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Acanthamoeba KeratitisAcanthamoebaKeratitisAmebiasisAcanthamoeba castellaniiContact LensesAmebicidesLoboseaBalamuthia mandrillarisAmoebaAmoebozoaContact Lens SolutionsCentral Nervous System Protozoal InfectionsContact Lenses, HydrophilicCorneal UlcerCorneaBiguanidesBenzamidinesKeratoplasty, PenetratingAntiprotozoal AgentsEye Infections, ParasiticRNA, Ribosomal, 18SKeratitis, HerpeticEncephalitisKeratitis, DendriticEye Infections, FungalDNA, ProtozoanEye Infections, BacterialMeningoencephalitisContact Lenses, Extended-WearMethylmannosidesTrophozoitesDisinfectantsNaegleria fowleriEpithelium, CornealChlorhexidineProtozoan InfectionsClodronic AcidHygieneCricetulusConjunctivaMannosePentamidineFatal OutcomeEye Infections

NaegleriaGranulomatousInfectionEncephalitisAmoebic keratitisPathogenicGenotypeCornealPathogenesisImmunocompetentCystsIsolatesTrophozoitesDiagnosisMeningoencephalitisClinicalOrganismsDetectionOnsetInfectionsIncidenceDiseaseCommonlySoilSymptomsFindingsPatientPeopleCaseBrainActivityNegativeHumanEnvironmental

Naegleria7

• Application of the omics sciences to the study of Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. (parasite-journal.org)
• Diseases caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae include primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (Naegleria fowleri), granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (Acanthamoeba spp. (uga.edu)
• Of these, 113 inhibitors have never been reported to have activity against Naegleria, Acanthamoeba or Balamuthia. (uga.edu)
• Pathogenic free-living amebas are of the genera Acanthamoeba , Balamuthia , Naegleria , and Sappinia . (msdmanuals.com)
• 1,2,5) Encephalitis caused by free-living amoeba (e.g. Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia ) is primarily a problem of immunocompromised patients, although immunocompetent patients are affected by both Balamuthia and Naegleria . (askjpc.org)
• he noted that the large size of the Balamuthia mandrillaris trophozoites is helpful in distinguishing it from those of Naegleria fowleri and Acanthomoeba sp. (askjpc.org)
• However, a group of these amoebas have aroused interest in the biomedical area due to the pathologies they cause, making it necessary to designate this group as amphizoic amoebas, highlighting Naegleria fowleri , Acanthamoeba spp. (mdpi.com)

Granulomatous5

• 6) Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis associated with Acanthomeba and Balamuthia is typically slow in developing and insidious, and a hematogenous route of entry has been hypothesized but not proven for these disease agents. (askjpc.org)
• We report a case of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba spp. (biomedcentral.com)
• Postmortem retrospective evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid sample in our case, as well as literature review, indicated that some cases of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba may be diagnosable by cerebrospinal fluid examination. (biomedcentral.com)
• BACKGROUND: Balamuthia granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is a peculiar parasitic infectious disease of the central nervous system, about 39% of the infected Balamuthia GAE patients were found to be immunocompromised and is extremely rare clinically. (bvsalud.org)
• Granulomatous amebic encephalitis is a very rare, usually fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by Acanthamoeba species or Balamuthia mandrillaris , two types of free-living amebas. (merckmanuals.com)

Infection12

• The genus Acanthamoeba includes several species of opportunistic free-living amebae that might invade the brain through the blood, probably from a primary infection in the skin (from ulcers or dermatitis) or sinuses. (cdc.gov)
• Several species of Acanthamoeba are associated with infection (i.e. (cdc.gov)
• A negative test on CSF does not rule out Acanthamoeba infection because the organism is not commonly present in the CSF. (cdc.gov)
• Acanthamoeba keratitis is a local infection of the cornea (outer layer of the visual pathway of the eye) caused by a microscopic, free-living ameba belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba . (cdc.gov)
• Acanthamoeba keratitis is a sight-threatening infection with a favorable prognosis when diagnosed and treated early, though surgical intervention and/or corneal transplantation may occasionally be necessary. (medscape.com)
• Cutaneous acanthamoebiasis is a rare diagnosis that carries a mortality rate of over 70%.2 This disease predominantly affects immunocompromised individuals, though infections have been reported in immunocompetent individuals.2 We report a fatal case of cutaneous Acanthamoeba infection in a patient with granulomatous vasculitis on biopsy, initially thought to be antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-negative vasculitis. (cdc.gov)
• Treatment was unsuccessful, and the patient died due to complications of widespread Acanthamoeba infection. (cdc.gov)
• In this study, we report the occurrence of the Acanthamoeba belonging to the T4 genotype isolated from nasal and oral swabs of a 15 -yr-old man with HIV infection. (ac.ir)
• Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba amebic encephalitis with neurotoxoplasmosis coinfection in a patient with advanced HIV infection. (ac.ir)
• Disseminated Acanthamoeba infection in patients with AIDS: case reports and review. (ac.ir)
• Gene sequence analysis indicated that this is the second documented case of infection with Acanthamoeba spp. (biomedcentral.com)
• Balamuthia GAE is a rare and highly fatal infection for which there is no effective treatment plan in clinical practice. (bvsalud.org)

Encephalitis1

• Acanthamoeba keratitis, and Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (Balamuthia mandrillaris). (uga.edu)

Amoebic keratitis3

• Early recognition of the signs of amoebic keratitis, including pain (often out of proportion to clinical findings), tearing, photophobia, and foreign body sensation, warrant aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. (medscape.com)
• individuals swimming with contact lenses are at increased risk for amoebic keratitis. (medscape.com)
• Acanthamoeba is a free-living amoeba that is pathogenic to humans and important as the etiological agent of amoebic keratitis that occurs mainly among contact lens users. (biomedcentral.com)

Pathogenic3

• The results of these studies demonstrate the utility of phenotypic screens for discovery of new drugs for pathogenic free-living amoebae, including Acanthamoeba for the first time. (uga.edu)
• Genotyping of potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains isolated from nasal swabs of healthy individuals in Peru. (ac.ir)
• Memari F, Niyyati M, Haghighi A, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, Lasjerdi Z. Occurrence of pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotypes in nasal swabs of cancer patients in Iran. (ac.ir)

Genotype1

• Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of Acanthamoebae from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge. (ac.ir)

Corneal3

• A) Corneal melting and vascularization in a patient with Acanthamoeba keratitis. (parasite-journal.org)
• Clinicians must be aware of the increased risk for ocular keratitis among contact lens wearers and those with corneal trauma. (medscape.com)
• Acanthamoeba keratitis can develop sporadically among people who wear water-contaminated contact lenses or have had corneal trauma. (medscape.com)

Pathogenesis2

• Lorenzo-Morales J, Khan NA, Walochnik J. An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. (ac.ir)
• Acanthamoeba, biology and pathogenesis. (ac.ir)

Immunocompetent2

• Acanthamoeba GAE affects both immunocompetent persons and persons who are immunosuppressed from a variety of causes (e.g. (cdc.gov)
• Individuals who develop GAE or disseminated disease usually are immunocompromised, whereas those with keratitis usually are immunocompetent. (medscape.com)

Cysts2

• A clinically compatible illness with positive identification of Acanthamoeba trophozoites or cysts using confocal microscopy. (cdc.gov)
• The isolation of Acanthamoeba cysts from swimming pool water is not unusual, as they resist chlorination. (medscape.com)

Isolates1

• Genotyping of Acanthamoeba isolates from clinical and environmental specimens in Iran. (ac.ir)

Trophozoites1

• and protozoal organisms consistent with Balamuthia mandrillaris . Trophozoites measure 30-60 μm. Also observed is a diffuse mild infiltration of mononuclear cells in the meninges and perivascular spaces. (askjpc.org)

Diagnosis2

• The pathogen detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is Balamuthia mandrillaris, the final pathological diagnosis was Balamuthia GAE. (bvsalud.org)
• Although Balamuthia GAE accounts for only a small proportion of intracranial infections, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)

Meningoencephalitis1

• Brain: Multifocal, marked, necrohemorrhagic and pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis with fibrinoid vasculitis and protozoal organisms consistent with Balamuthia mandrillaris . (askjpc.org)

Clinical1

• CASE PRESENTATION: This paper reports clinical data from a patient with Balamuthia GAE to improve physician understanding of the disease and diagnostic accuracy of imaging and reduce misdiagnosis. (bvsalud.org)

Organisms1

• Acanthamoeba organisms are ubiquitous in nature and can be found in bodies of water (e.g., lakes and oceans), soil, and air. (cdc.gov)

Detection1

• infections (excluding keratitis) are defined as the detection of Acanthamoeba spp. (cdc.gov)

Onset1

• Acanthamoeba GAE has a slow and insidious onset and develops into a subacute or chronic disease lasting several weeks to months. (cdc.gov)

Infections2

• Previous reports have indicated that Acanthamoeba with some specific genotypes tend to cause the majority of human infections. (biomedcentral.com)
• and Balamuthia mandrillaris as etiological agents of infections in most of the cases in the central nervous system, cornea and skin, for which up to now there are no drugs of choice. (mdpi.com)

Incidence1

• As Acanthamoeba persists in warmer temperatures, the incidence increases during warmer months. (medscape.com)

Disease4

• Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia can also cause skin lesions or disseminated disease in immunocompromised people. (msdmanuals.com)
• Acanthamoeba was first established as a cause of human disease in the 1970s. (medscape.com)
• Acanthamoeba can enter the circulation and disseminate in immunocompromised individuals, manifesting as GAE or disseminated disease. (medscape.com)
• Acanthamoeba has caused disease worldwide and appears of increasing interest, particularly in Asia. (medscape.com)

Commonly1

• Acanthamoeba and B. mandrillaris can cause clinically similar illnesses and might be difficult to differentiate using commonly available laboratory procedures. (cdc.gov)

Soil1

• Acanthamoeba can be found in soil, fresh and brackish water, cooling towers, and heating or air conditioning units. (medscape.com)

Symptoms2

• Initial symptoms of Acanthamoeba GAE might include headache, photophobia, and stiff neck accompanied by positive Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs. (cdc.gov)
• Balamuthia mandrillaris may cause skin sores in addition to the symptoms above. (merckmanuals.com)

Findings1

• Our findings suggest that the solution was not intrinsically contaminated and that its anti- Acanthamoeba efficacy was insufficient. (cdc.gov)

Patient1

• Acanthamoeba sinusitis with subsequent dissemination in an AIDS patient. (ac.ir)

People2

• [ 5 ] Most persons appear to have been exposed to this organism during their lifetime, as 50%-100% of healthy people have serum antibodies directed against Acanthamoeba , but whether this leads to protective immunity is unknown. (medscape.com)
• or whose general health is poor, although Balamuthia mandrillaris may infect healthy people. (merckmanuals.com)

Case2

• This case indicates that Acanthamoeba spp. (biomedcentral.com)
• We herein describe a fatal case of GAE caused by Acanthamoeba spp. (biomedcentral.com)

Brain1

• immunohistochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction analysis using autopsy samples also indicated the growth of Acanthamoeba in the brain. (biomedcentral.com)

Activity1

• Premarket standardized testing of contact lens solutions for activity against Acanthamoeba spp. (cdc.gov)

Negative1

• Three unopened bottles of AMOCMP tested negative for Acanthamoeba spp. (cdc.gov)

Human2

• Mergeryan H. The prevalence of Acanthamoeba in the human environment. (ac.ir)
• Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. (ac.ir)

Environmental1

• Acanthamoeba are among the most prevalent environmental protozoa and have been classified by 18s rDNA sequencing into at least 20 genotypes, designated T1-T20. (medscape.com)