
  • Furthermore, the preference for mispaired uracil over uracil paired with adenine is more likely due to reduced thermal stability as opposed to specific recognition of the mispaired guanine. (utmb.edu)
  • Near Berlin, Germany, several juvenile red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ) were found with moist, crusty skin lesions. (cdc.gov)
  • Ultrastructure of Berlin squirrelpox virus particles from skin lesions on a red squirrel in Berlin, Germany, visualized by negative staining (uranyl acetate) (original magnification ×68,000). (cdc.gov)
  • EM-negative staining of skin lesions from all animals led to the discovery of brick-shaped poxvirus particles with irregular threadlike surface fibers and an average size of 294 nm × 221 nm ( Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Pathological findings of corresponding skin lesions were consistent with poxvirus infection (ballooning degeneration of epidermal keratinocytes, numerous intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, epidermal ulceration with suppurative inflammation, and secondary bacterial infection). (cdc.gov)
  • To confirm the morphologic diagnosis, we extracted DNA from skin lesions and performed various PCRs. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to sunlight results in skin lesions. (openstax.org)
  • a Critical Images slideshow, for characteristic features of benign lesions as well as those with malignant potential. (medscape.com)
  • With the advent of modern techniques and the widespread use of gastric endoscopy, benign gastric-wall lesions are now diagnosed more frequently and can be studied using the tissue obtained by biopsy or polypectomy. (medscape.com)
  • During colonoscopy, benign lesions of all sizes are routinely removed to prevent their progression toward cancer, and this provides a valuable source of tissues for molecular studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify the features of benign lesions as well as those with malignant potential. (medscape.com)
  • The Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway is a highly conserved DNA repair system targeting chemical base modifications that arise from oxidation, deamination and alkylation reactions. (ucdavis.edu)
  • UV or X-ray deamination base slippage What is a simple mechanism to repair UV induced tymine dimerization? (usadellab.org)
  • In this process, a purine base is lost through hydrolysis, but the sugar-phosphate backbone unaltered, spontaneously without environmental input. (ukessays.com)
  • To determine whether MMR contributes to the lethal effects of persistent UV-induced DNA lesions, MMR deficiency was introduced into nucleotide excision repair (NER)-defective XP12RO cells. (figshare.com)
  • In another type of repair mechanism, nucleotide excision repair , enzymes replace incorrect bases by making a cut on both the 3' and 5' ends of the incorrect base ( Figure 14.19 ). (openstax.org)
  • Oxidative lesions are an umbrella category of lesions caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), other byproducts of cellular metabolism, and exogenous factors such as ionizing or ultraviolet radiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Byproducts of oxidative respiration are the main source of reactive species which cause a background level of oxidative lesions in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA and RNA are both affected by this, and it has been found that RNA oxidative lesions are more abundant in humans compared to DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Known oxidative lesions characterized in DNA and RNA are many in number, as oxidized products are unstable and may resolve quickly. (wikipedia.org)
  • The OS is caused by an unbalance between defense antioxidant system and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitrogen (RNS), which leads to the accumulation of oxidative lesion on the biomolecules. (fapesp.br)
  • For RNA lesions specifically, the most abundant types of endogenous damage include oxidation, alkylation, and chlorination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adenomatous polyps were thought to be the precursor lesions of most of the colorectal cancers, but later serrated lesions were recognized as precursors of nearly one-third of colorectal cancers. (openaccesspub.org)
  • Serrated lesions are a distinct group of polyps with special morphologic and histologic properties and a different carcinogenesis pathway to colorectal cancers. (openaccesspub.org)
  • This chemistry may be critical to DNA-based signaling across the genome to activate cellular responses to DNA damage. (caltech.edu)
  • Genetic and cytogenetic studies have revealed the presence of several pairing homoeologous ( Ph ) loci that ensure wheat behaves as a diploid during meiosis, with only homologous chromosomes of the same sub-genome (AA, BB or DD) pairing and recombining. (nature.com)
  • A point mutation describes the occurrence of a single base in a genome being changed for another (mismatch), removed from the replicated genome (deletion) or an extra base being incorporated incorrectly in its place (insertion). (ukessays.com)
  • Damaged pyrimidines are generally removed by glycosylases that must scan the entire genome to locate lesions with sufficient fidelity to selectively remove the damage without inadvertent removal of normal bases. (utmb.edu)
  • We captured structural snapshots of N146S Geobacillus stearothermophilus MutY bound to DNA containing a substrate, a transition state analog and enzyme-catalyzed abasic site products to provide insight into the base excision mechanism of MutY and the role of Asn. (ucdavis.edu)
  • 2) While prior studies have centered on the conformation and dynamics of abasic lesions and single-base mismatches,(3) zero systematic evaluation of various other DNA fix intermediates, such as for example structures with 1- and two-nucleotide spaces, continues to be undertaken. (researchhunt.com)
  • If an incorrect base has been added, the enzyme makes a cut at the phosphodiester bond and releases the wrong nucleotide. (openstax.org)
  • How do mismatch repair enzymes recognize which of the two bases is the incorrect one? (openstax.org)
  • Herpes primase generated a wide range of mismatches during primer synthesis, including purine-purine, pyrimidine-pyrimidine, and purine-pyrimidine mismatches, and could even polymerize consecutive incorrect NTPs. (colorado.edu)
  • The lesions can be isolated to the intestine (eg, juvenile, lymphoid, familial adenomatous) or can involve other areas of the body (eg, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Turcot syndrome). (medscape.com)
  • DNA lesions can also naturally occur from the release of specific compounds such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), reactive carbonyl species (RCS), lipid peroxidation products, adducts, and alkylating agents through metabolic processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen are common reactive oxygen species responsible for these lesions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Large distal lesions have been associated with symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction. (medscape.com)
  • Ploidy refers to how many sets of corresponding (the lecture says identical but on a base to base level there can be differences) chromosomes an organism has Do bacteria have histones? (usadellab.org)
  • 23 pairs of chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
  • Barton was cited by the White House for her 'discovery of a new property of the DNA helix, long-range electron transfer, and for showing that electron transfer depends upon stacking of the base pairs and DNA dynamics. (caltech.edu)
  • In addition, DNA is constantly being subjected to environmental insults that cause the alteration or removal of nucleotide bases. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The distorted DNA conformation is stabilized not by a side chain plug, but by stacking of flanking base pairs as a result of both lesion and orphaned base flipping. (slideserve.com)
  • For a specific mismatch, the DNA sequences flanking the site where misincorporation occurred could influence the frequency of misincorporation. (colorado.edu)
  • Genetic sequences of the bases are read in groups of three (called a triplet), with a possibility of 64 configurations or "words" in which to code information. (cdc.gov)
  • The malignant transformation of precancerous colorectal lesions involves progressive alterations at both the molecular and morphologic levels, the latter consisting of increases in size and in the degree of cellular atypia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genetics of chromosome pairing and meiotic recombination is complicated by the allopolyploid nature of many crops, a widespread feature in the plant kingdom 3 . (nature.com)
  • A molecular lesion or point lesion is damage to the structure of a biological molecule such as DNA, RNA, or protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. (bvsalud.org)
  • All bases in DNA exist as tautomers - different chemical forms of the molecule in which protons are in different positions - but tend to exist in their more common 'keto' form. (ukessays.com)
  • BER features lesion-specific DNA glycosylases (DGs) which recognize and excise modified or inappropriate DNA bases to produce apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites and coordinate AP-site hand-off to subsequent BER pathway enzymes. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Most DG superfamilies recognize a distinct set of structurally related lesions. (ucdavis.edu)
  • These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of base selection by DNA repair glycosylases. (utmb.edu)
  • In the past, the diagnosis of gastric tumors was based on radiographic examination, but in 1922, Schendler was the first to make an endoscopy-based diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • We used a molecular pathway-based approach to analyze transcriptomic profiles of 59 colorectal tumors representing early and late preinvasive stages and the invasive stage of tumorigenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Catalysis of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. (planteome.org)
  • Prior work from our lab has focused on understanding the structural requirements of OG on lesion recognition and catalysis, and we have shown that MutY relies on the exocyclic 2-amino group of OG to identify and distinguish OG:A from other basepairs. (ucdavis.edu)
  • DNA and RNA lesions caused by endogenous factors generally occur more frequently than damage caused by exogenous ones. (wikipedia.org)
  • It seems to be the precursor lesion for SSA/P at the molecular level. (openaccesspub.org)
  • Unlike non- ionizing radiation (such as microwaves and ultraviolet radiation), which has insufficient energy to eject molecular electrons, ionizing radiation deposits sufficient energy to remove electrons from atomic orbits and create molecular ion pairs along particle tracks. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we report positional cloning of Pairing homoeologous 2 (Ph2) and functional validation of the wheat DNA mismatch repair protein MSH7-3D as a key inhibitor of homoeologous recombination, thus solving a half-century-old question. (nature.com)
  • Protein restructures the wobble and disrupts base stacking. (slideserve.com)
  • AlkD captures the DNA in an orientation that holds the orphaned base next to the protein and exposes the lesion to a hydrolytic environment. (slideserve.com)
  • While direct conjugation targets can be discovered through affinity-based protein profiling, there are few approaches to probe how cellular exposure to toxicants impacts the stability of the proteome. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hsp40 affinity profiling identifies a majority of propachlor targets identified by competitive activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), but ABPP can only identify about 10% of protein targets identified by Hsp40 affinity profiling. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, these radical species can also cause the pathways that form RNA lesions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Short patch repair replaces the damaged base, whereas long patch repair involves the removal of several bases and then filling in of the gap by DNA polymerase and ligation of the ends. (wikidot.com)
  • A base change that results in a purine base from a purine base is known as a transition mutation. (ukessays.com)
  • AlkD seems to detect DNA duplex destabilization rather than specifically recognizing modified bases. (slideserve.com)
  • The conventional genetic alphabet has been expanded now with the development of several synthetic unnatural base pairs. (fortuneonline.org)
  • In due course, several attempts have been made in order to expand the genetic code by addition of Unnatural Base Pairs (UBPs) with the aim to increase biomolecular functionality and the potential to create Semi-Synthetic Organisms (SSOs) containing more than four letter bases [1-4]. (fortuneonline.org)
  • The standard Watson-Crick DNA model justifies the size-complementarity and the hydrogen bonding patterns responsible for the crystal structure which is necessary for the amplification of genetic information and specificity to the formation of base pairs [6]. (fortuneonline.org)
  • The studies also show how diverse data sources, such as state-based cancer registries, laboratory, EHR, administrative claims, and survey data, each with its own strengths and limitations, can be used to help build the evidence base on genetic testing utilization and disparities. (cdc.gov)
  • In fundamental work, which started by attaching simple metal complexes to DNA, she showed that electrons could migrate through DNA but that the conductivity was sensitive to mistakes or lesions in the DNA. (caltech.edu)
  • In proofreading , the DNA pol reads the newly added base before adding the next one, so a correction can be made. (openstax.org)
  • The joint maximum-likelihood reconstruction of activity and attenuation (MLAA) for emission-based attenuation correction has regained attention since the advent of time-of-flight PET/MR imaging. (snmjournals.org)
  • In this study, we compare the performance of our proposed algorithm with standard 4-class MR-based attenuation correction (MRAC) implemented on commercial systems. (snmjournals.org)
  • The 2AP analogue can be an appealing probe for learning the framework and dynamics of DNA since it bottom pairs with thymidine without disrupting the DNA helix, and its own emission and absorption maxima rest beyond your absorption spectral range of natural DNA and RNA. (researchhunt.com)
  • It not only detects lesions but also further suggests its malignancy score and assesses its progression. (prnewswire.com)
  • Several cellular repair mechanisms exist, ranging from global to specific, in order to prevent lasting damage resulting from lesions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several methods have been developed-surgical ligation or amputation and percutaneous catheter based occlusion with specific occlude devices ( figure 1 ). (bmj.com)
  • Accommodation of the lesion also results in an increase in mispair staggering alignment modulated by flexibility because of the tetrahedral geometry of the exocyclic ethyl carbon atoms. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • They are pale, flat or depressed lesions which may result in failure of detection on colonoscopy. (openaccesspub.org)
  • The sensitivity of parathyroid lesion detection using this technique was superior to that of ultrasonography. (snmjournals.org)
  • It has been reported that double-phase MIBI scintigraphy did not have sufficient sensitivity for the detection of parathyroid lesions ( 10 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Because SPECT images can provide information for differentiating between thyroid and parathyroid lesions and for localizing ectopic parathyroid lesions, SPECT was expected to increase the sensitivity and accuracy of the detection of abnormal parathyroid glands ( 11 - 13 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the subtraction technique for double-phase SPECT images to increase the sensitivity of parathyroid lesion detection. (snmjournals.org)
  • Lesions in DNA may consist of breaks or other changes in chemical structure of the helix, ultimately preventing transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • Structure, function and evolution of the Helix-hairpin-Helix DNA glycosylase superfamily: Piecing together the evolutionary puzzle of DNA base damage repair mechanisms. (ucdavis.edu)
  • In contrast, the Helix-hairpin-Helix (HhH) DG superfamily has the remarkable ability to act upon structurally diverse sets of base modifications. (ucdavis.edu)
  • In fact, individuals with 3 or more adenomas on initial colonoscopy, including 1 or more measuring ≥10 mm, are significantly more likely to present with new lesions at the next colonoscopy [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)