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HexosesPentosesBacteriaGram-Negative BacteriaGram-Positive BacteriaBacteria, AnaerobicHexosephosphatesMolecular Sequence DataCarbohydrate MetabolismRNA, Ribosomal, 16SCarbohydratesBacterial ProteinsDeoxy SugarsGlucoseDNA, BacterialEscherichia coliPhylogenyBacteria, AerobicMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsMethylglucosidesFructoseDNA, RibosomalGalactoseSequence Analysis, DNAWater MicrobiologyAmino SugarsMethylglycosidesSugar AlcoholsCulture MediaFermentation3-O-MethylglucoseAmino Acid SequenceSoil MicrobiologyGram-Negative Aerobic BacteriaMonosaccharidesGram-Negative Anaerobic BacteriaDeoxyglucoseGenes, BacterialBacterial Physiological PhenomenaAnti-Bacterial AgentsAnaerobiosisXyloseSucroseKineticsBiological TransportRNA, BacterialMannoseColony Count, MicrobialBase SequenceSeawaterCoral ReefsAnthozoaEncyclopedias as TopicMediterranean SeaEcosystemWater PollutionSeaweed
CarbohydrateFungiLactic bacteriaGlucoseFermentable sugarsLipopolysaccharidesPentosesPentoseBiomassSubstratesContaminationAerobicMonomericUridylyltransferaseFructoseAnaerobicAcetic acidHydrolyzePathwaysPNSBEnzymaticMicroorganismsPathogenesisCarbohydratesYeastSpecificityToxinsStructuralMicrobesPlantsStrainUtilizeNucleotideHydrolysisEnsemblAntibioticsProteinInfectionReceptorsRatioAminoOccurAcidsResistantConsistsWidespreadOxygenFoundBeetStrawHigherPhosphateProteinsPresentGrowthCarbon
Carbohydrate3
  • A polysaccharide (PS) is a carbohydrate that was primarily produced by bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and streptomycetes. (springeropen.com)
  • The next chapter explores the chemical aspects and key challenges related to the syntheses of agrocinopines, which are bacterial carbohydrate phosphodiesters produced by pathogenic bacteria, authored by Yves Queneau and co-workers. (rsc.org)
  • These pre-treatments are designed to allow the carbohydrate portion of the biomass to be broken down into simple sugars, for example by en-zymatic hydrolysis using exogenously added cellulases to release fermentable sugars [ 12 ]. (banksolar.ru)
Fungi3
Lactic bacteria1
  • D-lactic acid, on the other hand, is associated with the metabolism of glucose (and other hexose sugars) by the same lactic bacteria (mainly leuconostoc and lactobacillus). (sinatech.info)
Glucose11
  • In addition to monomeric hexoses (glucose and fructose), the must contains small amounts of sucrose disaccharide, which is hydrolyzed into fructose and glucose by the enzyme β-fructosidase (β-F). The natural sucrose content in the must is relatively low (and zero in the finished wine), and its addition is specifically prohibited in some countries. (sinatech.info)
  • By crystallographic, biophysical and in vivo approaches, we show that AfuABC is in fact a cyclic hexose/heptose-phosphate transporter with high selectivity and specificity for a set of ubiquitous metabolites (glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate). (rcsb.org)
  • 3-Acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose (Fuc3NAc) and 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (Qui3NAc) are unusual sugars found on the lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria and on the S-layers of Gram-positive bacteria. (canada.ca)
  • Specifically, the hydroxyl groups at the hexose C-4′ positions assume the 'galactose' and 'glucose' configurations in the FdtA and QdtA products, respectively. (canada.ca)
  • A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (lookformedical.com)
  • Compositional analysis revealed that sorbitol, fucose, galactose, and glucose were the neutral sugars in that lipopolysaccharide and that galactosamine and glucosamine were absent. (gerli.com)
  • The experimental data included four different cases: glucose, xylose, sugar mixture, and wheat straw hydrolysate (WSH) fermentations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The substrate uptake rate of C. saccharolyticus on single sugar-defined media was higher on glucose compared to xylose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, in the defined sugar mixture and WSH, the pentoses were consumed faster than glucose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, the observation indicates a regulation system that has fundamental research relevance, since pentose and glucose uptake in C. saccharolyticus has only been described with ABC transporters, whereas previously reported diauxic growth phenomena have been correlated mainly to PTS systems for sugar uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The unique structure of complex sugars allows them to be absorbed and broken down more sl owly than simple sugars, avoiding rapid spikes in blood glucose. (50webs.com)
Fermentable sugars1
  • Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. (scielo.br)
Lipopolysaccharides4
  • Similarly to Gram-negative bacteria, cyanobacterial cell wall contains Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in the outer membrane layer. (scirp.org)
  • A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides . (lookformedical.com)
  • These complex compounds (LPS) are the endotoxic O-antigens found in the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria (S-lipopolysaccharides) but are also present in one fungus, they may cause several pathophysiological symptoms, such as fever, diarrhea, blood pressure decrease, septic shock, and death. (gerli.com)
  • Lipopolysaccharides are the major toxins of Gram-negative bacteria (endotoxin). (gerli.com)
Pentoses2
  • Hexoses and pentoses are generally converted to C 2 and C 3 intermediates and to reduced electron carriers (e.g. (fao.org)
  • The structures and properties of hexoses-, pentoses- and nucleosides-based organogelators are reviewed by Löic Lemiègre. (rsc.org)
Pentose2
  • the other capsular Haemophilus serotypes are composed of hexose rather than pentose sugars. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of this study was to quantify uptake of pentose and hexose monosaccharides in an industrial substrate and to present a kinetic growth model of C. saccharolyticus that includes sugar uptake on defined and industrial media. (biomedcentral.com)
Biomass1
  • Many of the most highly expressed hydrolases belonged to a Ca . Bathyarchaeota strain and may have been associated with recycling of bacterial biomass. (frontiersin.org)
Substrates6
  • Efficient acquisition of extracellular nutrients is essential for bacterial pathogenesis, however the identities and mechanisms for transport of many of these substrates remain unclear. (rcsb.org)
  • In this multi-stage process, fermentative bacteria hydrolyze the polymeric substrates present in all anaerobic habitats and then ferment the hydrolysis products to acetate and longer chain fatty acids, alcohols, aromatic compounds, CO 2 , formate, and H 2 . (ucla.edu)
  • In methane fermentation of waste waters containing high concentrations of organic polymers, the hydrolytic activity relevant to each polymer is of paramount significance, in that polymer hydrolysis may become a rate-limiting step for the production of simpler bacterial substrates to be used in subsequent degradation steps. (fao.org)
  • In Chapter 8, Richard Daniellou and co-workers focus on another interesting topic covering the current procedures for the in situ generation of nucleotide-sugar substrates for glycosyltransferases to avoid the storage of activated glycosyl donors. (rsc.org)
  • The 47.5% and 64.2% higher hydrogen volume than the DLH and NDLH substrates, respectively appeared as a function of significantly higher monomeric sugar contents of the enzymatically hydrolyzed substrate and lesser/zero amounts of toxic derivatives including pH reducing agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Purple non sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are group of microbes which produce H 2 photoheterotrophically under a variety of anaerobic environmental conditions in presence of light and at expense of broad range of substrates [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Contamination2
  • A presence of D-lactic acid greater than 0.3 g/L is an indication of bacterial contamination, since these bacteria compete with the yeasts for sugars, until inhibiting alcoholic fermentation. (sinatech.info)
  • Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. (scielo.br)
Aerobic4
  • Azospirillum is another free-living, motile, Gram-variable, aerobic bacterium that can thrive in flooded conditions and promotes various aspects of plant growth and development. (bio-fit.eu)
  • A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated GJSW-36 T , was isolated from seawater at Geoje island in the South Sea, South Korea. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A pale pink and strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain M71 T , was isolated from the soil of a Euphrates poplar forest in Xingjiang, PR China. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. (doctorinternet.com)
Monomeric2
  • The cellulosic and hemicellulose substrate can be hydrolyzed into monomeric sugars by chemical and/or biological methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversion to monomeric sugars of the cellulosic substrate is the first step in such processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Uridylyltransferase1
  • SYN: hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, phosphogalactoisomerase. (theodora.com)
Fructose2
  • The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of mono sugars revealed that EPS was composed of manouronic acid, glucuronic acid, xylose, and fructose at a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:1.0:2.0, respectively. (springeropen.com)
  • The glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate can be converted into the 6‐carbon sugar phosphate called fructose‐6‐phosphate by the reactions of triose phosphate isomerase, aldolase, and fructose bisphosphase. (cliffsnotes.com)
Anaerobic1
  • Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)
Acetic acid1
  • In the second stage, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H 2 , CO 2 , and acetic acid. (fao.org)
Hydrolyze1
Pathways1
  • The 3,4-ketoisomerases, referred to as FdtA and QdtA, catalyze the third steps in the respective biosynthetic pathways for these sugars. (canada.ca)
PNSB1
  • Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are metabolically versatile organisms which are able to grow either aerobically in the dark or anaerobically in the light using hydrogen or organic compounds as electron donors and subsequently fixing CO 2 ( 16 ). (asm.org)
Enzymatic1
  • Pretreatment which alters structure and compositions of lignocellulosic feedstock and makes it more feasible for enzymatic hydrolysis becomes essential in the cellulosic sugar utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
Microorganisms3
  • Heukelekian and Heller ( 1 ) observed the "bottle effect" for marine microorganisms, i.e., bacterial growth and activity were substantially enhanced by the incorporation of a surface to which these organisms could attach. (cdc.gov)
  • A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. (fao.org)
  • Alternatively, processes using cellulolytic microorganisms (such as C. cellulolyticum, C. thermocellum, and C. phytofermentans) to carry out both the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses and sugar fermentation in a single step, termed 'Consolidated Bioprocessing Process (CBP)' [ 12 ] have been proposed, how-ever the development of these is still at an early stage, and again low conversion rates seem to be a major limitation that needs to be overcome. (banksolar.ru)
Pathogenesis1
  • Our study shows that AfuABC-dependent uptake of sugar-phosphates plays a critical role during enteric bacterial infection and uncovers previously unrecognized roles for these metabolites as important contributors to successful pathogenesis. (rcsb.org)
Carbohydrates2
Yeast2
  • PEPCKs have been generally classified according to their nucleotide specificities: enzymes from bacteria, yeast, and plants mainly use adenosine nucleotides, but enzymes from a variety of eukaryotes and mammals use guanosine or inosine phosphates ( 24 ). (asm.org)
  • Our analysis of this data reveals an absolute protein-to-RNA ratio of 10 2 -10 4 for bacterial populations and 10 3 -10 5 for an archaeon, which is more comparable to Eukaryotic representatives' humans and yeast. (nature.com)
Specificity1
  • The latter region of the LPS molecule is responsible for bacterial serological strain specificity. (gerli.com)
Toxins1
  • Natural products have demonstrated different mechanisms of antimicrobial action, such as promoting cell wall rupture and lysis, inhibiting biofilm formation, preventing cell wall construction, interrupting microbial DNA replication, and inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial toxins to the host, among others [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Structural1
  • The distal region, called "outer core", consists usually of hexoses and shows more structural variability. (scirp.org)
Microbes1
  • The agriculturally useful microbial populations cover plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria, mycorrhiza, plant disease suppressive beneficial bacteria, stress-tolerant endophytes and biodegrading microbes. (bio-fit.eu)
Plants4
  • An important strategy for tackling bacterial resistance involves the utilization of drug combinations, and natural products derived from plants hold significant potential as a rich source of bioactive compounds that can act as effective adjuvants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, new treatments are urgently needed to deal with multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDR), and, in this scenario, plants can provide a valuable source of bioactive molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Photosynthetic rates were higher under warm temperatures irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculation, but sugars and proteins in leaves decreased in -M plants under these environmental conditions. (unav.edu)
  • Only in +M plants mature berries maintained the balance of sugars to organic acids and increased the Arg-to Pro-ratio under elevated temperatures. (unav.edu)
Strain1
  • A novel psychrophilic, marine, bacterial strain designated BJ-1 T was isolated from the Iheya North hydrothermal field in the Okinawa Trough off Japan. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Utilize1
  • Slower absorption also allows the body to utilize complex sugars for energy instead of having to store them as fat for later use. (50webs.com)
Nucleotide1
  • A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. (lookformedical.com)
Hydrolysis1
  • The determination of the total sugar content, including the one derived from the hydrolysis of sucrose, improves the control of the fermentation process both at its beginning and at the end (residual sugars), improving its general control. (sinatech.info)
Ensembl1
  • protein_coding" "AAC74850","yeaD","Escherichia coli","D-hexose-6-phosphate epimerase-like protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Antibiotics4
  • Cyclopeptides are presented in Renaudet and colleague chapter, in which they revise their potency as inhibitors of surface binding receptors to prevent infection by virus and bacteria, opening the door of an anti-adhesive therapy in contrast to the treatment with antibiotics, as well as the approaches to fully synthetic vaccines derived from cyclopeptides. (rsc.org)
  • 7,16 It has achieved healing of wounds not responding to conventional therapy with antibiotics and antiseptics 8,13,15,17-19 , including wounds infected with bacteria resistant to antibiotics, 14 such as MRSA. (5doc.co)
  • Extracts and phases obtained from the medicinal plant M. albicans demonstrated synergistic effects when combined with the commercial antibiotics ampicillin and ciprofloxacin, against multi-drug resistant bacteria S. aureus and A. baumannii , restoring their antibacterial efficacy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Three key compounds commonly found in the samples, namely gallic acid, quercitrin, and corosolic acid, did not exhibit significant antibacterial activity when assessed individually or in combination with antibiotics against clinical bacterial strains. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein4
  • LysR substrate binding domain, Bacterial regulatory helix-turn-helix protein [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Here we report the temporal measurements of absolute RNA and protein levels per gene within a mixed bacterial-archaeal consortium. (nature.com)
  • Indeed, the protein-to-RNA ratio per sample of the bacterial populations matched previous calculations for the existing example from axenically cultured E. coli 2 . (nature.com)
  • Under ECO2, grains of pea and faba bean increased levels of proteins and phenolics, respectively, and the sugars-to-protein ratio decreased in pods of snap beans. (unav.edu)
Infection1
  • Sugar-phosphates were present in normal and infected intestinal mucus and stool samples, indicating that these metabolites are available within the intestinal lumen for enteric bacteria to import during infection. (rcsb.org)
Receptors1
  • Gb 3 glycosphingolipids are the specific receptors for bacterial Shiga toxin. (springer.com)
Ratio1
  • Nitrogenase mediated hydrogen production in purple non sulfur bacteria has also been reported as strongly affected by carbon to nitrogen ratio. (biomedcentral.com)
Amino2
Occur1
  • Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate occurs by the same reactions that occur in the hexose‐monophosphate shunt. (cliffsnotes.com)
Acids1
  • Unlike soluble fiber, insoluble fiber does not feed undesirable bacteria well and is not readily fermented into short chain fatty acids. (50webs.com)
Resistant2
  • Given the rising occurrence of antibiotic resistance due to the existence and ongoing development of resistant bacteria and phenotypes, the identification of new treatments and sources of antimicrobial agents is of utmost urgency. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our findings reveal that M. albicans exhibits remarkable adjuvant potential for enhancing the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs against resistant bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
Consists1
  • The oligosaccharidic core consists of 10 - 12 sugars divided in a proximal and a distal region. (scirp.org)
Widespread1
  • Our work demonstrates the existence of a potential xanthan gum food chain involving at least two members of different phyla of gut bacteria and provides an initial framework for understanding how widespread consumption of a recently introduced food additive influences human microbiomes. (nature.com)
Oxygen1
  • The sugars and oxygen produced during photosynthesis supply energy for plant growth. (extramarks.com)
Found2
  • Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof. (lookformedical.com)
  • Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids that are found in cell membranes of various organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. (springer.com)
Beet1
  • Each of these antibodies binds strongly to isolated sugar beet arabinan samples in ELISAs. (megazyme.com)
Straw1
  • This study examined comparative potential of dilute acid and pre-ammonia pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed wheat straw (WS) for hydrogen production by purple non sulfur bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus -PK. (biomedcentral.com)
Higher1
  • Zobell ( 2 ) observed that the number of bacteria on surfaces was dramatically higher than in the surrounding medium (in this case, seawater). (cdc.gov)
Phosphate1
  • The 5‐carbon sugar phosphates are interconverted by the action of epimerase and isomerase to yield ribulose‐5‐phosphate, which is phosphorylated by the enzyme ribulose phosphate kinase to make RuBP, the acceptor of CO 2 . (cliffsnotes.com)
Proteins2
  • Various site-directed mutant proteins of each enzyme were constructed, and their dTDP-sugar products were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. (canada.ca)
  • Minerals, proteins, sugars, and phenolic compounds were measured in grains of peas and faba beans, and in pods of snap beans. (unav.edu)
Present1
  • This portion is present only in smooth-type Gram-negative bacteria and shows a high heterogeneity in terms of length, composition and branching degrees. (scirp.org)
Growth2
  • Moreover, within dynamic data measurements, such as the MT or MP, the notion of steady state becomes relevant as it is extremely rare that parameters (e.g., bacterial growth rate and nutrient availability) are stable over time 9 . (nature.com)
  • Prebiotic forming, meaning it will assist in furthering health bacterial growth in the tract .Make sure it is NON GMO! (50webs.com)
Carbon1
  • The hexose monophosphate shunt interconverts 3‐, 4‐, 5‐, 6‐ and 7‐carbon sugar phosphates. (cliffsnotes.com)