Basal ganglions. Medical search. Frequent questions

Using a neuropsychological approach, we report that degeneration of two subcortical structures, the cerebellum and basal ganglia, impairs performance in symbolic arithmetic. (jneurosci.org)
Overall, we provide a novel perspective on how the cerebellum and basal ganglia contribute to symbolic arithmetic. (jneurosci.org)
This selective impairment points to the distinctive roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in symbolic arithmetic. (jneurosci.org)
It shows abnormal deposits of calcium in the basal ganglia, the dentate nuclei of the cerebellum, the pulvinar thalami, and subcortical white matter (Manyam 2005 ). (springeropen.com)
Deep brain stimulation in an adolescent with hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum due to a TUBB4A mutation: illustrative case. (bvsalud.org)
Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) is a rare genetic disease due to a TUBB4A mutation , with motor features including dystonia . (bvsalud.org)
The premotor and sensory regions provide the input for planning to the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. (cdc.gov)
Overview of Movement and Cerebellar Disorders Voluntary movement requires complex interaction of the corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts, basal ganglia, and cerebellum (the center for motor coordination) to ensure smooth, purposeful movement. (msdmanuals.com)

In contrast to the cortical layer that lines the surface of the forebrain, the basal ganglia are a collection of distinct masses of gray matter lying deep in the brain not far from the junction of the thalamus. (wikipedia.org)
Current evidence suggests that the basal ganglia are organized into several structurally and functionally distinct 'circuits' that link cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus, with each circuit focused on a different portion of the frontal lobe. (nih.gov)
There was also extensive overlap between sequential rhythm and sequential order tasks, with both tasks commonly activating bilateral premotor, supplementary motor, and superior/inferior parietal cortical regions, as well as regions of the caudate/putamen of the basal ganglia and the ventro-lateral thalamus. (frontiersin.org)
In the basal ganglia, however, overlapping activation for the sequential rhythm and sequential order tasks, which was found in classic motor circuits of the putamen and ventro-lateral thalamus, could not be accurately differentiated by MVPA. (frontiersin.org)
These two nuclei are considered "output" nuclei of the basal ganglia as they connect to the thalamus , a primary target of the basal ganglia. (academickids.com)
Information from the cerebral cortex and thalamus is conveyed to basal ganglia nuclei via glutamate release, while dopamine from the midbrain is released in close proximity to glutamate. (hoepli.it)
The efficacy of new treatments such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) highlights the fact that Parkinson's disease is a network disorder, involving alteration of the dynamics within and between the nuclei of the basal ganglia, the thalamus and the cortex. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Pallidal information is conveyed to the cerebral cortex and the striatum via the thalamus, while it is projected back to different components of the basal ganglia via the numerous reentrant pathways that arise from the pedunculopontine nucleus. (ulaval.ca)
The elucidation of this finely tuned network is needed to understand the complex spatiotemporal sequence of neural events that ensures the flow of cortical information through the basal ganglia and thalamus. (ulaval.ca)
Studies show the importance of the basal ganglia and thalamus in memory, attention, selection and monitoring of information. (bvsalud.org)

These images show two schematic coronal cross-sections of the human brain with nuclei of the basal ganglia labelled on the right side. (academickids.com)

The main functional components of the basal ganglia include the striatum, consisting of both the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), the globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from various brain areas but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
Five (or seven) primary components of the basal ganglia? (cueflash.com)
These studies have revealed that the striatum, the external pallidum and the subthalamic nucleus harbor several types of projection neurons endowed with a highly collateralized axon that allows these neurons to interact with most components of the basal ganglia. (ulaval.ca)

The "behavior switching" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions. (wikipedia.org)
Red bi-directional arrows are used to signify the predominantly inhibitory linkages between any given area of cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
The basal ganglia are located interior to the cerebral cortex, and they receive prominent input from essentially all of the pallium, both isocortex and allocortex (Swanson 2000). (scholarpedia.org)
Overall, our results highlight the convergent architecture of the motor system, where complex motor information that is spatially distributed in the cortex converges into a more compact representation in the basal ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
There is still debate as to how the basal ganglia processes information from the cortex. (academickids.com)
We present a patient with anti-NMDA-R encephalitis and serial [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) examinations showing markedly increased activity in the basal ganglia as compared with that in the cortex when extrapyramidal features were prominent, which normalised after improvement of this movement disorder. (bmj.com)
Modulation of beta oscillations occurs with normal movement, and exaggeration of beta oscillations in the basal ganglia and cortex are characteristic of Parkinson's disease. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
ADHD (problem lies in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia). (osteopathyebooks.com)
Cerebral cortex is a primary __________(input to/output of) the basal ganglia. (cueflash.com)
The telencephalon consists of the cortex, the subcortical fibers, and the basal nuclei. (medscape.com)

However, prior studies have primarily focused on biological tissues outside of the basal ganglia, despite the known relevancy of this brain region in motor and cognitive dysfunction associated with PD and LBD. (mdpi.com)
At the heart of both function and dysfunction of basal ganglia circuits is the interaction of these two neurotransmitters, dopamine and glutamate.Elucidating the relationship between their molecular and cellular effects and behavioural significance has been challenging, but in the past 5-10 years, improved labeling, imaging, recording, and genetic manipulation approaches have yielded new information on how dopamine and glutamate interact to generate the circuit activity underpinning basal ganglia function. (hoepli.it)
Classically, dysfunction in the basal ganglia has been linked to motor abnormalities. (columbia.edu)
Broader Impact: Dysfunction of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop has been implicated in other disorders of importance on both the individual and societal levels including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, addiction, Tourette's syndrome, dystonias and dyskinesias. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Loss or dysfunction of neurons within the basal ganglia cause some typical motor symptoms, such as poverty of movement (akinesia) or abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia). (lu.se)
Damage to the basal ganglia (basal ganglia dysfunction, also known as an extra-pyramidal syndrome) can cause problems with a person's ability to speak and move. (gallivanlawfirm.com)
In addition, people with basal ganglia dysfunction may have problems beginning, stopping or sustaining movement. (gallivanlawfirm.com)
Symptoms of basal ganglia dysfunction may include involuntary or slowed movements. (gallivanlawfirm.com)
People with basal ganglia dysfunction may have difficulty finding words, experience tremors and tics (uncontrollable and repeated movements or speech), and have difficulty walking. (gallivanlawfirm.com)
Basal ganglia dysfunction is a type of brain damage. (gallivanlawfirm.com)
Drug overdose, head injury and infection may also cause basal ganglia dysfunction. (gallivanlawfirm.com)
Some causes of basal ganglia dysfunction are reversible, while others may require a lifetime of treatment. (gallivanlawfirm.com)
Some brain disorders are often associated with basal ganglia dysfunction. (gallivanlawfirm.com)
is brain dysfunction that is characterized by basal ganglia dopaminergic blockade and that is similar to Parkinson disease, but it is caused by something other than Parkinson disease (eg, drugs, cerebrovascular disease, trauma, postencephalitic changes). (msdmanuals.com)
An alternative hypothesis implicates direct basal ganglia damage due to dysfunction of cytochrome-c oxidase. (medscape.com)

Leveraging the opportunity to directly access the subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia in humans undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery, we here combine invasive electrophysiological recordings, electrical stimulation and computational modelling of perceptual decision-making. (nature.com)
The five individual nuclei that comprise the primate basal ganglia are the striatum , external segment of the globus pallidus , internal segment of the globus pallidus , subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra . (academickids.com)
Two coronal sections are used to show the basal ganglia as the smaller subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra lie deeper back in the brain (more caudal ). (academickids.com)
The indirect pathway is via connections from the striatum to the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), from there to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and finally to the basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi and SNr). (academickids.com)

Gamma (γ) and beta (β) oscillations seem to play complementary functions in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit (CBGT) during motor behavior. (jneurosci.org)
The search for alternative therapies has begun to focus on the interactions of networks within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Intellectual Merit: This proposed research is designed to characterize the network dynamics that allow the propagation of beta oscillations through the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop in both the normal and parkinsonian states. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Thus, we seek to understand the networks supporting transmission of beta oscillations in the normal cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop and then determine how the network interactions are altered to allow the exaggeration and abnormal propagation of beta oscillations in the parkinsonian state. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
The research proposed here will make use of their model of striatal beta rhythm generation to understand the propagation of beta oscillations throughout the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop in both the normal and low dopamine states. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
They propose to extend this model to include mathematical models of each of the nuclei of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
The results of the combined mathematical and experimental work will promote insight into the networks both within and between the nuclei of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop that support the propagation of beta rhythms in the normal dopamine state and the alterations that occur to these networks in the parkinsonian state. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

The book also discusses compromised dopamine-glutamate interaction in disorders of basal ganglia function, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and drug addiction. (hoepli.it)

This loop architecture, summarized in Figure 1 , provides important perspective for this entry on models of basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)

They both involve a brain structure known as the basal ganglia and can affect a person's movement, mental health , and cognitive (thinking) ability. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Dopamine was found in particularly high concentrations in the parts of the brain known as the basal ganglia, which have a significant role in controlling our muscle movements. (lu.se)

The following table demonstrates this developmental classification and traces it to the anatomic structures found in the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
No significant differences were found in the basal ganglia volume between the volumetric development of the normal and ventriculomegaly cohorts, despite the cohort containing ventricular volumes up to 6 times larger than the normal fetuses. (bmj.com)

Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. (wikipedia.org)
Our results show that the basal ganglia independently control the speed of decisions and movement for each hemisphere during adaptive behavior. (nature.com)

Furthermore, while previous evidence from computational models and empirical studies suggests that the basal ganglia play an important role during adjustments of decision-making, it remains unclear how this is implemented. (nature.com)

The sequential rhythm task activated a widespread network centered around the supplementary motor area (SMA) and basal-ganglia regions including the dorsomedial putamen and caudate nucleus, while the sequential order task preferentially activated a fronto-parietal network. (frontiersin.org)
Whole-brain volumes and basal ganglia volumes (caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen) were derived from structural MRI scans using automated tissue segmentation. (upf.edu)
Clinical and imaging evidence suggests that propionic acidemia predisposes patients to bilateral infarcts of the basal ganglia involving the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. (medscape.com)

The basal ganglia (BG), or basal nuclei, are a group of subcortical nuclei found in the brains of vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
Basal ganglia comprises several subcortical nuclei which have different neurochemical and physiological characteristics. (cun.es)
The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical nuclei in the forebrain of vertebrates that are highly conserved among mammals. (columbia.edu)
We will focus on the basal ganglia (BG), which are a group of subcortical nuclei thought to be vital for decision making. (northwestern.edu)

Certain diseases, like Parkinson's and Huntingdon's disease, are associated with damage to the pathways between the brain's basal ganglia regions. (medicalxpress.com)
Defining the micro-circuitry of the cortio-basal ganglia-thalamic loop is not only a critical step towards understanding alternative therapeutic interventions in Parkinson's disease, it has the potential to advance new therapeutic options for individuals with other disorders with basal ganglia involvement. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Clinical manifestations of slowness, stiffness, resting tremor, depression, and cognitive impairment involve diseases of the basal ganglia direct pathway that include Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism. (functionalneurologyseminars.com)
Although both Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease involve the basal ganglia, the two diseases have different causes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Parkinson's disease affects a part of the brain's basal ganglia known as the substantia nigra. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This led to being able to demonstrate that patients with Parkinson's disease had abnormally low levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia. (lu.se)

Neurons of the various basal ganglia nuclei use a variety of neurotransmitters . (academickids.com)
This morphological feature allows a complex and exquisitely precise interaction between the various basal ganglia and related thalamic nuclei. (ulaval.ca)

The basal ganglia are involved in complex brain functions, from voluntary movement control to learning and reward processing, and they are implicated in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. (hoepli.it)
Whenever basal ganglia are affected , it leads to some kind of movement disorders So your son needs neurologist opinion. (healthcaremagic.com)
Our research will contribute to the development of novel therapies for Parkinson´s Disease and other disorders of the basal ganglia. (lu.se)
Focus is on early identification of basal ganglia direct pathway disorders and preventive strategies. (functionalneurologyseminars.com)
Module Seven: Basal Ganglia and Hypokinetic Disorders with Applications - Online registration available HERE . (functionalneurologyseminars.com)
The anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia and their relation to brain and behavior, disorders and therapies, and philosophy of mind and moral values. (mit.edu)
Modification of the dopamine-acetylcholine balance leads to the severe clinical symptoms seen in patients suffering from basal ganglia disorders. (huji.ac.il)
Basal Ganglia and Neurological Disorders: Need some help figuring this out. (neurotalk.org)

In this article, we present a very rare case of bilateral sigmoid sinus atresia with most of the cerebral venous drainage through the prominent mastoid emissary vein to a plexus of dilated scalp veins, presenting as a posterior auricular mass lesion and, more unusually, with a combination of basal ganglia and cerebral calcification. (ajnr.org)
There were also diffuse calcifications on the bilateral basal ganglia and subcortical white matter in CT scan ( Fig 2 ). (ajnr.org)
Noncontrast axial CT scan shows diffuse calcification on the bilateral basal ganglia and subcortical white matter. (ajnr.org)
CT scans showed high-intensity lesions in bilateral basal ganglia ( figure 1A ). (bmj.com)
B) MRI showed increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images in the bilateral basal ganglia. (bmj.com)

The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine-Glutamate Interactions in the Basal Ganglia synthesizes this recent research from the level of receptor molecules all the way to complex behaviours and disease. (hoepli.it)
A comprehensive, biologically inspired neurocomputational model of action selection in the Basal Ganglia allows simulation of dopamine induced aberrant learning in Parkinsonian subjects. (yale.edu)
Neuromodulation of neuronal activity in the striatum - the main input stage of the basal ganglia - is mediated by dopamine and acetylcholine. (huji.ac.il)

Current insights from research on individual neurons and synapses, detailed circuit analysis, and learning and action functions of the basal ganglia are presented against a historical perspective. (hoepli.it)
In contrast, the internal pallidum, which is a major output structure of the basal ganglia, contains only two types of projection neurons. (ulaval.ca)

Using high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), we sought to determine the degree to which these complex motor processes are dissociable in basal ganglia and cortical networks. (frontiersin.org)
Via the striatum the basal ganglia receives input from the entire cortical mantle, but with a majority of projections from the motor , sensorimotor and prefrontal cortices. (academickids.com)
Are most cortical inputs to the basal ganglia excitatory or inhibitory? (cueflash.com)

Two pathways through the basal ganglia could then be followed. (academickids.com)
For the first time, Carnegie Mellon University BrainHub scientists have used a non-invasive brain-imaging tool to detect the pathways that connect the parts of the basal ganglia. (medicalxpress.com)
For reasons that are not fully understood, the pathways that connect the basal ganglia's regions are highly susceptible to damage. (medicalxpress.com)
In this study, the research team used two types of diffusion imaging to visualize the major pathways that connect the internal circuitry of the basal ganglia. (medicalxpress.com)
I describe the anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia, including how structures are interconnected to form two parallel pathways, the direct and the indirect pathways. (columbia.edu)
What are the four functional parallel pathways within the basal ganglia? (cueflash.com)
Basal ganglia output pathways use which neurotransmitter? (cueflash.com)
13] Hamilton et al suggested that metabolites of the dysfunctional propionic acid and methylmalonic acid pathways may be selectively toxic to the endothelial cells in the basal ganglia. (medscape.com)

And finally, I also summarize findings on how disruption in basal ganglia circuitry function has been linked to a number of neuropsychiatric diseases, with special focus on the symptoms of schizophrenia. (columbia.edu)

Our data indicate that basal ganglia and related thalamic nuclei form a widely distributed neuronal network, whose elements are endowed with a highly patterned set of axon collaterals. (ulaval.ca)

The striatum is the primary (but not exclusive) input zone for other brain areas to connect to the basal ganglia. (academickids.com)

We are also studying changes in transmitter release in the basal ganglia in rats that develop dyskinesia following intrastriatal neural transplants and/or chronic treatment with L-DOPA. (lu.se)

In the entry basal ganglia , anatomy and physiology are reviewed and the conclusion is reached that the two essential functions of the basal ganglia are action selection and reinforcement learning . (scholarpedia.org)
This article reviews the actual knowledge about the anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia as well as its role in motor control. (cun.es)

Independent evidence from each of these fields has reinforced a growing perception that the functional architecture of the basal ganglia is essentially parallel in nature, regardless of the perspective from which these structures are viewed. (nih.gov)
In this review, Garrett Alexander and Michael Crutcher, using the basal ganglia 'motor' circuit as the principal example, discuss recent evidence indicating that a parallel functional architecture may also be characteristic of the organization within each individual circuit. (nih.gov)
We proposed a new functional architecture for the basal ganglia (BG) based on the premise that these brain structures play a central role in behavioural action selection. (yale.edu)
The results call for a reappraisal of our current concept of the anatomical and functional organization of basal ganglia, which play a crucial role in sensorimotor integration. (ulaval.ca)

Many of the neurological problems that can occur in biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease affect movement, and can include involuntary tensing of various muscles (dystonia), muscle rigidity, muscle weakness on one or both sides of the body (hemiparesis or quadriparesis), problems coordinating movements (ataxia), and exaggerated reflexes (hyperreflexia). (medlineplus.gov)

Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC) is a rare, intractable disease with unknown etiology. (springeropen.com)
Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), also called Fahr disease, is a rare and intractable disease. (springeropen.com)

I further review published studies that have investigated how the basal ganglia regulate motor behavior and motivation. (columbia.edu)
I then present original data and discuss the results of three studies investigating basal ganglia function and behavior. (columbia.edu)

Inputs to the basal ganglia are ______ (inhibitory vs excitatory) and utilize ______ as the primary neurotransmitter. (cueflash.com)

The structures relevant to the basal ganglia are shown in bold. (wikipedia.org)
Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease is a disorder that affects the nervous system, including a group of structures in the brain called the basal ganglia, which help control movement. (medlineplus.gov)
Concepts of basal ganglia organization have changed markedly over the past decade, due to significant advances in our understanding of the anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of these structures. (nih.gov)
The basal ganglia are structures deep within the brain that control movement. (gallivanlawfirm.com)
The basal ganglia are a set of structures deep in the brain. (medlineplus.gov)

The signs and symptoms of biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease usually begin between the ages of 3 and 10, but the disorder can appear at any age. (medlineplus.gov)
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PAHs on basal ganglia volumes and ADHD symptoms in school children. (upf.edu)

Using medical imaging, generalized swelling as well as specific areas of damage (lesions) in the brain can often be seen, including in the basal ganglia. (medlineplus.gov)
Basal ganglia lesions on MRI remained 4 weeks after the onset. (bmj.com)
A) CT scans showed high-intensity lesions in the basal ganglia bilaterally. (bmj.com)
The authors confirmed that basal ganglia lesions were not due to hypoxemia, because the hippocampus, which is relatively more sensitive to hypoxemia, was spared. (medscape.com)

The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). (wikipedia.org)

quoting the news posted 'For instance, future drugs may be able to compensate for the fewer interneurons in the basal ganglia of TS patients by making them more excitable. (neurotalk.org)

CT hyperintensity and increased signal intensity on T1WI MRI in basal ganglia are characteristic findings observed in 79% and 95% of patients with DS, respectively. (bmj.com)
Among them, similar radiological findings on basal ganglia can be observed in patients with Wilson's disease, hepatic encephalopathy and poisoning (manganese and organic mercury). (bmj.com)
Analysis of the Interictal and Ictal EEG Activity Recorded in the Basal Ganglia in Epileptic Patients during Invasive Video-EEG.Abstract. (muni.cz)
Most patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage have high blood pressure. (medlink.com)

Some of these models are anatomically and physiologically constrained, whereas others are abstract but are nevertheless motivated by behavioral functions of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)

MicrocircuitDB: A basal ganglia model of aberrant learning (Ursino et al. (yale.edu)

This excess glutamate may be excitotoxic to neuronal cells in the basal ganglia. (medscape.com)

However, synuclein can accumulate in many other parts of the nervous system, including the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, basal nucleus of Meynert, hypothalamus, neocortex, olfactory bulb, sympathetic ganglia, and myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal tract. (msdmanuals.com)

This course presents a detailed review of basal ganglia neurophysiology and clinical expressions. (functionalneurologyseminars.com)

Notably, we discuss how the counting and chaining operations relate to cerebellar and basal ganglia function in other task domains (e.g., motor processes). (jneurosci.org)

In the present entry, key features of the computational architecture of the loops through the basal ganglia are first described. (scholarpedia.org)
This entry focuses on the loops through the basal ganglia shown on the left side of Figure 1 . (scholarpedia.org)

The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brain associated with motor and learning functions. (academickids.com)

This paper provides an overview of the major organizational features of the basal ganglia and related thalamic centers, as delineated by the application of single-axon or single-cell labeling procedures in primates. (ulaval.ca)

Anatomy58

Organisms11

Diseases46

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Psychiatry and Psychology20

Phenomena and Processes20

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science1

Health Care1

Cerebellum8

Thalamus10

Nuclei of the basal ganglia1

Components of the basal ganglia4

Cortex10

Dysfunction15

Subthalamic nucleus4

Cortico-basal7

Including Parkinson's disease1

Models of basal ganglia1

Known as the basal ganglia2

Found in the basal ganglia2

Show that the basal ganglia2

Suggests that the basal ganglia1

Putamen3

Subcortical nuclei4

Parkinson's6

Various basal ganglia2

Disorders8

Bilateral5

Dopamine4

Neurons2

Cortical3

Pathways8

Circuitry1

Thalamic nuclei1

Striatum1

Neural1

Anatomy and physio2

Functional4

Movements1

Idiopathic2

Behavior2

Inhibitory1

Structures5

Symptoms2

Lesions4

Limbic1

Interneurons1

Patients4

Abstract1

MicrocircuitDB1

Glutamate1

Nucleus1

Clinical1

Processes1

Loops2

Functions1

Centers1