Filter...

AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care

Select a category...

Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia DiseasesGangliaRetinal Ganglion CellsBasal Ganglia HemorrhageGanglia, SpinalGlobus PallidusGanglia, SympatheticGanglia, AutonomicTrigeminal GanglionBasal Ganglia Cerebrovascular DiseaseNeural PathwaysGanglia, ParasympatheticGanglia, SensoryPutamenNeuronsSubthalamic NucleusThalamusStellate GanglionMagnetic Resonance ImagingBrainCorpus StriatumParkinson DiseaseSubstantia NigraCaudate NucleusSpiral GanglionNodose GanglionDystoniaChoreaAction PotentialsGanglia, InvertebrateAxonsSuperior Cervical GanglionMovement DisordersBrain MappingCerebral CortexParkinsonian DisordersEntopeduncular NucleusDopamineParkinson Disease, SecondaryRetinaRats, Sprague-DawleyCebusNerve NetLevodopaNeostriatumDystonic DisordersDeep Brain StimulationVocalization, AnimalHypokinesiaThalamic NucleiOxidopamineManganese PoisoningModels, NeurologicalFinchesGeniculate GanglionFunctional LateralityEfferent PathwaysNeurons, AfferentThalamic DiseasesElectric StimulationWheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase ConjugateSynaptic TransmissionReaction TimeCerebellumSuperior ColliculiDominance, CerebralStilbamidinesDyskinesiasMovementSynapsesElectrophysiologyReceptors, Dopamine D2Image Processing, Computer-AssistedBrain DiseasesHabenulaBrain StemMotor CortexAxonal TransportPsychomotor PerformanceDopamine AgonistsVisual Pathwaysgamma-Aminobutyric AcidBehavior, AnimalTime FactorsAntiparkinson AgentsImmunohistochemistryTourette SyndromeDyskinesia, Drug-InducedMacaca fascicularisStereotyped BehaviorNerve Tissue ProteinsMacaca mulattaMotor ActivityMuscle RigidityInterneuronsNeural InhibitionReceptors, Dopamine D1Photic StimulationLearning

Cerebral cortexStriatumCortexSubthalamicSubcorticalSignalsParkinson'sDopaminergicSubstantia nigraProjectionsGABAergicAnatomyCurrentsInterneuronsGlobusSensoryBrainstemResponsesDopamine neuronsEfferentProcessesMiceLateralAbstractBrainNeurons sendRewardFormSpeciesGeneticImpulsesOutputMotorActivityRoleCellsConnectionsLocalTime

Cerebral cortex7

• Red bi-directional arrows are used to signify the predominantly inhibitory linkages between any given area of cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
• The basal ganglia are located interior to the cerebral cortex, and they receive prominent input from essentially all of the pallium, both isocortex and allocortex (Swanson 2000). (scholarpedia.org)
• The cerebral cortex sends divergent excitatory projections to a network (shaded box) of medium spiny neurons and to STN. (scholarpedia.org)
• SpNs in the striatum are endowed with several features that make them ideal for classifying the complex patterns of activity sent from the cerebral cortex. (scholarpedia.org)
• Conversely, the basal ganglia (the interconnected areas below the cerebral cortex) regulates emotions and behavior, like emotive swearing. (skepchick.org)
• These RAS peptides are present in astrocytes, glial cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons of various areas of the brain [ 14 , 15 ] such as the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
• This pathway illustrates the connections between the Cerebral Cortex, the Basal Ganglia, and all of the Descending Spinal Tracts involved in the control of movement by the brain. (ualberta.ca)

Striatum10

• A major output from the cortex, with axons from most of the cortical regions connecting to the striatum, is called the corticostriatal connection, part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. (wikipedia.org)
• The striatum is the largest structure of the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
• Unlike the inhibitory GABAergic neurons in the neocortex that only send local connections, in the striatum these neurons send long axons to targets in the pallidum and substantia nigra. (wikipedia.org)
• For this purpose, we build a large scale computational model that consists of the following elements of the basal ganglia network: subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus (external and internal parts) (GPe-GPi), extended with the striatum, thalamus and motor cortex (MC) areas, integrating connectivity from multimodal imaging data. (frontiersin.org)
• We therefore asked whether GAD is necessary for GABAergic transmitting in the striatum by documenting modifications in dopaminergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in SPNs caused by pharmacological inhibition or conditional hereditary deletion of GAD. (conferencedequebec.org)
• SPNs send security inhibitory projections inside the striatum also. (conferencedequebec.org)
• Estimated inhibitory connections from striatum were much stronger to GP-TI neurons than to GP-TA neurons, whereas excitatory connections from thalamus were much stronger to GP-TA and STN neurons than to GP-TI neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
• Our results elucidate potential substrates of GP functional dichotomy, and emphasise that rhythmic inputs from striatum, thalamus and cortex are important for setting activity in the STN-GP network during Parkinsonian beta oscillations, suggesting they arise from interactions between most nodes of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits. (ox.ac.uk)
• The striatum sends signals about the 'rewards' experienced in our environments to the rest of the brain. (hdsa.org)
• Basal ganglia include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. (lecturio.com)

Cortex6

• The telencephalon consists of the cortex, the subcortical fibers, and the basal nuclei. (medscape.com)
• Forebrain efferent projections were sparse and restricted to specific nuclei within the thalamus and hypothalamus , with processes rarely observed in cortex, basal ganglia , or other limbic regions, e.g., amygdala or hippocampus . (bvsalud.org)
• The thalamus receives inputs from various sensory and motor regions of the cortex and sends output to other cortical areas. (springernature.com)
• When the cortex sends top-down signals to the thalamus, it can enhance or suppress the activity of thalamic neurons, depending on the task at hand. (springernature.com)
• Other regions that have been implicated in the processing of the auditory oddball task include the parietal cortex, which is involved in spatial attention and working memory, and the basal ganglia, which are involved in motor control and learning. (springernature.com)
• Swallowing occurs when descending excitatory and inhibitory signals from the cortex and subcortex and ascending signals from the oropharyngeal area trigger the central pattern generator in the bulbar reticular formation ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)

Subthalamic2

• As in other vertebrates, the primate basal ganglia can be divided into striatal, pallidal, nigral, and subthalamic components. (wikipedia.org)
• The basal nuclei (formerly referred to as the basal ganglia) comprise the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. (medscape.com)

Subcortical2

• Nervous System: Histology responses via interconnections with the basal ganglia Basal Ganglia Basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclear agglomerations involved in movement, and are located deep to the cerebral hemispheres. (lecturio.com)
• A group of subcortical regions, the Basal Ganglia, are responsible for decision-making and inhibitory control in humans, primates, and rodents. (fapesp.br)

Signals7

• 2 ]. This enhanced BG rhythm also affects thalamic activity by sending strong inhibitory signals via GPi (internal segment of the globus pallidus). (frontiersin.org)
• classified dopamine neurons in the mouse brain into eight types based on the areas to which they project, and then mapped which neurons send input signals to each type. (elifesciences.org)
• The ability to properly send signals about these rewards is critical because most of what we think, remember, learn and do is controlled or guided by reward: we remember positive experiences, we learn from good outcomes, we strive to do well and we pay attention to what matters. (hdsa.org)
• Damaged nerves may send signals to the bladder at the wrong time or send no signals at all, leading to bladder control problems. (healthybladderclub.com)
• It receives signals from the basal ganglia, and its role is in the planning and initiation of movement. (biologydictionary.net)
• This sensory input to the spinal cord allows feedback from muscles to modify the motor signals sent to them. (ualberta.ca)
• In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter -a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. (alchetron.com)

Parkinson's3

• Also, several major degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, are specific to humans, although "models" of them have been proposed for other species. (wikipedia.org)
• Movement disorders like Parkinson's disease and dystonia are characterised by abnormal functioning of the whole basal ganglia (BG) - thalamocortical network. (frontiersin.org)
• Additionally, patients with Parkinson's disease, a basal ganglia deficit, show slower saccade adaptation than age matched controls. (eneuro.org)

Dopaminergic3

• Better understanding of the pharmacological actions of dopaminergic drugs in the basal ganglia will lead to better management of patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia. (bcmj.org)
• Accordingly, certain neurons would be referred to as dopaminergic, or glutamatergic (excitatory), GABAergic (inhibitory) etc. (antibodiesinc.com)
• Several studies have demonstrated co-release of both glutamate and GABA from midbrain dopaminergic neurons onto post-synaptic neurons leading to increased excitatory and inhibitory output respectively. (antibodiesinc.com)

Substantia nigra2

• Red open arrows designate inhibitory connections and purple shows the neuromodulatory connections of dopamine (DA) neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). (scholarpedia.org)
• To further investigate whether the basal ganglia actually influence error-based learning, we reversibly inactivated the oculomotor portion of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) in two monkeys and tested saccade adaptation. (eneuro.org)

Projections4

• Efferent projections of excitatory and inhibitory preBötzinger Complex neurons. (bvsalud.org)
• Interestingly, preBötC inhibitory projections paralleled the excitatory projections. (bvsalud.org)
• We conclude that the preBötC sends direct, presumably inspiratory-modulated, excitatory and inhibitory projections in parallel to distinct targets throughout the brain that generate and modulate breathing pattern and/or coordinate breathing with other behaviors , physiology , cognition , or emotional state . (bvsalud.org)
• The sensory root (nervus intermedius) consists of (1) central projections of neurons located in the geniculate ganglion (general somatic fibers that synapse in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and special afferent fibers that synapse in the nucleus solitarius) and (2) axons of parasympathetic neurons from the superior salivatory (lacrimal) nucleus. (medscape.com)

GABAergic1

• There are two populations of these projection neurons, MSN1 and MSN2, both of which are inhibitory GABAergic. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy1

• In the entry basal ganglia , anatomy and physiology are reviewed and the conclusion is reached that the two essential functions of the basal ganglia are action selection and reinforcement learning . (scholarpedia.org)

Currents1

• These changes occur without any increase in intrinsic neuronal excitability and are unaffected by blockade of inhibitory GABA currents. (jneurosci.org)

Interneurons1

• These sensory neurons form connections with inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord to control reverse myotatic reflexes . (ualberta.ca)

Globus1

• The largest and most lateral of the BASAL GANGLIA lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and the EXTERNAL CAPSULE. (lookformedical.com)

Sensory1

• Also in skeletal muscles are Golgi tendon organs , which send activity back to the spinal cord via Ib sensory neurons. (ualberta.ca)

Brainstem1

• Here, we provide a brainstem connectivity map in mice for both excitatory and inhibitory preBötC neurons . (bvsalud.org)

Responses1

• In contrast, for Rival team, an opposite trend was found, in which inhibitory effect becomes stronger for slower responses. (bvsalud.org)

Dopamine neurons2

• Midbrain dopamine neurons are an essential component of the basal ganglia circuitry playing key WAY-316606 roles in the control of fine movement and reward. (conferencedequebec.org)
• Individual dopamine neurons typically send information to a single part of the brain. (elifesciences.org)

Efferent1

• Sympathetic ganglia comprises the thousands of afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies that run along either side of the spinal cord, connecting major organ systems, such as the renal system, to the spinal cord and brain. (nih.gov)

Processes1

• Since motivation is associated with basal ganglia processes underlying reward associative learning, these findings suggest that the basal ganglia may also influence error-based learning. (eneuro.org)

Mice1

• Methylphenidate exposure induces dopamine neuron loss and activation of microglia in the basal ganglia of mice. (madinamerica.com)

Lateral1

• The entopeduncular nucleus (EP) is a major basal ganglia output nucleus and sends a large projection to the lateral habenula (LHb) mediating risk/reward decisions. (antibodiesinc.com)

Abstract1

• Some of these models are anatomically and physiologically constrained, whereas others are abstract but are nevertheless motivated by behavioral functions of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)

Brain3

• The basal ganglia form a major brain system in all species of vertebrates, but in primates (including humans) there are special features that justify a separate consideration. (wikipedia.org)
• What goes on in the brain to cause Tourette syndrome (TS) is not completely clear, but most hypotheses suggest an important role for a group of structures known as the basal ganglia . (neuroscientificallychallenged.com)
• As the brain matures, inhibitory neurotransmitters are released, slowing down the robust synaptic activity of the early postnatal period. (harvard.edu)

Neurons send1

• Most neurons send their messages to recipient neurons by releasing a substance called a 'neurotransmitter' that binds to receptors on the target cell. (elifesciences.org)

Reward1

• In contrast, the basal ganglia are thought to be involved in associative learning, such as associations between reward and stimulus objects, but whether they also are involved in error-based motor learning is not clear. (eneuro.org)

Form1

• The basal ganglia form a network that is thought to be involved in a variety of cognitive, emotional, and movement-related functions. (neuroscientificallychallenged.com)

Species2

• In 1905, Cajal studied human sympathetic ganglia and found morphological arrangements he had not yet seen in other species. (nih.gov)
• Three major classes of transcripts are generated from this gene- melanoma inhibitory activity 2-specific transcripts, cTAGE family member 5-specific transcripts and transcripts that include exons from both these transcript species (TANGO1-like or TALI). (nih.gov)

Genetic1

• A common genetic variation of melanoma inhibitory activity-2 labels a subtype of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with high endoplasmic reticulum stress levels. (nih.gov)

Impulses1

• A neuron can simultaneously receive many impulses-excitatory and inhibitory-from other neurons and integrate simultaneous impulses into various patterns of firing. (msdmanuals.com)

Output2

• The hyperpolarisation of thalamic neurons due to increased inhibitory BG output increases the burst discharges Kim et al. (frontiersin.org)
• Here, we examined whether the output of the basal ganglia actually influences error-based learning by using saccadic eye movements. (eneuro.org)

Motor3

• The basal ganglia have long been considered crucial for associative learning, but whether they also are involved in another type of learning, error-based motor learning, is not clear. (eneuro.org)
• This effect indicates the basal ganglia influence error-based motor learning, a previously unrecognized function. (eneuro.org)
• Here, we address this question by showing that inactivation of the oculomotor basal ganglia influences the saccade motor learning, a well-established error-based motor learning model. (eneuro.org)

Activity3

• Critical periods occur when neural activity is tempered, a situation triggered by the action of inhibitory cells. (harvard.edu)
• Protumoral roles of melanoma inhibitory activity 2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
• The X protein of hepatitis B virus activates hepatoma cell proliferation through repressing melanoma inhibitory activity 2 gene. (nih.gov)

Role1

• You see, the basal ganglia plays a large role in impulse control. (skepchick.org)

Cells1

• [ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)

Connections1

• only GP-TI neurons sent substantial connections back to STN. (ox.ac.uk)

Local1

• Optogenetically evoked IPSCs (oIPSCs) recorded in dSPNs were significantly attenuated by GAD inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA 500 μM Fig.1L) confirming that local collateral inhibitory transmission arising from iSPNs is dependent on GAD function. (conferencedequebec.org)

Time1

• Here, we analyzed the time course of inhibitory and facilitatory effects of emotional valence by the Vincentization method. (bvsalud.org)