Basal nucleus accumbens. Medical search. Frequent questions

One part of the basal ganglia, known as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), is composed of medium spiny neurons (MSNs). (medicalxpress.com)
Red bi-directional arrows are used to signify the predominantly inhibitory linkages between any given area of cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
The basal ganglia are located interior to the cerebral cortex, and they receive prominent input from essentially all of the pallium, both isocortex and allocortex (Swanson 2000). (scholarpedia.org)
This loop architecture, summarized in Figure 1 , provides important perspective for this entry on models of basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
In the entry basal ganglia , anatomy and physiology are reviewed and the conclusion is reached that the two essential functions of the basal ganglia are action selection and reinforcement learning . (scholarpedia.org)
In the present entry, key features of the computational architecture of the loops through the basal ganglia are first described. (scholarpedia.org)
Some of these models are anatomically and physiologically constrained, whereas others are abstract but are nevertheless motivated by behavioral functions of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
This entry focuses on the loops through the basal ganglia shown on the left side of Figure 1 . (scholarpedia.org)
In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age‐related trajectories inferred from cross‐sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. (mpi.nl)
Using quantitative meta-analyses we assessed whole-brain and basal ganglia specific contributions to money, erotic, and food reward processing. (bvsalud.org)
Common to all reward types was concordance in basal ganglia nuclei, with distinct differences in hemispheric dominance and spatial extent in response to the different reward types. (bvsalud.org)
In the basal ganglia Heimer et al. (brainmaps.org)
Actually, in neurological disorders, defects in certain brain regions may be at fault, such as in pathways interconnecting the basal ganglia, thalamus, and higher cortical centers, and pathways involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-diencephalic syndrome [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Five (or seven) primary components of the basal ganglia? (cueflash.com)
What is the primary blood supply to the basal ganglia? (cueflash.com)
What are the four functional parallel pathways within the basal ganglia? (cueflash.com)
Inputs to the basal ganglia are ______ (inhibitory vs excitatory) and utilize ______ as the primary neurotransmitter. (cueflash.com)
Cerebral cortex is a primary __________(input to/output of) the basal ganglia. (cueflash.com)
Are most cortical inputs to the basal ganglia excitatory or inhibitory? (cueflash.com)
Basal ganglia output pathways use which neurotransmitter? (cueflash.com)
Among possible targets, the non-motor subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a key node of the basal ganglia circuitry, strongly connected to limbic cortical areas known to be involved in OCD. (bmj.com)
Examining how risk differed across 13 brain tissues highlighted five candidate tissues (cerebellum, cortex, and the putamen, nucleus accumbens and caudate basal ganglia) and four previously implicated genes (JAK1, STMN3, PICK1 and EGFR). (lshtm.ac.uk)
It involves the nucleus accumbens and the striatum structures in the brain, which are located within the basal ganglia. (serenityatsummit.com)
The study, which involved 25 healthy men and women, showed that dopamine was active in areas of the brain region known as the basal ganglia, the same region where it has been observed to respond to positive stimuli, such as food or sex. (umich.edu)
But when the researchers induced pain in the volunteers' jaw muscle, and asked them to rate different aspects of how they were feeling, differences emerged in specific sub-areas of the basal ganglia. (umich.edu)
Similarly, dopamine release in two other areas of the basal ganglia" the putamen and caudate nucleus" was strongly correlated with the rating of how intense and unpleasant the pain itself was on a scale of 0 to 100. (umich.edu)
The authors concluded that in some areas of the basal ganglia, dopamine was involved in the assessment of pain itself, while in the ventral area, or nucleus accumbens, it was related to the emotional experience of pain. (umich.edu)

however, specific roles of the different nuclei (e.g., nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen and globus pallidus) remain unclear. (bvsalud.org)
Anatomically, caudate and putamen are always _______ to the internal capsule while lentiform nuclei are _____ to the internal capsule. (cueflash.com)
transient electrical stimulation of ascending da fibers in a near physiological range of frequencies (10-20 hz) elicited similar levels of extracellular da in the medial prefrontal cortex (mpfc), basal lateral amygdaloid nucleus (ban), caudate-putamen (cp), and nucleus accumbens (nac) despite the documented 90-fold disparity in da tissue levels and terminal density. (brain-knowledge-engine.org)
Amygdaloid fibers were found to project in a roughly topographical manner to widespread areas of the striatum and ventral striatum, including the nucleus accumbens, the striatal-like portions of the olfactory tubercle, ventral portions of the putamen and ventral and caudal parts of the caudate nucleus. (wustl.edu)

Addiction affects neurotransmission and interactions within reward structures of the brain, including the nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, basal forebrain and amygdala, such that motivational hierarchies are altered and addictive behaviors, which may or may not include alcohol and other drug use, supplant healthy, self-care related behaviors. (drugprevent.org.uk)
For example, we recently found that interactions between the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens are important for SAA. (sears-lab.com)
Active avoidance requires a serial basal amygdala to nucleus accumbens shell circuit. (sears-lab.com)
2] Through the MFB, signals from the brainstem, amygdala, hippocampus, retina, and olfactory system are conveyed to hypothalamic nuclei, underlying the crucial role of the hypothalamus in systemic homeostasis. (medscape.com)

However, we found that dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum were outliers, receiving relatively few inputs from the ventral striatum and instead receiving more inputs from the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and zona incerta. (elifesciences.org)

Their input comes instead from a set of other brain structures, and in particular from a region called the subthalamic nucleus. (elifesciences.org)
Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus can help to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (elifesciences.org)
There is a highly divergent projection from large numbers of cerebral cortical neurons (eight CCs are shown) to the two input nuclei of the BG network, namely the striatum (shaded box containing six spiny neurons (SpNs)) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). (scholarpedia.org)
Can J Physiol Pharmacol 56:968975 Sanudo-Pena MC, Walker JM (1997) Role of the subthalamic nucleus in cannabinoid actions in the substantia nigra of the rat. (binaryoptiontradingscam.com)

Meanwhile, both LF patients (0.0377 ± 0.0052 vs 0.0417 ± 0.0052, p = 0.009) and HF patients (0.0361 ± 0.0071 vs 0.0417 ± 0.0052, p = 0.013) showed smaller left nucleus accumbens than HCs. (biomedcentral.com)

The parvicellular part of the basal nucleus and the amygdalohippocampal area appear to be the major sources of fibers to the nucleus accumbens, whereas projections to the tail of the caudate nucleus seem to arise mainly from the magnocellular part of the basal nucleus. (wustl.edu)

One SBM component was negatively correlated with gaze duration (nucleus accumbens and anterior insular cortex), while two components were positively correlated with bout length (posterior cingulate cortex, inferior occipital cortex, middle temporal cortex, hippocampus, and the precentral sulcus). (nature.com)

Prenatal restraint stress differentially modifies basal and stimulated dopamine and noradrenaline release in the nucleus accumbens shell: an 'in vivo' microdialysis study in adolescent and young adult rats. (unica.it)
We investigated the effect of PNS on basal and stimulated dopamine and noradrenaline output in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving adolescent and young adult rats (30-35 and 60-70 postnatal days respectively) because of the importance of this area in drug dependence and possibly in psychiatric disorders that are treated with drugs that act on dopamine and noradrenaline transmission. (unica.it)
Thus, the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens neural circuitry is reexamined in order to interrogate the functional interplay between ghrelin, dopamine, orexin, and endocannabinoid signaling. (frontiersin.org)
To test this hypothesis, basal extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the nucleus accumbens as well as the effects of repeated ethanol pretreatment on the basal release of these transmitters were examined in alcohol-preferring (P), alcohol-nonpreferring (NP), and genetically heterogeneous Wistar rats. (aspetjournals.org)
Disparity between tonic and phasic ethanol-induced dopamine increases in the nucleus accumbens of rats. (brain-knowledge-engine.org)
It was recently revealed that extracellular glycine levels are important for regulating alcohol consumption and that the glycine receptor (GlyR) in nucleus accumbens (nAc) is an access point for alcohol to the mesolimbic dopamine system. (gu.se)
Höifödt Lidö H, Stomberg R, Fagerberg A, Ericson M, Söderpalm B (2009) The glycine reuptake inhibitor org 25935 interacts with basal and ethanol-induced dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens. (gu.se)
For example, the more a person rated the pain as causing emotional distress and fear, the more dopamine was released in the area known as the nucleus accumbens" the same region implicated in drug addiction. (umich.edu)
10. Lindvall, O., Björklund, A., Skagerberg, G.: Selective histochemical demonstration of dopamine terminal systems in rat di- and telencephalon: new evidence for dopaminergic innervation of hypothalamic neurosecretory nuclei. (lu.se)

Moreover, the data suggest that ethanol exposure can alter basal DA and 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens and that vulnerability to ethanol-induced changes in monoamine neurotransmission may be a factor in genetically determined ethanol preference. (aspetjournals.org)

The anatomic targets include the subgenual cingulate cortex, ventral capsule/ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens, and superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle. (psychiatrist.com)

Finally, type-1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent inhibition of GABA-ergic release and relapse to reward-associated stimuli is linked to ghrelin and orexin signaling in the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens network to highlight its pathological potential for food addiction-like behavior. (frontiersin.org)
The hypothalamus is a region of the brain composed of many small nuclei with diverse functions. (medscape.com)
By synthesizing and secreting neurohormones, the nuclei of the hypothalamus act as a conduit between the nervous and endocrine systems via the pituitary gland (hypophysis), regulating homeostatic functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and circadian rhythms. (medscape.com)
The hypothalamus occupies the ventral diencephalon and is composed of numerous fiber tracts and nuclei situated symmetrically about the third ventricle. (medscape.com)
D) coronal sections of the hypothalamus, reflecting relative positions of hypothalamic nuclei. (medscape.com)
Nuclei within the anterior subdivision of the hypothalamus include the medial/lateral preoptic, periventricular, supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, and anterior/lateral hypothalamic nuclei. (medscape.com)

Psychologists Nobuhito Abe at Kyoto University and Joshua Greene at Harvard University scanned the brains of subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and found that those who acted dishonestly showed greater activation in the nucleus accumbens-a structure in the basal forebrain that plays a key role in reward processing. (dailyhodl.com)

Increase of energy accumulation elicits leptin release and simultaneous inhibition of orexigenic neurons expressing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), as well as activation of the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). (frontiersin.org)
Although the lateral region is the most voluminous, the medial and periventricular regions contain the majority of hypothalamic nuclei. (medscape.com)

Fifteen hours after the final pretreatment, basal extracellular concentrations and "in vivo extraction fraction" values for DA and 5-HT were determined by no-net-flux in vivo microdialysis. (aspetjournals.org)
Ethanol pretreatment decreased basal extracellular 5-HT levels in P rats whereas increasing 5-HT efflux was seen in the Wistar and NP lines. (aspetjournals.org)
System x c − influences glutamate neurotransmission by maintaining basal, extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens, which, in turn, shapes synaptic activity by stimulating group II metabotropic glutamate autoreceptors. (marquette.edu)

Blue is used to signify the dual loop of cerebellar interaction, one loop though cerebellar nucleus and another through cerebellar cortex. (scholarpedia.org)

The nucleus accumbens perceives the rewarding, pleasurable effects of alcohol, while the striatum is triggered to form a habit to reinforce this pleasurable experience. (serenityatsummit.com)

Cocaine produces a persistent reduction in cystine-glutamate exchange via system x c − in the nucleus accumbens that may contribute to pathological glutamate signaling linked to addiction. (marquette.edu)
Interestingly, N -acetylcysteine pretreatment prevented cocaine-induced changes in [ 35 S]cystine transport via system x c −, basal glutamate, and cocaine-evoked glutamate in the nucleus accumbens when assessed at least 3 weeks after the last N -acetylcysteine pretreatment. (marquette.edu)

The medial preoptic nucleus abuts the third ventricle and periventricular nucleus medially and is bound laterally by the lateral preoptic nucleus, superiorly by the anterior commissure, and inferiorly by the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei. (medscape.com)

In ethanol-naive rats, significant line differences were observed with high basal 5-HT release in P rats, low 5-HT release in NP rats, and intermediate 5-HT levels in Wistar rats. (aspetjournals.org)

No differences among groups were noted in basal DA release. (aspetjournals.org)

also known as the sexually dimorphic nucleus, its growth is regulated by testosterone exposure in utero and its volume is increased nearly 2-fold in males compared with females. (medscape.com)

We observed strongest expression of SV2C in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, dorsal striatum, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens of each species. (nih.gov)
globus pallidus lateralis (pallidum externum) - vintrinsic basal ganglion. (wikilectures.eu)

The linear nucleus (Li) is found in the medullary reticular formation surrounding the middle segment of the compact part of the ambiguus nucleus (AmbC) in dorsal, medial and/or lateral aspects. (biomedcentral.com)

Although the lateral region is the most voluminous, the medial and periventricular regions contain the majority of hypothalamic nuclei. (medscape.com)
The nucleus accumbens is found in the ventral medial portion of the striatum and is believed to play a role in reward, desire, and the placebo effect. (meltingpointathens.com)
The glutamate afferents arise from three primary sources: the medial prefrontal cortex, the pedunculopontine region, and the subthalamic nucleus ( Fallon and Loughlin, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)

The linear nucleus (Li) was identified in 1978 from its projections to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
The majority of the abovementioned nuclei have recognized roles in movement control, consistent with the likely role of the projections from Li to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, some of these nuclei may provide relay signals to the cerebellum through Li. (biomedcentral.com)

It is located ventral to the SEPTAL NUCLEI, and caudal to the median PREOPTIC NUCLEUS. (nih.gov)

In other words, drugs like cocaine and alcohol can boost dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. (stewcam.com)

Stimulation of midbrain M4 autoreceptors are thought to decrease the activity of dopaminergic neurons in ventral tegmental area neurons, leading to reduced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. (nih.gov)

Basal extracellular dopamine is decreased in the rat nucleus accumbens during abstinence from chronic cocaine. (bvsalud.org)

The GPext neurons make inhibitory connections to cells in the subthalamic nucleus, which in turn make excitatory connections to cells in the GPint. (meltingpointathens.com)
Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in Li after BDA injections into all these nuclei except the central amygdaloid and the paralemniscal nuclei. (biomedcentral.com)

Dopamine release within the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been associated with both the rewarding and locomotor-stimulant effects of abused drugs. (jneurosci.org)

Vannemreddy P, Slavin K. Nucleus Accumbens as a Novel Target for Deep Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Addiction: A Hypothesis on the Neurochemical and Morphological Basis. (neurosurgery.directory)
This part of the brain contains clusters of nuclei with diverse functions centered on speech, swallowing, cardiovascular and respiratory control and is expected to have different functional inputs from the rest of the brain. (biomedcentral.com)

Instead, it comprises a set of different subnuclei, such as the basolateral complex or central nucleus, which exhibit marked differences in function and neural connectivity profiles. (nature.com)
Results suggest that cookie access during adolescence improves the psycho-emotional disturbances of MS females, and ΔFosB and/or BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens may play a role in its underlying neural mechanisms. (ijbs.com)

28. The nucleus accumbens functional connectivity in patients with insomnia using resting-state fMRI. (nih.gov)
30. [Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis of abnormal directional functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens in patients with chronic tinnitus]. (nih.gov)

BDA injections into the central amygdaloid nucleus result in labeled fibers to the ipsilateral Li. (biomedcentral.com)

Activation of dopamine in the accumbens also has the effect of reducing fatigue. (stewcam.com)
In addition to reducing fatigue, activation of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens can also improve sleep quality. (stewcam.com)
Activation of dopamine in the accumbens also improves memory. (stewcam.com)

The main objective of the study is to examine afferents to Li from the central amygdaloid nucleus, KF, the paralemniscal nucleus (PL) which is rostral and adjacent to KF, Gi, Sol and adjacent parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus (PCRt/IRt). (biomedcentral.com)

Dopamine hyperactivity in subcortical areas such as the nucleus accumbens is a key feature associated with schizophrenia. (nih.gov)

Bilateral projections with an ipsilateral dominance were observed after injections in a) jointly the paralemniscal nucleus, the noradrenergic group 7/ Köllike -Fuse nucleus/subcoeruleus nucleus, b) the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, c) and the solitary nucleus/the parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)

Heidbreder, C. A. In vivo characterization of basal chemoneuroanatomical markers for amino acids in the shell and core subterritories of the nucleus accumbens. (mdx.ac.uk)

Smaller nucleus accumbens may be associated with motivated behavior , reward information , and emotional problems in ADHD via its function in reward processing. (psychologytoday.com)

Participa, a través de modular la actividad de los neurotransmisores, en la regulación del comportamiento motor y de la secreción de hormonas adenohipofisarias, interacciona con la dopamina y con el GABA, mientras que, en el caso de la memoria y el aprendizaje, lo hace con el GABA y el glutamato. (adicciones.es)

In recent years, DBS of the nucleus accumbens has been explored as a potential treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), also known as alcoholism . (neurosurgery.directory)
However, at this time, DBS of the nucleus accumbens for alcohol use disorder is still considered an experimental treatment, and more research is needed to determine its safety and efficacy. (neurosurgery.directory)

Most drugs of abuse trigger an increase in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. (nih.gov)

The name is derived from the stripes ( striae ) of gray matter that connect these two nuclei through the white matter of the capsula interna . (wikilectures.eu)

However, there is no systematic study of its connections with other areas of the central nervous system possibly due to the challenge of injecting retrograde tracers into this nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy54

Organisms7

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs103

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Psychiatry and Psychology40

Phenomena and Processes20

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Health Care1

Ganglia27

Putamen4

Amygdala4

Globus pallidus1

Subthalamic nucleus4

Smaller left nucleus accumbens1

Caudate nucleus1

Hippocampus1

Dopamine9

Ethanol-induced1

Ventral striatum1

Hypothalamus6

Forebrain1

Hypothalamic2

Extracellular3

Cortex1

Striatum1

Glutamate2

Anterior commissure1

Rats1

Differences1

Exposure1

Pallidum2

Dorsal1

Medial3

Cerebellum3

Septal nuclei1

Dopamine levels1

Ventral tegm1

Extracellular dopamine1

Neurons2

NAcc1

Brain2

Neural2

Connectivity2

Fibers1

Activation3

Rostral1

Schizophrenia1

Projections1

Shell1

Smaller1

GABA1

Alcohol2

Release1

White matter1

Central nervou1