Bacterial toxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

During bacterial infection, autophagy proteins appear to regulate the release of cell-saving exosomes, which bear the brunt of toxin damage. (the-scientist.com)
When the cultured cells had normal levels of autophagy proteins and were exposed to bacterial DNA, they released far more exosomes laden with ADAM10 than did the ATG16L1-deficient cells. (the-scientist.com)
The study identified the ways in which proteins cross a cell membrane, a finding that could create a scientific foundation for better ways of delivering drugs into cells in the future, or for treating illnesses caused by bacterial toxins. (scitechdaily.com)
In this thesis we have produced proteins that are densely decorated with carbohydrate determinants in order to study the glycosylation capacity of cell lines (paper I) and generate efficient binders of antibodies (paper II), bacterial toxins (paper III) and virus receptors such as the influenza hemagglutinin (paper IV). (avhandlingar.se)
Toxins can be small molecules , peptides , or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors . (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
A bacterial toxin (yellow) is split into two pieces and each are guided to the spot to be edited on mitochondrial DNA by programmable DNA-binding proteins (orange and pink). (acs.org)
The 3D structure of one of these toxic proteins, the bacterial RhsA effector, has now been solved by the team of Stefan Raunser along with the team of John Whitney. (mpg.de)

Pathogenic bacteria produce a variety of effectors and/or toxins, which subvert target cell/tissue functions in the infected hosts. (nih.gov)
Host cells detect the presence of bacteria using a receptor called TLR9, which senses bacterial DNA (1). (the-scientist.com)
Bacteria have developed different secretion systems that allow them to secrete toxins to the outside of the cell. (ibs.fr)
A toxin produced by bacteria as a defense mechanism causes mutations in target bacteria that could help them survive, according to a study published today in eLife . (azolifesciences.com)
Although it is known that the bacteria producing these toxins have a competitive advantage, exactly how the toxins affect the recipient cells is less clear. (azolifesciences.com)
On a broader scale, toxins may be classified as either exotoxins , excreted by an organism, or endotoxins , which are released mainly when bacteria are lysed . (wikipedia.org)
From nature, Bacterial Toxins , as biological toxins (biotoxins) , are toxic substances to our body, formed in or elaborated by bacterium (bacteria) . (wellnessadvocate.com)
Unlike in the case of viruses, some bacteria that cause meningitis release a toxin in the body, which can lead to neurological complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In its free-form, the toxin is poisonous to bacteria that contains it. (thehindubusinessline.com)
Therefore the bacteria keep it in a complex form (toxin-antitoxin - TA), bound with the antitoxin. (thehindubusinessline.com)
However, a question arises: why would any bacteria host a toxin that could potentially kill the bacteria itself? (thehindubusinessline.com)
In an act of altruism, as Prof Singh calls it, the bacteria breaks down the TA complexes to free up the toxins which activate to prevent the viral infection from spreading beyond its walls. (thehindubusinessline.com)
This free toxin cleaves the phage RNA (along with the bacterial RNAs), effectively preventing phage propagation from infecting other bacteria. (thehindubusinessline.com)
The free toxin will then destroy the bacteria thus preventing bacterial infection. (thehindubusinessline.com)
but, there may be another, slightly different antitoxin in bacteria which can bind and neutralise the toxin. (thehindubusinessline.com)
Understanding the interplay between toxin-antitoxin systems and CRISPR-Cas immunity in bacteria and archaea. (au.dk)
Some bacterial toxins, produced by pathogenic bacteria, have the same activity. (lu.se)

Alpha-toxin has been shown to play a role in pathogenesis of disease, as hly knockout strains show reductions in invasiveness and virulence. (wikipedia.org)
Alpha-toxin is also one of the key virulence factors in S. aureus pneumonia. (wikipedia.org)
The level of alpha-toxin expressed by a particular strain of S. aureus directly correlates with the virulence of the strain. (wikipedia.org)
Toxins produced by microorganisms are important virulence determinants responsible for microbial pathogenicity and/or evasion of the host immune response . (wikipedia.org)
Pneumolysin, an important virulence factor of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a pore-forming toxin which also possesses the ability to activate the complement system directly. (ox.ac.uk)
Our focus is on two S. Typhi's virulence factors, typhoid toxin and Vi capsular polysaccharide (CPS). (google.com)

Giannella RA (1981) Pathogenesis of acute bacterial diarrheal disorders. (springer.com)
Glycan-Mediated Molecular Interactions in Bacterial Pathogenesis. (google.com)

Alpha-toxin, also known as alpha-hemolysin (Hla), is the major cytotoxic agent released by bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the first identified member of the pore forming beta-barrel toxin family. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
The cocoon protects the bacterium from its self-produced toxin", Stefan Raunser says. (mpg.de)
Every bacterium hosts inside itself a combination of a toxin (T), usually a protein, and an antitoxin (A), which can be a protein or an RNA molecule. (thehindubusinessline.com)
Further, he says, the team has also published material on a detailed crystal structure of an E. coli type III TA complex depicting the tightly bound toxin-RNA complex in the bacterium. (thehindubusinessline.com)

We show that NLRP3 activators including bacterial pore-forming toxins, nigericin, ATP, and particulate matter caused mitochondrial perturbation or the opening of a large membrane pore, but this was not required for NLRP3 activation. (nih.gov)
An important element of many of these machines is secretin, a membrane protein that forms a pore on the bacterial surface allowing toxins to escape. (ibs.fr)
Using cryo electron microscopy, crystallography, and microbial genetics techniques, the MEM and PATBAC groups of IBS, in collaboration with the University of Saskatchewan in Canada, solved the structure (at approximately 3.5 Å resolution) of two secretins from the emerging pathogens Vibrio vulnificus and Aeromonas hydrophila and characterized the mechanism for their assembly on the bacterial membrane. (ibs.fr)
It is almost like a magic trick, the way the membrane encapsulates these toxins," said Dehua Pei, senior author of the study and a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at The Ohio State University. (scitechdaily.com)
This structure allows the toxin to perform its major function, development of pores in the cellular membrane, eventually causing cell death. (wikipedia.org)
The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
Two important aspects of the pore-forming activity of pneumolysin are therefore the effect of the toxin on bilayer membrane structure and the nature of the self-association into oligomers undergone by it. (ox.ac.uk)
We propose that the changes in membrane structure on toxin attack which we have observed are related to the mechanism by which pneumolysin forms pores and provide an important perspective on protein/membrane interactions in general. (ox.ac.uk)
Whereas the trisaccharidic head group of Gb 3 defines the specificity of Shiga toxin binding, the lipophilic part composed of sphingosine and different fatty acids is suggested to determine its localization within membranes impacting membrane organisation and protein binding eventually leading to protein internalisation. (springer.com)
2018 ). Here, we will solely focus on the less recognized globosides and in particular the globoside Gb 3 , which is the membrane receptor for vero toxins. (springer.com)
When food contaminated with BoNTs is ingested the toxin passes through the gastrointestinal tract, transcytosed from gut lumen into general blood circulation, binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuronal cells and then is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis into nerve cells. (nature.com)

Bacterial toxin modulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle: are all cytolethal distending toxins created equally? (illinois.edu)
The cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) comprise a family of intracellular-acting bacterial protein toxins whose actions upon eukaryotic cells result in several consequences, the most characteristic of which is the induction of G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. (illinois.edu)

Exosomes also protected other cells from two additional bacterial toxins, leukotoxin ED and diphtheria toxin. (the-scientist.com)
One such example is diphtheria toxin, which is produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and causes diphtheria, a serious and potentially fatal bacterial infection of the nose and throat. (scitechdaily.com)

This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Botulinum neurotoxins are among the most potent toxins known. (jneurosci.org)

Some of those effectors/toxins also perturb host defense mechanism, thereby making up more complicated pathophysiological conditions. (nih.gov)
The team subsequently observed that two structurally different bacterial toxins also employed this same mechanism. (scitechdaily.com)
When bacterial cells come into contact, they often produce toxins as a defense mechanism. (azolifesciences.com)
Studies on the structure and mechanism of a bacterial protein toxin by analytical ultracentrifugation and small-angle neutron scattering. (ox.ac.uk)
Her research centers on understanding the mechanism used by a toxin protein produced by Staphylococcus aureus. (wheaton.edu)
How can mankind use bacteria's internal mechanism of fighting a virus to protect human cells from a bacterial infection? (thehindubusinessline.com)
Mechanism of activation and activity of bacterial RNase (VapBC, RelBE, HicAB) and kinase (HipBA) toxin-antitoxin systems. (au.dk)

Jequirity beans contain abrin, a related and even more potent toxin. (msdmanuals.com)

Download instantly The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins 3rd Edition by Joseph E. Alouf, Michel R. Popoff. (booksca.ca)

Also, introduction of alpha-toxin specific antibodies into an unimmunized animal protects against subsequent infection. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial toxins damage the host at the site of bacterial infection or distant from the site. (springer.com)
Other causes of hepatitis include bacterial infection, liver injury caused by a toxin and certain medical conditions. (who.int)

Recently, data have begun to emerge suggesting differences in the molecular basis by which individual CDTs interact with and enter host cells, suggesting the possibility that CDTs possess properties reflecting the specific niches idiosyncratic to those CDT bacterial pathogens that produce them. (illinois.edu)
Similar to other bacterial pathogens, multi-drug resistant (MDR) and even extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi strains are spreading globally, which are anticipated to worsen the morbidity and mortality of typhoid fever if new interventions are not implemented. (google.com)
We use a multidisciplinary approach integrating data & computational science, cell biology, molecular biology, microbiology, biochemistry, glycobiology, immunology, structural biology (cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography), and murine models to decipher the interactions between the host and (drug-resistant) bacterial pathogens. (google.com)
Treatment of acute sinusitis consists of providing adequate drainage of the involved sinus and appropriate systemic treatment of the likely bacterial pathogens. (medscape.com)

Other projects aim at characterizing the properties of an assembled toxin pore on the surface of red blood cells and exploring the effect of the toxin on other cell types such as lung epithelial cells. (wheaton.edu)

Gb 3 glycosphingolipids are the specific receptors for bacterial Shiga toxin. (springer.com)
The results clearly highlight the influence of the different fatty acids of the Gb 3 sphingolipids on the phase behaviour and the binding properties of Shiga toxin B subunits, even though the membranes were only doped with 5 mol% of the receptor lipid. (springer.com)
2010 ) as well as Shiga toxin are known to specifically bind to Gb 3 . (springer.com)

The team went on to characterize additional classes of DddA-like toxins and identified a related toxin from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. (azolifesciences.com)

Indeed, while MRSA's alpha-toxin binds the host receptor ADAM10 on exosomes in wildtype mice, destroying the vesicles, in mice lacking ATG16L1, alpha-toxin binds ADAM10 on host cells, forming a pore and killing cells (3). (the-scientist.com)
Current research projects under my direction include studies that seek to utilize the alpha-hemolysin toxin pore as a sensor or switch. (wheaton.edu)

Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents strictly based on their biological origin. (wikipedia.org)

PUNCTURE THIS: Based on experiments with mice and cultured human epithelial cells, researchers pieced together how hosts can use exosomes to defend themselves against bacterial toxins. (the-scientist.com)
Cultures of human lung epithelial cells incubated with anti-alpha-toxin and infected with S. aureus showed marked reductions in cellular damage when compared to control cells. (wikipedia.org)
Also, the NAPs bind to glycoproteins on the surface of the epithelial cells for transcytosis of toxin. (nature.com)

Some of these animal hosted Campylobacter species, such as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli , can cause acute bacterial gastroenteritis in humans through consumption of contaminated food or water ( Galanis, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)

Low concentrations of toxin bind to specific, but unidentified, cell surface receptors and form the heptameric pores. (wikipedia.org)

To understand how DddA kills bacterial cells, the team looked at how a large dose of the toxin affects chromosomes in Escherichia coli (E. coli). (azolifesciences.com)
Yamasaki S, Sato T, Hidaka Y, Ozaki H, Ito H, Hirayama T, Takeda Y, Sugimura T, Tai A, Shimonishi Y (1990) Structure-activity relationship of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin: Role of Ala residue at position 14 in toxin-receptor interaction. (springer.com)

This study reveals that interbacterial toxins may be relevant contributors to bacterial genetic diversity in natural microbial communities, giving cells that survive the toxin a leg up in the rare - but critical - instances where those mutations provide a benefit,' concludes senior author Joseph Mougous, Professor of Microbiology at the University of Washington, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. (azolifesciences.com)
[16] They can also be classified by their source, such as fungal biotoxins , microbial toxins , plant biotoxins , or animal biotoxins. (wikipedia.org)

It remains to be shown if PSGL - 1/mIgG 2b can competitively inhibit and sterically block toxin and viral attachment to the cell surface. (avhandlingar.se)
Bacterial meningitis is more serious than viral meningitis, and around 250,000 people lose their lives to the illness every year. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Bacterial vs. Viral Infections: How Do They Differ? (medlineplus.gov)
Nonetheless, whether the cause be viral, bacterial, parasitic, poison or toxin, a critical first step in every outbreak investigation is confirming the cause of the outbreak. (cdc.gov)

To kill a cell, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus discharges an arsenal of toxins. (the-scientist.com)

This activity was inhibited when two different anti-alpha-toxin antibodies were introduced. (wikipedia.org)
Neutralization of typhoid toxin by alpaca-derived, single-domain antibodies targeting the PltB and CdtB subunits. (google.com)
Mechanisms of typhoid toxin neutralization by antibodies targeting glycan receptor binding and nuclease subunits. (google.com)

Interestingly, the Bacillus anthracis detoxified anthrax edema toxin, which composes of protective antigen PA and N-fragment of edema factor (EFn), has shown improved effects for humoral and cellular immune responses. (urosario.edu.co)

Reference: "Bacterial Toxins Escape the Endosome by Inducing Vesicle Budding and Collapse" by Ashweta Sahni and Dehua Pei, 23 September 2021, ACS Chemical Biology . (scitechdaily.com)

More recently, the genes encoding several CdtB subunits have been associated with alternatively linked subunits resembling the B-subunits of pertussis toxin. (illinois.edu)

Here we describe the design of a universal influenza vaccine construct that consists of three tandem M2e repeats of the influenza antigen plus HA2 and detoxified toxin EFn, which is associated with the PA component, as well as the techniques used to corroborate protection. (urosario.edu.co)
Epidemiology of Bacterial Meningitis in the Nine Years Since Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine Introduction, Niger, 2010-2018. (cdc.gov)

The team found that the innate immune receptor TLR9 senses bacterial DNA in human and mouse cells and triggers exosome release, although the team hasn't yet determined all the steps in the pathway. (the-scientist.com)

Such bacterial effectors/toxins may have been positively selected during evolution because they directly strike vulnerable points in the host system. (nih.gov)
In turn, this indicates that systemic exploration of molecules and signaling pathways targeted by bacterial effectors/toxins provides a powerful tool in digging up an unexpected Achilles' heel(s), malfunctioning of which gives rise to disorders not restricted to infectious diseases. (nih.gov)
Based on this viewpoint, this review shows molecular basis underlying host susceptibility and vulnerability to diseases through the studies of host molecules targeted by bacterial effectors and toxins. (nih.gov)
One of the many bacterial weapons in this inevitable battle is the type VI secretion system (T6SS), which transports toxic effectors into enemies. (mpg.de)
Our latest collaborative work now provides molecular insights into the arming process of Rhs effectors and its importance for toxin release. (mpg.de)

While a bacteria's weaponry is naturally associated with killing microbes, Burkholderia cenocepacia's toxin is repurposed. (mlsucsd.com)

En Methods in Molecular Biology (pp. 423-435). (urosario.edu.co)

Decoy exosomes provide protection against bacterial toxins," Nature , 579:260-64, 2020. (the-scientist.com)

The scientists have shown that the effector protein itself cleaves the seal and the toxin from the rest of the protein, thereby unlocking the deadly weapon. (mpg.de)

This led them to test whether DddA was naturally toxic against other bacterial species. (azolifesciences.com)
The scientists found that the RhsA effector consists of three connecting pieces: the toxic weapon itself, a cocoon surrounding it, and a cork-like plug which seals the toxin encapsulating cocoon entirely. (mpg.de)

Structural analysis of SsdA1 confirmed its relationship within the same family of toxins as DddA, although it contains remarkable differences, prompting questions about its evolutionary origins. (azolifesciences.com)

Although the CDTs are generally considered to all function as bacterial genotoxins, the extent to which individual members of the CDTs employ similar mechanisms of cell surface binding, uptake, and trafficking within sensitive cells is poorly understood. (illinois.edu)
Delivery, structure, and function of bacterial genotoxins. (google.com)

Undergoing intoxication is not always detrimental for cells - there are scenarios in which encountering a toxin could provide a benefit, such as generating antibiotic resistance. (azolifesciences.com)

We use bioinformatics analysis of bacterial (meta) genomes, classical biochemistry as well as hybrid methods in structural biology (x-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and small-angle x-ray scattering) and microbiology (physiology and growth) in our work. (au.dk)

The peptide/molecule should be able to bind with the antitoxin to set the toxin free. (thehindubusinessline.com)

The team began by studying a toxin called DddA (double-stranded deaminase A), found in a bacterial species called Burkholderia cenocepacia. (azolifesciences.com)
Bacterial species are usually not harmful to their hosts, although there are exceptions. (frontiersin.org)

They next looked at other bacterial cells that were resistant or sensitive to death when exposed to DddA delivered by Burkholderia cenocepacia. (azolifesciences.com)

A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison [1] produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms . (wikipedia.org)
Toxin, toxicant, and poison are often used interchangeably despite these subtle differences in definition. (wikipedia.org)
Initially, the seal and the toxin are cleaved (scissors) from the rest of the protein which is then attached to the poison dart. (mpg.de)

Toxin-antitoxin systems MazEF, VapBC, RelBE, YgiT-MqsR, HigBA, and ParDE were identified across the plasmids and their presence would improve plasmid maintenance. (frontiersin.org)

The identification of genes involved in replication, segregation, toxin-antitoxin systems and conjugation, would aid the design of drugs to prevent the survival or transmission of plasmids carrying pathogenic properties. (frontiersin.org)

Alpha-toxin is one of its favorites, forming a cylinder of sharp peptides that punches a hole in the host cell, popping it. (the-scientist.com)
Bacteriologist Victor Torres and cell biologist Ken Cadwell , both of New York University Grossman School of Medicine, had found in previous work that a key protein involved in autophagy also makes mice less susceptible to MRSA and alpha-toxin. (the-scientist.com)
Alpha-toxin binds to ADAM10 in order to puncture the cell, and when these cells were treated with alpha-toxin, they were more likely to die than control cells that had normal levels of ATG16L1. (the-scientist.com)
Pei's research team at Ohio State has spent years trying to understand how biomolecules such as bacterial toxins get inside a human cell, with the goal of finding ways to get medications into those cells. (scitechdaily.com)
It was through that work that the researchers discovered how some toxins were getting across the cell membranes, said Ashweta Sahni, lead author of the study and a graduate student in Pei's lab at Ohio State. (scitechdaily.com)
We wanted to study the effects of a toxin that alters DNA beyond that of cell death and see how it impacts the surviving recipient cells it targets. (azolifesciences.com)
Incubation of T-cells, monocytes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes with either purified alpha-toxin or S. aureus cell lysate resulted in the induction of apoptosis via the intrinsic death pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
As a result, more and more free toxin accumulates in the cell. (thehindubusinessline.com)

Song J. (2022) Bacterial AB toxins and host-microbe interactions. (google.com)

All people can be affected by this toxin, and symptoms may persist for months or years. (who.int)

Anatomy6

Organisms22

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs64

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes23

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Proteins8

Bacteria17

Virulence6

Pathogenesis2

Bacterium5

Membrane11

Cytolethal2

Diphtheria2

Neurotoxins2

Mechanism7

Potent1

Protein toxins1

Infection3

Pathogens4

Effect of the toxin1

Shiga3

Pseudomonas1

Pore2

Biological1

Epithelial cells3

Acute bacterial1

Receptors1

Escherichia2

Microbial2

Viral4

Staphylococcus1

Antibodies3

Bacillus1

Endosome1

Subunits1

Vaccine2

Triggers1

Effectors5

Bacteria's1

Molecular1

20201

Cleaves1

Toxic2

Evolutionary1

Genotoxins2

Antibiotic resistance1

Microbiology1

Bind1

Species2

Burkholderia1

Poison3

VapBC1

Conjugation1

Cell9

Interactions1

Symptoms1