Ferredoxins (from Latin ferrum: iron + redox, often abbreviated "fd") are iron-sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions. (wikipedia.org)
Ferredoxins are small proteins containing iron and sulfur atoms organized as iron-sulfur clusters. (wikipedia.org)
The proteins responsible for controlling electron transfer in bacterial secondary metabolism are not always known or characterised. (rsc.org)
Furthermore, the ferredoxin used and the identity of the variable motif residue in these proteins affects the functionality of the monooxygenase system and has a significant influence on the redox properties of the ferredoxins. (rsc.org)
The specific function of these "A-type" ISC proteins within the framework of mitochondrial and bacterial Fe/S protein biogenesis is still unresolved. (yeastgenome.org)
As a Class I bacterial dioxygenases, benzoate dioxygenase like proteins combine an [2Fe-2S] cluster containing N-terminal ferredoxin at the end fused to an FAD/NADP(P) domain. (nih.gov)
These include, not only the dedicated scaffold protein (Isu1) on which FeS clusters are synthesized, but also accessory FeS cluster biogenesis proteins frataxin (Yfh1) and ferredoxin (Yah1). (curefa.org)
Type I photosystems use ferredoxin-like iron-sulfur cluster proteins as terminal electron acceptors, while type II photosystems ultimately shuttle electrons to a quinone terminal electron acceptor. (goldenssport.com)
These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation. (bvsalud.org)
Oxidoreductase5
It accepts electrons produced from sunlight-excited chlorophyll and transfers them to the enzyme ferredoxin: NADP+ oxidoreductase EC 1.18.1.2. (wikipedia.org)
The pulse of acetogenesis appears to have been collectively catalyzed by a number of different organisms and metabolisms, most prominently pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. (frontiersin.org)
The glucose is oxidized to pyruvate and further to acetyl-CoA molecule by the action of the enzyme 'pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase. (microbenotes.com)
The engineered strain converts glucose to ethanol via acetate and acetaldehyde, catalyzed by the host-encoded aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase AOR and heterologously expressed AdhA, in an energy-conserving, redox-balanced pathway. (brenda-enzymes.info)
Additionally, the researchers observed that cKMT1 modifies a crucial protein called ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase and influences its activity, indicating its role in regulating energy transfer in Synechocystis. (asbmb.org)
Enzyme4
In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, ferredoxin is the last electron acceptor thus reducing the enzyme NADP+ reductase. (wikipedia.org)
The enzyme, found in bacteria and archaea, consist of only an oxygenase domain and functions together with bacterial ferredoxins or flavodoxins. (cathdb.info)
This review presents the current state of knowledge and understanding about the structure and functions of this ester-metabolizing enzyme, primarily from bacterial sources. (afpm.org.my)
A new enzyme is unlocked in bacterial photosynthesis. (asbmb.org)
Electrons7
The highly reducing ferredoxins are reduced either by using another strong reducing agent, or by using some source of energy to "boost" electrons from less reducing sources to the ferredoxin. (wikipedia.org)
Ferredoxin can also be reduced by using NADH (-320 mV) or H 2 (-414 mV), but these processes are coupled to the consumption of the membrane potential to power the "boosting" of electrons to the higher energy state. (wikipedia.org)
The Rnf complex is a widespread membrane protein in bacteria that reversibly transfers electrons between NADH and ferredoxin while pumping Na+ or H+ ions across the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Photosystem II is the photosystem that generates the two electrons that will eventually reduce NADP+ in ferredoxin-NADP-reductase. (goldenssport.com)
Photosystem I is an integral membrane protein complex that uses light energy to catalyze the transfer of electrons across the thylakoid membrane from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. (goldenssport.com)
The α subunit of ETF is a protein of about 32 Kd which is structurally related to the bacterial nitrogen fixation protein fixB which could play a role in a redox process and feed electrons to ferredoxin. (expasy.org)
Bifurcates electrons from H 2 to NAD and ferredoxin. (au.dk)
Redox1
In this way, ferredoxin acts as an electron transfer agent in biological redox reactions. (wikipedia.org)
Photosynthesis2
The chloroplast ferredoxin is involved in both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation reactions of photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
It catalyzes the reduction of FERREDOXIN and other substances in the presence of molecular hydrogen and is involved in the electron transport of bacterial photosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)
Genes3
Here we demonstrate that many bacteria contain a set of unfamiliar ferredoxin encoding genes which are associated with those of cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases and as such are involved in anabolic and catabolic metabolism. (rsc.org)
Rather than a cysteine residue, which is highly conserved in [4Fe-4S] clusters, or alanine or glycine residues, which are common in [3Fe-4S] ferredoxins, these genes encode at this position histidine, asparagine, tyrosine, serine, threonine or phenylalanine. (rsc.org)
Similar ferredoxin encoding genes were identified across Mycobacterium species, including in the pathogenic M. tuberculosis and M. ulcerans , as well as in a wide range of other bacteria such as Rhodococcus and Streptomyces . (rsc.org)
Chlorophyll1
The difference between Photosystem II and the bacterial reaction center is the source of the electron that neutralizes the pair of chlorophyll a molecules. (goldenssport.com)
Mitochondria3
Targeting of bacterial [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] ferredoxins to yeast mitochondria further supported this specificity. (yeastgenome.org)
Thus, the binding mode of Yah1 and Yfh1 interacting with Nfs1 in mitochondria of S. cerevisiae resembles the mutually exclusive binding of ferredoxin and frataxin with cysteine desulfurase reported for the bacterial FeS cluster assembly system. (curefa.org)
These findings are consistent with the generally accepted scenario that the mitochondrial FeS cluster assembly system was inherited from bacterial ancestors of mitochondria. (curefa.org)
Chloroplasts1
Buchanan, B.B., Kalberer, P.P. and Arnon, D.I. (1967) Ferredoxin-activated fructose diphosphatase in isolated chloroplasts. (berkeley.edu)
Electron transfer3
Ferredoxins typically carry out a single electron transfer. (wikipedia.org)
Fd− red However a few bacterial ferredoxins (of the 2[4Fe4S] type) have two iron sulfur clusters and can carry out two electron transfer reactions. (wikipedia.org)
These ferredoxin systems are important in controlling electron transfer across bacterial secondary metabolite production processes which include antibiotic and pigment formation among others. (rsc.org)
Reduction4
For example, if the ferredoxin pool is around 95% reduced, the reduction potential will be around -500 mV. (wikipedia.org)
Depending on the sequence of the supporting protein ferredoxins have reduction potential from around -500mv to -340 mV. (wikipedia.org)
Such a beneficial effect seems to result in a reduction of the duration of diarrhea of about one day and seems to be exerted mostly on rotaviral diarrhea, with much less evidence of efficacy in invasive bacterial diarrhea. (medscape.com)
Evans, M.C.W., Buchanan, B.B. and Arnon, D.I. (1966) A new ferredoxin-dependent carbon reduction cycle in a photosynthetic bacterium. (berkeley.edu)
Photosynthetic2
The carboxysome is a specialized bacterial organelle that encapsulates enzymes into a virus-like protein shell and plays essential roles in photosynthetic carbon fixation. (nature.com)
The bacterial photosynthetic reaction center has been an important model to understand the structure and chemistry of the biological process of capturing light energy. (goldenssport.com)
Synthesis3
Bachofen, R., Buchanan, B.B. and Arnon, D.I. (1964) Ferredoxin as a reductant in pyruvate synthesis by a bacterial extract. (berkeley.edu)
tssJ-3 knockout and tssJ-3-complemented B. pseudomallei strains were constructed to determine the effects of tssJ-3 on bacterial growth, biofilm formation, flagellum synthesis, motility, host cell infection, and gene expression in B. pseudomallei. (bvsalud.org)
We found that the ΔtssJ-3 mutant strain of B. pseudomallei showed significantly suppressed biofilm formation, flagellum synthesis, bacterial growth, motility, and bacterial invasion into host cells (A549 cells). (bvsalud.org)
Reaction2
In the bacterial reaction center, the electron is obtained from a reduced compound haem group in a cytochrome subunit or from a water-soluble cytochrome-c protein. (goldenssport.com)
The structure of Photosystem II is remarkably similar to the bacterial reaction center, and it is theorized that they share a common ancestor. (goldenssport.com)
Molecules1
The general principle for mass production of butyric acid via fermentation includes the glycolysis of glucose molecules by bacterial strain. (microbenotes.com)
Bacterium2
The term "ferredoxin" was coined by D.C. Wharton of the DuPont Co. and applied to the "iron protein" first purified in 1962 by Mortenson, Valentine, and Carnahan from the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum. (wikipedia.org)
By expressing a bacterial pyruvate decarboxylase ( pdc ) and alcohol dehydrogenase ( adh ) from the bacterium Z. mobilis in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytosolic1
The mobilization of iron from BfrB, which requires binding by a cognate ferredoxin (Bfd), is essential to the regulation of cytosolic iron levels in P. aeruginosa. (rcsb.org)
Sequence1
Ferredoxins can be classified according to the nature of their iron-sulfur clusters and by sequence similarity. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular1
This review will be useful in understanding the molecular basis and structural protein of bacterial CEs that are significant for the advancement of enzymology field in industries. (afpm.org.my)
Strain1
Many of the most highly expressed hydrolases belonged to a Ca . Bathyarchaeota strain and may have been associated with recycling of bacterial biomass. (frontiersin.org)
This article summarizes recent data in each of these key topic areas as they pertain to bacterial vaginosis (BV), the most common cause of vaginal discharge. (cdc.gov)
Cell3
A single cell can have multiple types of ferredoxins where each type is tuned to optimally carry out different reactions. (wikipedia.org)
Collectively, these findings furnish proof of concept for the usefulness of small molecule probes designed to dysregulate bacterial iron homeostasis by targeting a protein-protein interaction pivotal for iron storage in the bacterial cell. (rcsb.org)
Crystal structure of the bacterial cell division regulator MinD. (degruyter.com)
Essential1
To understand the relationship between our bacterial microbiome and health, it is essential to define the microbiome in the absence of disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Present2
In humans, they are present in breast milk, in body odor, and in the colon, produced by the bacterial population by fermenting the carbohydrates and dietary fibers consumed. (microbenotes.com)
Genomic sequencing of A. fulgidus suggests that three [Ni-Fe]-CODHs are present, a "bacterial" monomeric CooS and two archaeal CdhAB-type CODHs [ 9 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Sites1
We describe the bacterial community composition of ten digestive tract sites from more than 200 normal adults enrolled in the Human Microbiome Project, and metagenomically determined metabolic potentials of four representative sites. (biomedcentral.com)
Includes1
The digestive tract includes diverse habitats and hosts the human body's greatest bacterial density. (biomedcentral.com)