Base analogue substitutions. Medical search. Frequent questions

VIREAD is a nucleotide analog HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an HBV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. (nih.gov)
CONCLUSION The experiments reported here with dNTP analogs challenge the limits of nucleotide incorporation by DNA polymerases including the stereochemistry at the electrophilic phosphate the hydrogen bonding capability of the incoming base and the mechanisms of fidelity checking. (biotech-angels.com)
One of the proposed modes of action of RBV is a direct mutagenic effect on viral genomes, inducing mismatches and subsequent nucleotide substitutions. (mdpi.com)
A universal base is a nucleotide that can pair equally with all four naturally occurring DNA/RNA bases. (biosearchtech.com)
The first described universal base was hypoxanthine, which is also known as inosine when in nucleotide form. (biosearchtech.com)
An enzyme-catalysed process for repairing damaged DNA by removal of the altered base, followed by excision of the baseless nucleotide. (biologyideas.com)

In case you are working "ligand-based" this workflow will help you identify compounds with high shape similarity to your query. (biosolveit.de)
These Mn-based materials include oxides, Prussian blue analogues and polyanion compounds. (nmlett.org)
1 Mn-based electrode materials, including oxides, Prussian blue analogues and polyanion compounds, are introduced systematically for aqueous sodium-ion batteries. (nmlett.org)
We found that hydrophilic B-ring para-substituted analogs exhibit an additional region of hydrogen bonding not seen with steroidal compounds and that multiple halogen substitutions affect the B-ring conformation and aromatic interactions with Trp741. (rcsb.org)
Several compounds such as hypoxanthine, nitroazoles, isocarbostyril analogues, azole carboxamides and aromatic triazole analogues have been employed as universal bases and used for degenerate PCR, microarray probes, ligation and triplexes. (biosearchtech.com)
Following inhalation exposure to strontium compounds, strontium particles are deposited within the respiratory tract based on their aerosol characteristics. (cdc.gov)

The first is a reversion assay that detects all three single-base substitutions caused by misreading of guanine analogues inserted at a specific site. (psu.edu)
However, the hypoxanthine structure closely resembles guanine and forms the most stable base pair with cytosine. (biosearchtech.com)

These studies illustrate the complementary roles played by phage display library methods, peptide analogue SAR, peptide mimetics substitutions, and structure-based drug design in the discovery of inhibitors of antigen presentation by MHC class II HLA-DR molecules. (rcsb.org)
Given that chalcone analogues and pyrimidines show a potential as the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. (afpm.org.my)
Understanding the origin to this fluorine-based selectivity will be valuable for designing better balanol-based ATP mimicking inhibitors. (edu.au)
Balanol analogues have multiple ionisable functional groups and the effect of fluorine substitutions on the exact charge state of each analogue bound to PKA and to PKCε needs to be thoroughly investigated in order to design highly selective inhibitors for therapeutic applications. (edu.au)
A novel NA substitution T438N conferred 12-fold reduced inhibition by zanamivir, and in combination with the known marker N295S, synergistically affected susceptibility to all five NA inhibitors. (cdc.gov)
In cell culture-based assays HINT and IRINA, the PA-I38T virus displayed 75- to 108-fold and 37- to 78-fold reduced susceptibility to CEN inhibitors baloxavir and investigational AV5116, respectively. (cdc.gov)

The lactone moiety of TAN-2483B and its sidechain analogues, however, appears to be unstable to nucleophilic attack. (figshare.com)
Computational studies indicated that a nucleophilic substitution reaction occurred between the carbocation generated by the PAs and carboxyl or hydroxyl groups on the pectin, leading to the formation of PAs-pectin adducts. (bvsalud.org)
In the system 1-sila-2,4-cyclohexadiene (l)/tert-butyllithium/trimethylchlorosilane the following reaction types have been observed: nucleophilic substitution, metallation, addition of tert-butyllithium to the diene fragment, addition of lithium hydride to the diene fragment, silicon-carbon bond cleavage, and transmetallation. (researchgate.net)

2,3 Comparative studies further revealed that 5-nitroindole derivative is superior giving higher duplex stability even with multiple substitutions. (biosearchtech.com)
SmartBase TM modifications go beyond the traditional use of RNA bases for constructing synthetic siRNAs to specifically increase duplex stability, nuclease resistance and cell permeation. (genelink.com)
1. Alternating 2'-F bases and 2'OMe bases in siRNA enhances duplex stability and are more resistant to RNase degradation. (genelink.com)

Molecular features of ligand binding to MHC class II HLA-DR molecules have been elucidated through a combination of peptide structure-activity studies and structure-based drug design, resulting in analogues with nanomolar affinity in binding assays. (rcsb.org)
These assays thus illustrate mutagenie replication of oh 8 Gua as template causing G → T substitutions and misincorporation of oh 8 Gua as substrate causing A → C substitutions, both caused by oh 8 Gua · A mispairs. (psu.edu)
High throughput phenotypic assays are needed to complement the sequence-based analysis of circulating viruses and improve pandemic preparedness. (cdc.gov)

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the viability of a synthetic route toward lactam analogues of TAN-2483B. (figshare.com)
The promising bioactivity of the (Z)-ethyl ester analogue was anticipated to be retained in the target lactam analogues. (figshare.com)
An alternative route toward lactam analogues of TAN-2483B, via intermediate amines accessed by the substitution of an activated alcohol, was briefly investigated with encouraging results. (figshare.com)
Although lactam analogues of TAN-2483B were not obtained in this study, progress was made toward their synthesis. (figshare.com)
The alternative route toward amines that was briefly explored here appears promising, and work is ongoing in the Harvey group to access lactam (and other) analogues of TAN-2483B, in addition to the natural product itself. (figshare.com)

Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs, including VIREAD. (nih.gov)

The approach allows efficient incorporation of heme analogs using a widely available bacterial strain and offers an attractive alternative to present reconstitution methods that subject proteins to harsh, denaturing conditions. (nih.gov)
Reflecting the limits for such accommodations DNA polymerases are known to exhibit strong sensitivity to minor changes in dNTP size and shape.8 12 Our analysis benefits from comparing single molecule data with native and analog dNTPs during numerous processive incorporation events. (biotech-angels.com)
4. Incorporate 2'-F bases, 5-me dC or 2-amino dA preferentially at the 5' end of the sense strand to block incorporation of the sense strand in to the RISC. (genelink.com)

DNA polymerases exhibit a surprising tolerance for analogs of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) despite the enzymes' highly evolved mechanisms for the specific recognition and discrimination of native dNTPs. (biotech-angels.com)

Hence, a series of chalcone analogues is synthesized and used as precursor for the synthesis of novel series of pyrimidines. (afpm.org.my)
In the next edition of the "Know your oligo mod" series, we look at a universal base analogue for oligonucleotide synthesis - 5-nitroindole. (biosearchtech.com)
However, the inclusion of up to four contiguous 5-nitroindole bases in the middle or 5′-end can be made, and these will prime DNA synthesis in PCR and sequencing. (biosearchtech.com)
Gene Link does not presently offer LNA substituted oligo synthesis due to licensing issues and as such LNA base modifications are not included in this guide. (genelink.com)

For example, the (Z)-ethyl ester analogue showed micromolar inhibition of HL-60 cells and Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a protein involved in B-cell maturation that is implicated in certain cancers. (figshare.com)
Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of erbB1, erbB2, and erbB4 were determined for a series of quinazoline- and pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based analogues of the irreversible pan-erbB inhibitor, canertinib. (auckland.ac.nz)

Peptide-sugar hybrids have also been identified using a structure-based design approach in which the sugar residue replaces a dipeptide. (rcsb.org)
Measurement of the interaction of truncation and substitution analogues based on the p21 (141-160) sequence with PCNA revealed that the N-terminal part (residues 141-152) of the above peptide is the minimum recognition motif, required for PCNA binding. (dundee.ac.uk)
We sought to identify an altered peptide ligand (APL) based on the endogenously expressed synovial auto-epitope of human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (HC gp-39) for modulation of cognate, HLA-DR4-restricted T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
First, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T-cell receptor (TCR) contact residues were identified by analysis of single site substituted analogue peptides for HLA-DR4 binding and cognate T cell recognition using both T hybridomas and polyclonal T cells from peptide-immunized HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. (biomedcentral.com)

In 1994, two new universal aromatic, hydrophobic base analogues were described, namely, the 2'-deoxyribosyl-derivatives of 3-nitropyrrole and 5-nitroindole. (biosearchtech.com)

It was found that the substrates of the proposed reductive amination, the advanced ketone intermediates, were incompatible with the tested conditions, presumably due to base sensitivity. (figshare.com)
While 5-nitroindole analogues are not good substrates for Klenow and Taq DNA polymerases, they work well with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and produce better tailing than dATP. (biosearchtech.com)

Because of differences in experimental design, the base pairing specificity of oh 8 G in vivo is not completely resolved. (psu.edu)

X-ray studies have been possible only on those analogues 5,6 where the nicotinamide and adenine rings are linked by a trimethylene bridge. (nature.com)
Model building suggests that steric interactions between the 2-thio group of thymidine and the 2-amino group of adenine tilt the bases relative to each other yielding a base pair that contains only a single hydrogen bond. (glenresearch.com)

Therefore, they exhibit an equal base-pairing capacity with all the four bases. (biosearchtech.com)

4 While 2-amino-A forms a very stable base pair with T containing three hydrogen bonds, the stability of the base pair with 2-thio-T is greatly diminished. (glenresearch.com)
The amino acids Ala268, Ser269, Glu271 and Thr272 constituted the major TCR contact residues, as substitution at these positions did not affect HLA-DR4(B1*0401) binding but abrogated T cell responses. (biomedcentral.com)
Cetrorelix acetate is an analog of native GnRH with substitutions of amino acids at positions 1, 2, 3, 6, and 10. (nih.gov)
Before treating patients with genotype 1a, clinicians should screen patients for the NS3/4A Q80K amino acid substitution. (medscape.com)

5F-APINACA (also known as 5F-AKB-48 or 5F-AKB48) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug. (rcchemicallabs.com)
5F-AKB48 is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid designer drug. (rcchemicallabs.com)
THJ-2201 (1- (5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazol-3-ylmethanone) is a synthetic cannabinoid and analog of AM-2201. (get-rc.to)

This study suggests that balanol and the most potent fluorinated analogue (5S fluorine substitution on the azepane ring), have charges on the azepane ring (N1), and the phenolic (C6''OH) and the carboxylate (C15''O 2 H) groups on the benzophenone moiety, when bound to PKCε as well as PKA. (edu.au)
Overall, this study is highly valuable for further rational design of potent balanol analogues selective to PKCε. (edu.au)

This information elucidates interactions important for high AR binding affinity and provides new insight for structure-based drug design. (rcsb.org)

Twenty-two of the 23 mutations were G → T substitutions. (psu.edu)
two classes of mutations were observed, both caused by pairing of oh 8 Gua with A. Seventy-six of 78 mutations were A → C substitutions, and two were G → T substitutions. (psu.edu)

For different potential charge states of these analogues, Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) binding energy values were computed. (edu.au)
The pyrazine substitution leads to the resulting polymers with much lower-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels and improved backbone planarity compared to the reported dithienylbenzodiimide (TBDI)- and fluorinated dithienylbenzodiimide (TFBDI)-based polymer analogues, thus yielding n-type transport character with an electron mobility up to 0.44 cm2 V-1 s-1 in organic thin-film transistors. (sustech.edu.cn)
2HCl, and its molecular weight is 738.88 (free base). (rxlist.com)
A chemical whose molecular structure is very similar to that of one of the bases normally found in DNA. (biologyideas.com)
The molecular formula is Acetyl-D-3-(2′-naphtyl)-alanine- D-4-chlorophenylalanine-D-3-(3′-pyridyl)-alanine-L-serine-L-tyrosine-D-citruline-L-leucine-L-arginine-L-proline-D-alanine-amide, and the molecular weight is 1431.06, calculated as the anhydrous free base. (nih.gov)

The improvement methods based on electrolyte optimization, element doping or substitution, optimization of morphology and carbon modification are highlighted. (nmlett.org)
3 The improvement methods of electrochemical performance, such as electrolyte optimization, element doping or substitution, morphology optimization and carbon modification, are discussed. (nmlett.org)

The results are conflicting and it is difficult to use them to provide a structural basis for the NAD molecule itself, particularly as the phosphate backbone is absent from these analogues. (nature.com)

In this case alternative of oxygen with chlorine dramatically decreases the strength of the hydrogen bonding.39 Like 6-Cl-2APTP sulfur-substituted analogs 2-thio-dTTP and 2-thio-dCTP also form larger base pairs due to the increased bond length of the thiocarbonyl.40 The single-molecule experiments carried out in this study illustrate and shed new light around the well-appreciated plasticity of DNA polymerases like KF. (biotech-angels.com)
As shown in Figure 1, A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds whereas G-C base pairs have three hydrogen bonds. (glenresearch.com)
4 However, 2-thio-T base pairs perfectly well with A, as shown in Figure 1. (glenresearch.com)
1 Ideally, the addition of universal bases to an oligonucleotide does not alter the stabilisation of the adjacent base pairs and must retain the structure and function of the oligonucleotide duplex. (biosearchtech.com)

Here, we optimized a cell-based assay that considerably streamlines antiviral and antigenic testing by replacing lengthy immunostaining and imaging procedures used in current assay with measuring the enzymatic activity of nascent neuraminidase (NA) molecules expressed on the surface of virus-infected cells. (cdc.gov)

Based on the results, highly functional stabiliser systems have been designed to offer solutions for the production of finefood products without the use of dairy protein. (foodnavigator.com)

Of course, optimization of base pairing is always desirable and, as long as the cost does not outweigh the benefits, may be the answer to some challenging research problems. (glenresearch.com)

In this example, the Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reaction was chosen to build up the virtual products based on a subset of the emolecules catalog. (biosolveit.de)

Effective siRNA design features based on sequence requirements and suggested modified bases to impart specific desired characteristics. (genelink.com)
In this study, the potential use of PCR was investigated using the primers Pt8-Pt9 based on the insertion sequence IS 6110 of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (Kolk etal, 1992). (who.int)

We believe this review is important and helpful to explore and apply Mn-based electrode materials in aqueous sodium-ion batteries. (nmlett.org)

some analogs also alter the hydrogen bonding available for base pairing. (biotech-angels.com)
When used as a dGTP analog 6 has different tautomerization which changes the N-1 from a hydrogen bond donor to an acceptor. (biotech-angels.com)

5-nitroindole is considered to be one of the best universal bases for increased stability of the duplex through base-stacking interactions. (biosearchtech.com)
Modified siRNAs that stabilize A-U base-pair interactions can induce RNAi. (genelink.com)

Numbers at nodes are bootstrap values based on 1000 replicates. (springeropen.com)

2'O methyl base hybridization with RNA has a lower TM. (genelink.com)

Common signal generation uses include LO and clock substitution, interference generation, and reference signal generation for analog and digital components and receivers. (transcat.com)

Universal bases were primarily developed as degenerate PCR primers, and probes that target partially known sequences. (biosearchtech.com)

Based on similarity, infiniSee finds molecules of interest in screening libraries or Chemical Spaces of almost infinite size. (biosolveit.de)

Based on the unique FTrees-mapping images you will immediately see, how similar parts of two molecules match to each other. (biosolveit.de)
Due to static disorder some KF molecules processed faster or slower than the ensemble average but without any significant change to the relative comparison of analog to native dNTPs. (biotech-angels.com)

The perspectives of Mn-based electrode materials for future studies are also provided. (nmlett.org)
In vitro studies based on MCF-7 cell proliferation and induction of vitellogenin in primary culture of rainbow trout hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)

We summarize and discuss the composition, crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of Mn-based electrode materials. (nmlett.org)
2 The composition, crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of Mn-based electrode materials are reviewed. (nmlett.org)
Airborne asbestos fibers are defined as those particles having (1) an aspect ratio of 3 to 1 or greater and (2) the mineralogic characteristics (that is, the crystal structure and elemental composition) of the asbestos minerals and their nonasbestiform analogs. (cdc.gov)

Conclusions: To the best our knowledge, this is the first study showing that the phenolate group is charged in balanol and its analogues binding to the ATP site of PKCε. (edu.au)
Based on this study PCR was found to be more sensitive than culture or microscopy in those with a final diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. (who.int)

However, primers are less cost-sensitive because of the smaller scale, so the effects of the modified bases may be more generally useable. (glenresearch.com)
Universal bases are used within primers for PCR and sequencing. (biosearchtech.com)
Although 5-nitroindole may stabilise the primer/template/polymerase structure, it has been found that primers containing 5-nitroindole within the first 7-8 bases from the 3′-end reduce PCR efficiency. (biosearchtech.com)

Covering every step of your drug discovery process - from virtual screening to fragment-based design - SeeSAR fosters ideation in the most fun and comprehensive way. (biosolveit.de)

From ATZ-OH, liver enzymes can produce other desalkyl OH analogs of desethyl hydroxy atrazine (DEA-OH), desisopropyl hydroxy atrazine (DIA-OH), and diamino hydroxy atrazine (DAA-OH) [8]. (cdc.gov)

DISCUSSION The dNTP analogs were chosen for their ability to be incorporated into DNA templates by DNA polymerases and variations in sizes structures and reactivity. (biotech-angels.com)
There are many variations with analog products. (waves.com)

Finefood producers worldwide are suffering from escalating prices of dairy-based raw materials which have lead to a considerable cost increase in finefood products. (foodnavigator.com)

Nucleic acids can be modified either randomly by a variety of chemical reagents or site-specifically with synthetic base analog substitutions. (caltech.edu)
Both fluorination and the local enzymatic environment of the ATP site can influence the exact charge states of balanol analogues. (edu.au)
The first type of analog α-thio-dNTP substituted a non-bridging α-phosphoryl oxygen atom with sulfur to introduce a new stereocenter and alter the reactivity at this crucial site. (biotech-angels.com)

Dosages of medications that engendered 80% drug-lever replies had been considered to completely substitute for working out dosage of methamphetamine, and 20% drug-lever responding was reported as no substitution. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)

Based on current treatment guidelines, the cost of treating 50% of eligible patients with chronic HCV infection in the Region is estimated to be over US$ 125 billion and is expected to increase over time as additional persons become infected. (who.int)

A chemical mutagen that modifies the chemical structure of one or more bases normally found in DNA. (biologyideas.com)

The effects listed below are based on the subjective effect index, which is based on anecdotal reports and the personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. (rcchemicallabs.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms11

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Phenomena and Processes92

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science6

Health Care4

Nucleotide6

Compounds6

Guanine2

Inhibitors6

Nucleophilic3

Duplex stability3

Assays3

Lactam5

Nucleoside1

Incorporation3

Triphosphates1

Synthesis4

Inhibition2

Peptide4

Aromatic1

Substrates2

Specificity1

Adenine2

Exhibit1

Amino4

Synthetic cannabinoid3

Potent2

Affinity1

Mutations2

Molecular5

Carbon2

Backbone1

Pairs4

Assay1

Protein1

Optimization1

Reaction1

Sequence2

Explore1

Hydrogen2

Interactions2

10001

Hybridization1

Include1

Probes1

Similarity1

Molecules2

Studies2

Composition3

Study2

Primers3

Fragment1

Liver1

Variations2

Considerable1

Site3

Drug1

Increase1

Found1

Effect1